Callage 1

Ariel Callage

Dixon, Period 2

Waste Cooking Oil Program Outline

Introduction: With the 2016 Presidential election, there has been some misconceptions about

climate change, and if this scientific notion even exists. This paper provides evidence that

climate change does exists, and provides a way for the Howard County Community to stop its

progression in its community, through the conversion of waste cooking oil into biofuels. The

steps required to start a biodiesel program in Howard County are outlined this paper, and

provides explanations as to why creating a biodiesel program is important for this community.

One way to help reduce air pollution would be to create a plan to start a biodiesel program, that

converts waste cooking oil into fuel. This can be accomplished by allowing residents in the

community to drop off their waste cooking oil in a designated area in their neighborhood, or by

having the waste oils be picked-up by the Howard County Association. The waste cooking oil

will then be picked up daily, and taken to a designated area where the waste cooking oil will be

processed, and converted to biofuels and hand soap. These products can then be sold at this

designated area, for the entire community, or can be redistributed to the community drop off

area, where they can be sold. By doing this the communitys air quality will improve, and can

help Howard County financially by selling the biodiesels and hand soap that is create from

production.

Background: Climate change is primarily triggered by what scientist call the greenhouse

effect, which is warming that results when the atmosphere traps heat radiating heat from Earth

towards space. Some of these gases that get trapped and block heat from escaping, will remain
 Callage 2

semi permanently in the atmosphere, and do not respond physically or chemically to changes in

temperature. This is what scientist call forcing climate change. Carbon dioxide is the most

common greenhouse gas that is released by human activities, such as deforestation, land use

changes, and the burning of fossil fuels. The concentration of atmospheric CO2 has also

increased in the last century, due to the fact that the burning of fossil fuels combines with oxygen

in the air, and yields carbon dioxide. The effects of climate change are manifested through the

warming of the Earth, which will then lead to more evaporation and precipitation, which will

cause some regions to become wetter or dryer overall. Other effects are warmer oceans, partially

melted glaciers and other forms of ice, which, by default, increases sea level, and the expansion

of ocean water. Climate change can also change were different crops grow best, and affect the

makeup of natural communities.In the Fifth Assessment Report from 1,300 independent

scientific experts, in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which work under the

United Nations (UN), these scientist have concluded that there is a 90% probability that human

activities over the past 50 years have warmed our planet. In the past 150 years, civilization has

depended, and still depends, on sources that cause atmospheric pressure to increase, and they

have increased from 280 parts per million to 400 parts per million. This panel has also concluded

that in the past 50 years, there is a 95% probability that human-produced greenhouse gases, such

as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, have cause the most observed increase in the

Earths temperature. But, there are also natural greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Water vapor

is one of these gases, since it responds quickly to changes in temperature, and it is the most

abundant greenhouse gas. As water vapor accumulates in Earths atmosphere, this warms the

Earth, which then increases the possibility of clouds and precipitation. But, natural gases can also

come from carbon dioxide in the forms of natural processes, such as respiration and volcanic
 Callage 3

eruptions, but because these occur naturally, and they dont posse as a direct problem to climate

change, since these cant be prevented. Human activities, such as deforestation, land use

changes, and burning fossil fuels can be prevented, and therefore posse a major threat to the

environment. Methane, which is a hydrocarbon gas, is also produced naturally and in human

activities, through decomposition of waste in landfills, agriculture, and in rice cultivation. But,

methane is a more active greenhouse gas, when compared to carbon dioxide, but it is less

abundant in the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide can also be found naturally or through human activity,

since this greenhouse gas is produced by soil cultivation particles, through the use of commercial

and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass burning.

Human activities with the overuse of activities that produce these gases are what drive climate

change.("A blanket around the Earth." ) Climate change has not only affected the environment,

but also human health. Exposure to the excessive heat due to climate change can lead to

heatstroke, cardiovascular, respiratory, and cerebrovascular disease. Changes in climate do not

only affect the air that is inhaled outside, but also the air that is inhaled inside, and the patterns of

worsening air quality can lead to asthma attacks and affect airborne allergens. Another effect of

high levels of ground-level ozone is premature death, since people who are exposed to this are at

greater risk at dying or being admitted into a hospital. The people who are most commonly

affected by this, though are outdoor workers, student athletes, and homeless, since they spend

more time outdoors. ("Climate Change Impacts on Human Health.")

Some solutions to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide being emitted has been proposed,

and one of these methods is the use of electric cars. But, most consumers that use and purchase

electric vehicles do not realize that they are doing more harm than good to the environment.

When electric vehicles are used, two-thirds of the electricity used to recharge the vehicles
 Callage 4

batteries are produced by the burning of fossil fuels from the nations single largest emitter of

greenhouse gases, industrial factories. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) also have an extremely

large carbon footprint because of the amount of carbon-dioxide emissions involved in the

manufacturing process of the cars and batteries. Another downfall of using these vehicles is that

they are also required to be charged at direct-current (DC) fast-charging station, and takes about

20 minutes to recharge, making it inconvenient for the driver. Gasoline tanks only take a few

minutes to fill. ("Our Energy Sources: Electric Vehicles.") But, there is another alternative energy

source besides electric cars, and these are biodiesels (or biofuels). Biodiesels are fats or oils that

react with alcohol, or methanol, using a strong alkaline catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide

NaOH or potassium hydroxide KOH. ("Waste Cooking Oil Fuel Program: How To Start Your

Own Biodiesel Fuel Program.") Biodiesels are also a clean burning energy source, which means

that when burned it does not produce as much greenhouse gases as regular fossil fuels.

