Chapter 4

THREE PHASE UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Edited by : M. Zaenal Efendi

ELIN-PENS 2009

THREE PHASE UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Three phase rectifiers are commonly used in industry to

produce a dc voltage and current for large loads high
power levels output power in excess of 4 kW for a
220/380 AC system. They have several advantages to
offer compared with the single-phase diode rectifiers.

These include:
Lower output voltage ripple
No triple harmonics in a three-wire configuration
As already mentioned higher power handling capability
for a given supply-side voltage and current.

PE1-ZEN-09 1
 Review on three phase voltage and current

Star connection

Vline = VL L = 3 VL N = 3 V ph
I line = I L = I ph

Review on three phase voltage and current

Delta connection

Vline = VL L = VL N = V ph
I line = I L = 3 I ph

PE1-ZEN-09 2
 Delta-Star Transformer

Delta-Delta Transformer

PE1-ZEN-09 3
 POWER IN THREE PHASE SYSTEM

ACTIVE/TRUE POWER in LOAD

P = 3 VL N I L Cos
P = 3 VL L I L Cos
3 VL2 N
P=
R
3 V ph2
P=
R

POWER IN THREE PHASE SYSTEM

REACTIVE POWER in LOAD

Q = 3 VL N I L Sin
Q = 3 VL L I L Sin
3 VL2 N
Q=
X
3 V ph2
Q=
X

PE1-ZEN-09 4
 POWER IN THREE PHASE SYSTEM

APPARENT POWER in LOAD

S = 3 VL N I L
S = 3 VL L I L
3 VL2 N
S=
Z
3 V ph2
S=
Z

3 Phase Half-wave Rectifier

This rectifier may be considered as 3
single phase halfwave rectifiers and can
be considered as a half-wave type. The k-
th diode will conduct during the period
when the voltage of k-th phase is higher
than other phases. The conduction period
of each diode is 2/3.

PE1-ZEN-09 5
 Input and output voltage of 3 phase Half-wave Rectifier

PE1-ZEN-09 6
 The average output voltage of 3 phase halfwave rectifier

3
Vm ( L N )
Vo ( dc ) =
2 / 3 cos t dt

3

Vm ( L N )
Vo ( dc ) = sin t 3

2 / 3
3

Vm ( L N )
Vo ( dc ) = sin sin
2 / 3 3 3
V
Vo ( dc ) = m ( L N ) 2 sin
2 / 3 3

sin
Vo ( dc ) = Vm ( L N ) 3

3

The average output voltage of 3 phase halfwave rectifier

sin
Vo ( dc ) = Vm ( L N ) 3
/3
3
Vm ( L N )
Vo ( dc ) = 2
/3
3 3 Vs ,max( L N )
Vo ( dc ) =
2
Vo ( dc ) = 0.8274 Vs (max)( L N )
Vo ( dc ) = 1.17 Vs ( rms )( L N )

PE1-ZEN-09 7
 The rms output voltage of 3 phase halfwave rectifier

2 /3 2
Vo ( rms ) =
2 / 3 0
Vm cos 2 t d (t )

3 1 2
Vo ( rms ) = Vm ( L N ) + sin
2 3 2 3
Vo ( rms ) = 0.841 Vs (max)( L N )
Vo ( rms ) = 1.189 Vs ( rms )( L N )

The rms output current of 3 phase halfwave rectifier

Vo ( rms )
I o ( rms ) =
R

The rms input current of 3 phase halfwave rectifier

I o ( rms ) Vo ( rms ) 1.17 Vs ( rms )( L N ) 0.687 Vs ( rms )( L N )

I s ( rms ) = = = =
3 3R 3R R

PE1-ZEN-09 8
 Performace Parameters

Power Factor

Po ( ac )
PF =
S
Vo2( rms ) / R
PF =
3 Vs ,rms ( L N ) I s

where:
Vs ,max( L N )
Vs , rms ( L N ) =
2

I o ( rms ) Vo ( rms ) 1.17 Vs ,rms ( L N ) 0.687 Vs , rms ( L N )

I s ( rms ) = = = =
3 3R 3R R

PE1-ZEN-09 9
 Transformer Utilization Factor

Po ( dc )
TUF =
VA
Vo2( dc ) / R
= ;
3Vs ,rms ( L N ) I s

where:
Vs ,max( L N )
Vs ,rms ( L N ) =
2
I o ( rms ) Vo ( rms ) 1.17 Vs ,rms ( L N ) 0.687 Vs , rms ( L N )
I s ( rms ) = = = =
3 3R 3R R

Example

The 3 phase halfwave rectifier is operated

from 380 V 50 Hz supply at secondary side
and the load resistance is R=20 . If the
source inductance is negligible,
Determine
(a) Rectification efficiency,
(b) Form factor
(c) Ripple factor
(d) Power Factor
(e) TUF

PE1-ZEN-09 10
 Solution :
380
VS ,rms ( L N ) = = 219.63V 220V , Vs ,max,( L N ) = 220 * 2 = 311.1 V
3

3 3 Vs , max 3 3 Vs , max 0.827Vs ,max

Vo ( dc ) = = 0.827 Vs ,max I dc = =
2 2 R R

0.8407 Vs ,max
Vo ( rms ) = 0.8407 Vs ,max I ( o ) rms =
R

Po ( dc ) Vo ( dc ) I o ( dc )
= = = 96.767 %
Po ( ac ) Vo ( rms ) I o ( rms )
Vo ( rms )
FF = = 101.657 %
Vo ( dc )

Vac Vo2( rms ) Vo2( dc ) V2

RF = = = o (2rms ) 1 = FF 2 1 = 18.28 %
Vdc Vo ( dc ) Vo ( dc )

3-phase Full-wave rectifiers

3-phase bridge rectifier is very common in high-power
applications. This is a full-wave rectifier. It can operate
with or without a transformer and gives 6-pulse ripple on
the output voltage.

