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1 ClimateandSociety:BeyondGeneral
CirculationModels

2 ImpactofClimaticConditionsonGDP

3 CropDiversificationtoReduceExposure
toClimaticChanges:AssociatedRisks
andMitigationStrategies

DeepaMani,AssistantProfessorandJointExecutiveDirector,andShankadeepBanerjee,Research 4 InstitutionalArrangementsforEvolving
ClimatePolicyinIndia
AssociateatISBsSriniRajuCentreforITandtheNetworkedEconomy(SRITNE)havedevelopedaSmart
CitiesMaturityModel(SCMM)thatwillhelpIndiancitiestoassesswheretheycurrentlyareontheirjourneyto 5 FromAppleJuicetoGarlicPickle:
ClimateChangeAdaptationinthe
beingsmartcitiesanddecidehowtheywanttoaligntheirstrategicprioritiesandresources.
Himalayas

ExecutiveSummary
InIndia,urbanisationisarapidlygrowingtrendfuelledbythegovernmentsemphasisonthe FEATURED CONTRIBUTORS
manufacturingandservicessectorsasenginesofgrowthandthetransitionthereoftothese
sectorsfromagriculture.Asperthe2011censusreport,morethan600millionIndianswillbe
livinginurbanareasby2031,andthecontributionofurbanIndiatoherGDPisexpectedto
risefrom52%in2011to75%in2031.Yet,thecurrentstateofinfrastructure,humancapital
andservicesinIndiancitiesisanimportantconstraintinaccommodatingthepaceof
urbanisation.Aplanforrapiddevelopmentof100smartcitiesbytheGovernmentofIndia
intendstoaddressthischallenge.Asmartcityiscommonlydefinedasonethatleverages
technologytointegrateandoptimiseitslimitedresourcestowardsbetterhabitability,
sustainabilityandcitizenempowerment.Butthereislimitedunderstandingofhowtechnology Raghuram G Rajan
Governor,ReserveBankofIndiaand
enabledsolution(s)willhelpacityevolveintosafe,secure,andefficienturbancities.Afterall,
theEricJ.GleacherDistinguished
onesolutionwouldnotfitallregions. ServiceProfessorofFinanceatthe
UniversityofChicagosBoothSchoolof
Inresponsetotheneedforatoolforbenchmarkingandeffectivedesignofsmartcities,we Business

havedesignedaframework,theSmartCityMaturityModel(SCMM),whichhelpsaregion(city
orstate)assessitstechnologyreadinessinabsoluteandrelativeterms,andconsequently,
implementasolutionthatisuniquelyalignedwithitsresourcesandcapabilities.SCMMwill
helpgovernmentsgrowandexpandtheircitiesasurbancentresbyidentifyingtechnologies, Followuson Twitter
Facebook/ISBEdu @ISBEdu
processesandenablingpoliciesthathelpthecitiesdelivercitizenservicesinareliable,
sustainableandefficientmanner.

KeyFindings

Basedonthestateoftheirphysicalandsocialinfrastructure,Indianstatescanbe
categorisedintofourclustersofdevelopmentdevelopmentlaggards,lowmoderate
development,highmoderatedevelopmentanddevelopmentleaders.

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12/23/2016 Smart City Maturity Model (SCMM) - ISBInsight

Withineachclusterofdevelopment,statesthataretechnologyleaders(basedoncitizen
usageofcomputers,mobileandInternet)Delhi,Haryana,Maharashtra,Punjab,Andhra
Pradesh,Karnataka,ChandigarhandKeralaenjoyedsignificantlygreaterpercapitaGDP,
innovationandqualityoflifethantechnologylaggards.

Formaximalbenefits,thesmartcitysolutionmustbealignedwiththephysicalandsocial
infrastructureofthecityaswellasitstechnologyreadiness.

Ourcaseanalysisrevealsfivesmartcitysolutionsinformationdissemination,services
optimisation,servicesreplication,servicesintegrationandconnectedservices.Thefirsttwo
solutionsarebestsuitedtocitieswhichhavebeenidentifiedasdevelopmentallaggardsor
lowmoderatedevelopmentwhilethelatterthreearealignedwithcitieswhichhavebeen
identifiedashighmoderatedevelopmentordevelopmentleaders.

Morematuresmartcitysolutionsinvolvesignificantchangemanagementeffort,including
incentivesforstakeholderinvolvement,processandstructuralredesignandcoordination
amongstseveralkeyagenciesinthegovernment.