PE1-ZEN-09 11
 Two series diode are always conducting (one feeds into
the circuit, the other forms the return path). The diodes
are numbered in order of conduction and each diode
conducts for 120o. The conduction sequence for diodes is
D1D2; D2D3; D3D4; D4D5; D5D6 and D6D1. The pair of
diodes which are connected between that pair of supply
lines having the highest amount of line-line voltage will
conduct.
Vline line = 3V ph
There are 6 combinations of VL-L. Considering one period
of the source to be 360o, a transition of the highest line-
line voltage must take place 360o/6=60o.
Because of six transition that occur for each period of the
source voltage, the circuit is called A SIX-PULSE
RECTIFIER

PE1-ZEN-09 12
 Input and output voltage of 3 phase Full-wave Rectifier

PE1-ZEN-09 13
 3 phase full-wave average voltage
Considers only one of the six segments. Obtain its average
over 60 degres
2 / 3
1
Vo ( dc ) =
/3 V
/3
m, L L sin t d (t )

3Vm, L L
= [cos t ]2/ 3/ 3

3
= Vm, L L

= 0.955Vm, L L

3 phase full-wave average voltage

Vo ( dc ) = 2 Vdc ( half wave )

/6
2
=
2 / 6 V
0
m,L N cos t d ( t )

3 3
= Vm , L N

= 1.654 Vm , L N or
3
= Vm , L L

= 0.955 Vm , L L

PE1-ZEN-09 14
 3 phase full-wave rms output voltage
/6
2
2 / 6 0
Vo ( rms ) = Vm2, L N cos 2 t d (t )

3 9 3
= Vm , L N + = 1.6554 Vm, L N

2 4
Vm , L L 3 9 3
= + = 0.95575 Vm, L L

3 2 4

3 phase full-wave rms output current

Vo ( rms ) Efficiency of 3 phase full-wave rectifier
I o ( rms ) =
R
Vo2( dc ) Vo2( rms )
Po ( dc ) = ; Po ( ac ) =
R R
Po ( dc )
=
Po ( ac )

Power Factor
Po ( ac )
PF =
S
Vo2( rms ) / R
= ; or
3Vs ,rms ( L N ) I s
Vo2( rms ) / R
=
3 Vs ,rms ( L L ) I s ,rms
8 /6 2 2
I s ( rms ) = 2 I m cos t d (t )
0
where:
Vm ( L N ) 2 1 2
Vs , rms ( L N ) =
I s ( rms ) = I m 6 + 2 sin 2

2
and I s ( rms ) = 0.7804 I m ;
Vm ( L L )
Vs , rms ( L L ) = 3 Vm ( L N )
2 where : Im = ; or
R
Vm ( L L )
Im =
R

PE1-ZEN-09 15
 Transformer Utilization Factor
Po ( dc )
TUF =
VA
Vo2( dc ) / R
= ; or
3Vs ,rms ( L N ) I s
Vo2( dc ) / R
=
3 Vs ,rms ( L L ) I s ,rms
8 /6 2 2
I s ( rms ) = 2 I m cos t d (t )
0
where:
Vm ( L N ) 2 1 2
Vs , rms ( L N ) =
I s ( rms ) = I m 6 + 2 sin 2

2
and I s ( rms ) = 0.7804 I m ;
Vm ( L L )
Vs , rms ( L L ) = 3 Vm ( L N )
2 where : Im = ; or
R
Vm ( L L )
Im =
R

Example

The 3 phase full-wave rectifier is operated

from 380 V; 50 Hz supply and the load
resistance is R=20 . Determine
(a) The efficiency,
(b) Form factor
(c) Ripple factor
(d) Power factor
(e) TUF

PE1-ZEN-09 16
 Solution :

Vo ( dc ) = 0.955Vm , L L = 513.14 V

Vo ( dc )
I o ( dc ) = = 25.66 A
R

Vo ( rms ) = 0.95575 Vm , L L = 513.544 V

Vo ( rms)
I o ( rms ) = = 25.68 A
R
Po ( dc ) Vo ( dc ) I o ( dc ) Vo ( rms )
= = = 99.83 % FF = = 100.08 %
Po ( ac ) Vo( rms ) I o ( rms ) Vo ( dc )

Vac Vo2( rms ) Vo2( dc ) V2

RF = = = o (2rms ) 1 = FF 2 1 = 4 %
Vdc Vo ( dc ) Vo ( dc )

Homework

1. A three phase halfwave rectifier is supplied by 380V-rms, 50Hz.

The primary and secondary of input transformer are connected
delta-wye and has turns ratio of n=3:1. The load is a 100 ohm.
Determine:
a. The average load current; b. The rms load current;
c. The rms source current; d. The power factor; e. Efficiency;
f. Form factor; g. Ripple factor; h. TUF

2. A three phase fullwave rectifier is supplied by 380V-rms, 50Hz.

The primary and secondary of input transformer are connected
delta-delta and has turns ratio of n=3:1. The load is a 100 ohm.
Determine :
a. The average load current; b. The rms load current;
c. The rms source current; d. The power factor; e. Efficiency;
f. Form factor; g. Ripple factor; h. TUF

PE1-ZEN-09 17