SCMMFramework
TheSCMMFramework(Figure1)broadlyconsistsoftwopartsanAssessmentFramework
andaSolutionFramework.TheAssessmentFrameworkhelpsacityorstateassessthe
conditionofitssocial,physicalandtechnologicaldevelopmenttoidentifyitsreadinessfor
implementationofsmartcitysolutions.TheSolutionFrameworkhelpsthecitydesignasmart
citysolutionthatisuniquelyalignedwithitsstateofdevelopmentorsmartcityreadiness.The
smartcitysolutionmaybecharacterisedintermsofitsoperatingmodel,technologyand
processdesign,andtheextentofstakeholderinvolvementinthesolution.

AssessmentFramework
TheAssessmentFrameworkpositionsacityonadevelopmenttrajectorybasedonthestateof
itsphysicalandsocialinfrastructure.Inthecurrentstudy,weassessthesedevelopment
parametersusing2011Censusdata.FactoranalysesoftheindicatorsdetailedinFigure2
revealsthreesecondorderfactorseducationlevels,accesstoamenitiesandinfrastructure.
Ourchoiceoftheseparametersisdrivenbythefindingsofarichbodyofworkthattechnology
enabledsmartcitysolutionsaresupportedbyboththephysicalinfrastructureofthecityaswell
asthemotivationandabilityofitspeopletoleveragesuchsolutions.

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12/23/2016 Smart City Maturity Model (SCMM) - ISBInsight

ClusteranalysisofthedevelopmentparametersrevealsfourgroupsofIndianstateslaggards,
lowmoderatedevelopment,highmoderatedevelopmentandleaders(Figure3).Laggards
scorelowonalldevelopmentparameterswhileleadersscorehighonallparameters.Low
moderatesareclosetolaggardsintermsofsocialinfrastructurebuthavesuperiorphysical
infrastructure.Highmoderatesscorethesameasleadersonsocialinfrastructureindicatorsbut
lagbehindinphysicalinfrastructure.Thereisasignificantgapbetweenlowandhigh
moderatesonallparametersofsocialandphysicalinfrastructure.

Based on the state of their physical and social

infrastructure, Indian states can be categorised into four
clusters of development development laggards, low
moderate development, high moderate development and
development leaders.Our case analysis reveals five smart
city solutions information dissemination, services
optimisation, services replication, services integration
and connected services.

Informationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICT)areattheheartofsmartcitysolutions.
Indeed,afirststeptowardsimplementingsmartcitiesisensuringthelatterstechnology
readinessthroughtheestablishmentofappropriatedigitalinfrastructure.Therefore,asanext
step,withineachclusterofdevelopment,weseparatedstatesbytheirtechnologyreadinessin
termsofaccesstomoderntechnologieslikecomputers,Internetandthemobilephone.A
comparisonoftheeconomicperformanceoftechnologyleadersandlaggardswithineach
developmentclusterprovidespreliminaryevidenceoftheperformanceimpactofsmartnessof
cities.AsshowninFigure3,withineachclusterofdevelopment,statescharacterisedas
technologyleaderssystematicallyoutperformedthetechnologylaggards.

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12/23/2016 Smart City Maturity Model (SCMM) - ISBInsight
Theresultsemphasisetheimportantroleplayedbydigitalinfrastructureinstatesfortheir
economicandsocialdevelopment.Suchassessmentofthedigitalinfrastructureofanareais
alsonecessarypreludetotheimplementationofsmartcitysolutions.Aswenoteinthesolution
framework,thesmartcitysolutionmustbeuniquelyalignedwiththesocialandinfrastructural
developmentofthestatetorealisemaximalbenefits.

The Solution Framework also details the defining

characteristics of and challenges in implementation of
smart city solutions at each level of the maturity curve.
These characteristics are based on an extensive review of
the Information Systems (IS) literature on large-scale
technology adoption and implementations. The scope of
the solution increases along the maturity curve from
autonomous applications with limited stakeholder
involvement to integrative applications characterised by
high levels of interdependence and coordination amongst
stakeholders.

SolutionFramework
TheSolutionFrameworkmapsasmartcitysolutiontothestateofdevelopmentofthefocal
area.Basedonanextensivereviewof25smartcitysolutionsworldwide,weidentifyfive
stagesofthesmartcitymaturitycurveInformationDissemination,ServicesOptimisation,
ServicesReplication,ServicesIntegrationandConnectedServices.Thesefivestagesandthe
pointsonthedevelopmenttrajectorythattheymaptoareoutlinedinFigure5below.

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12/23/2016 Smart City Maturity Model (SCMM) - ISBInsight

TheSolutionFrameworkalsodetailsthedefiningcharacteristicsofandchallengesin
implementationofsmartcitysolutionsateachlevelofthematuritycurve.Thesecharacteristics
arebasedonanextensivereviewoftheInformationSystems(IS)literatureonlargescale
technologyadoptionandimplementations.Thescopeofthesolutionincreasesalongthe
maturitycurvefromautonomousapplicationswithlimitedstakeholderinvolvementto
integrativeapplicationscharacterisedbyhighlevelsofinterdependenceandcoordination
amongststakeholders.Thealliedoperatingmodeltooprogressesfrombeingdiversifiedwith
lowlevelsofprocessstandardisationanddataintegrationtobeingunifiedwithhighlevelsof
processstandardisationanddataintegration.Inturn,thechangemanagementeffortthat
complementsthetechnologysolutionalsoincreasesalongthecontinuumwithservices
replication,integrationandconnectednessrequiringhighlevelsofstructuralandprocess
redesign,incentivesforuseradoption,andcoordinationandintegrationofeffortamongst
stakeholders.Theattributesofeachofthesmartcitysolutions,includingoperatingmodel,
processstandardisation,dataintegration,citizenparticipation,andcomplementarychange
managementeffortisdetailedinFigure6.Ourresearchsuggeststhatalltheseparameters
mustbeaddressedintandemforthesmartcitysolutiontodelivertheintendedimpacton
qualityofcitizenservices.

ApplicationoftheSolutionFrameworkforImplementationofaSpecificTechnologySolution:
IllustrationwithHTRIMS

TheSolutionFrameworkdescribedabovemayalsobeextendedtotheimplementationofa
specifictechnologysolutionwithinacityorstate.Forexample,considertheimplementationof
HyderabadTrafficIntegratedManagementSystems(HTRIMS),HyderabadTrafficPolices
replacementoftheir20yearoldtrafficmanagementsystemcomprisingstandalone,manually
operatedsignals.HTRIMSareintegratedtrafficmanagementservicespanning221signalsin
thecity,whichareautomatedandcentrallycontrolledbyaTrafficCommandCentre.Monitoring
oftrafficcongestion,redirectionoftrafficflowsthroughvariablemessageboards,and
synchronisedsignallingandcorridormanagementareallcoordinatedacrossthecitybya
centralcommandandcontrolsystem.Thesystemissupportedbyabackuppower
managementsolutiontoprovidenonstopconnectivityaswellasacentralMISsolutionforthe
managementofemergencysituationsliketerroristattacks,accidents,VVIPmovements,etc.
Below,weillustratehowourSolutionFrameworkcanalsobeappliedtothisspecifictechnology
solutionimplementationinastateorcity.Specifically,wedetailvarioustechniquesof
implementationofHTRIMSthatalignwiththestateofdevelopmentofacityasidentifiedby
theassessmentframework.

SRITNEs Smart City Maturity Model (SCMM) represents

a preliminary effort to develop a framework that will help
cities design technology-enabled urban development

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12/23/2016 Smart City Maturity Model (SCMM) - ISBInsight

solutions that are uniquely aligned with their resources

and capabilities. The development trajectory delineated in
the current study is more illustrative of parameters that
can be used to assess the smartness or readiness of
cities for technology enabled solutions.

InformationDissemination
InthecaseofHTRIMS(Figure7),asolutionthatfocusesoninformationdisseminationalone
wouldinvolvealimitedorpilotimplementationwithafewsignalsthataremanuallyoperated
andafewthataresettoautomaticallychangebasedontrafficflow.Thepilotimplementation
maybecomplementedwithawebsiteorSMSalertsthatdisseminateimportantstatic
informationtocitizenssuchastrafficservices,newregulations,etc.

ServicesOptimisation
Asolutionthatfocusesonservicesoptimisationisalsosuitedtoregionswithlowtolow
moderatelevelofdevelopmentandtechnologyreadiness.InthecontextofHTRIMS(Figure
8),suchasolutionwouldinvolvetrafficsignalsatalljunctionstobesettoautomaticallychange
basedontrafficflow.Basedonthedigitalinfrastructureofthestate,camerasattrafficsignals
couldbesetuptoautomaticallydetectviolationsorotherincidentsandsendalertstothe
relevantauthoritiesandcitizens.However,thesesignalsmaynotbeintegratedtoprovide
centralisedtrafficcontrolservicesorsurveillance.

ServicesReplicationandIntegration
ThethirdandfourthstagesofSCMMsolutionframeworkaremoresuitableforregionswith
highmoderatelevelsofdevelopmentandfairlysophisticateddigitalinfrastructureasthis
solutioninvolvesenhancedservicesreplicationandintegration.WhatthiswouldmeanforH
TRIMS(detailsinFigure9)isthatallsignalsaresettoautomaticallychangebasedontraffic
flow.Thedatafromthesesignals,includingvideos,areintegratedandownedbyacentralor
unifiedcommandandcontrolcentre.Integrateddata,inturn,allowsforautomationofcitizen
interactions,greatercitizenparticipationandimprovedproductivityofthetrafficpolice.The
currentvisionandimplementationofHTRIMSisrepresentativeoftheServicesReplication
andServicesIntegrationphaseoftheSolutionFramework.

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12/23/2016 Smart City Maturity Model (SCMM) - ISBInsight

ConnectedServices
Themostsophisticatedsolutionisalignedwithcitiesthataredevelopmentalandtechnology
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12/23/2016 Smart City Maturity Model (SCMM) - ISBInsight
leaders.Thevisionofaconnectedcityinvolvesvariouscomponentsofatechnologicalsolution
communicatingandcoordinatingwitheachotherwithlittlemanualintervention.Forexample,in
thecaseofHTRIMS,standardisedprocessesandintegrateddatacouldpoweralltheservices
listedbelow

DataonindividualviolationsandtransgressionscanbelinkedtoAadhaarenabledbank
accountstosolicitpenaltypaymentsonuserlogin.

Additionalrevenuecanbegeneratedbythecitybymakingtrafficviolationdataavailableto
banksandinsurancecompanies,

Thecentralcommandandcontrolcentrecansendrealtimealertsonmajorincidentsor
violationstogroundstaffforbetterlawenforcement,andreductionofaccidentsaswellas
corruption.

Trafficdataatalljunctionscanbemadeavailabletovariousempanelledagenciessuchas
emergencyvehiclemanagementsystemsandcrimedeskssotheycantakeappropriate
effectiveactions.

Renderingthetrafficdataopencanempowercitizenstodevelopvalueaddedapplications
whichnotonlyrepresentincreasedinnovationandentrepreneurialactivitybutalsohelpthe
governmentinbetterservicedelivery.

Investmentsinsmartdatawarehousesandbigdataanalyticshelpdetectpatternsand
anomalies(recklessdriving,etc.)thatcan,inturn,beusedtopredictaccidentsorcriminal
activityandproactivelyalerttherelevantauthorities.

Asallcitiesbegintoimplementsuchsolutions,theunderlyingdatacanbesharedacross
citiestotracksuspiciousvehiclesthroughstandardisedimageprocessingofvehicle
attributes(likeregistrationnumber,color,make,etc).

Additionalsensorsfortrackingairpollution,etc.canbeinstalledintheareaandconnected
tothesmarttrafficlightssothatthelatterbecomeconduits/channelsfordisseminationof
sensordata.

Smarttrafficlightsdatacanbeintegratedintointelligent,selfdriventransportvehicles.

Conclusion
SRITNEsSmartCityMaturityModel(SCMM)representsapreliminaryefforttodevelopa
frameworkthatwillhelpcitiesdesigntechnologyenabledurbandevelopmentsolutionsthatare
uniquelyalignedwiththeirresourcesandcapabilities.Thedevelopmenttrajectorydelineatedin
thecurrentstudyismoreillustrativeofparametersthatcanbeusedtoassessthesmartness
orreadinessofcitiesfortechnologyenabledsolutions.Wearecurrentlyengagedincollating
archivaldataatthedistrictleveltoestimateadevelopmenttrajectoryforIndiancities.Similarly,
weareworkingwithasetoftechnologyproviderstoobtainamoregranularcharacterisationof
eachofthematuritylevels.Notwithstandingtheselimitationsofthecurrentframework,the
SCMMrepresentsarobusturbanplanningtoolthatwouldbeanassetforthecentralandstate
governmentsinordertoachievetheirsmartcityambitions.

Acknowledgments
WethankReemaGuptaatSRITNEforresearchassistance.WealsothankIBMforvaluable
insightsonsmartcityimplementationsworldwideandYadavalliSubrahmanyamforvaluable
insightsontheHTRIMSproject.AdetailedreportontheSmartCityMaturityModelisavailable
ontheSRITNEwebsite.

ABOUTTHEAUTHORS

Deepa Mani
Assistant Professor of Information Systems and Executive Director,
Srini Raju Centre for IT and the Networked Economy at the Indian
School of Business.

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12/23/2016 Smart City Maturity Model (SCMM) - ISBInsight
Shankhadeep
Research Associate, Srini Raju Centre for IT and the Networked
Economy, ISB

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