("Commonly Asked Questions."). The primary source for biodiesels, though, is corn, and 70% of

corn growth is used for biodiesel production instead of food production. This domination of crop

growth by biofuels is the primary reason for the rapid increase in food prices. Other food sources

such as soybeans (The Green Economics Group), and sugarcane ("Sugarcane as a Feedstock for

Biofuels: An Analytical White Paper."), are also frequently used in biodiesel production.

Biodiesel can also be derived from leftover plant material ("Ethanol."), such as algae ("Algae for

Biofuel Production."), which would prevent the use of food sources in biodiesel production, but

this form of biodiesel production is much more expensive, therefore it cannot be commercialized

quite yet.("Ethanol.") Waste cooking oil is a preferable source for biodiesel production, though,

because they are not a food source, but come from leftover oil from cooking. Waste cooking oils

can be found in restaurants, food courts, snack bars, cafeterias, and lunch trucks, which makes
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them easily accessible, and a superior source for biodiesel production. Waste cooking oils are

different than raw vegetable oil, however, since raw vegetable oil has high viscosity, this causes

it to burn poorly in engines. Raw vegetable oil is also not registered with the EPA

(Environmental Protection Agency), and it is not a legal motor fuel. Therefore, raw vegetable oil,

bacon grease, and other solid greases are not used in biodiesel production, since they raise the

cloud point and could cause cold weather problems in vehicles. ("Waste Cooking Oil Fuel

Program: How To Start Your Own Biodiesel Fuel Program.") When waste cooking oil is

processed into biodiesels, though, it creates a byproduct, biodiesel and crude glycerin. Crude

glycerin can then be turned into hand soap, and sold as a product from the production process.

("BioSoap: Liquid Hand Soap.") So overall, waste cooking oils in biodiesel production is

superior to other alternative energy sources because it does not produce as much greenhouse

gases, it is not a food source, it is an easily accessible source, and profit can be created from its

byproduct.

I. How is a waste cooking oil program beneficial to Howard County? Daphne Utilities in Alabama

started a waste cooking oil program in 2006, and that program collects 300 to 500 gallons per

month. This program was started for approximately $3,000 and has $10,000 in annual fuel cost.

("Waste Cooking Oil Fuel Program: How To Start Your Own Biodiesel Fuel Program.")
A. The current, and wrong way to dispose of waste cooking oil, and using fossil fuels instead of

biodiesels.
1. When waste cooking oil is disposed in landfills it can cause static-file fires and the oil could

potentially leak into groundwater. ("HAWAII'S VEGGIE FUEL.") If county residents also pour

their waste oil down their drains, this can cause sewer backups. ("Residential Waste Cooking Oil

Curbside Recycling.")
2. Carbon-dioxide produced from the burning of fossil fuels can lead to asthma attacks, respiratory,

and cardiovascular health effects. ("Climate Change Impacts on Human Health.")

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3. Carbon-dioxide released through the burning of fossil fuels increases atmospheric CO2, adding

to the greenhouse effect that will warm oceans, and melt glaciers, therefore increasing sea level. (

"A blanket around the Earth." )

B. The benefits of stopping current method of waste cooking oil disposal.
1. Used cooking oil can be collected, and sold to companies, that purify the oil and use it for animal

feed supplements, and other products, like biodiesel. ("Used and Waste Oil and Grease for

Biodiesel.")
2. Recycling waste cooking oil helps reduce blockages in the sewer system, and reduce waste

cooking oil in landfills. ("Residential Waste Cooking Oil Curbside Recycling.")

3. Waste oils are the main alternative market for feed and typically cost less than virgin soybean oil.

(Wisner)
C. Brings in revenue/employment to the community.
1. In Gilman, Illinois the Incobrasa Industries, Ltd, that converts soybean oil into biodiesel, has

been a major employer for jobs, since is supports 150 jobs in the community. ("Gains in

Biodiesel Industry Add Up For Rural Areas.")

2. The Town of Cary receives 60 cents per gallon for waste cooking oils collected through their

waste cooking program. ("Residential Waste Cooking Oil Curbside Recycling.")

3. The U.S government provides tax credits and other incentives, that can reduce the price people

pay for biodiesel. This discount can be made up, since overall sale of biodiesel is 77s million

gallons per year. ("Vegetable Oils." )

D. The current problems with the disposal of waste cooking oil, and the negative effects of using

fossil fuels, manifest why waste cooking oil should be used as a biofuel and how it will provide

benefits for the community.

1. Biodiesels produce less greenhouse gases than fossil fuels, since when they are burned they

release less carbon dioxide. ("Our Energy Sources: Biofuels.")

2. Biodiesels prevent the effects of climate change in the environment, since it is a renewable, safe

fuel alternative to fossil fuels, and it is non-toxic. (Signori, Lorenzo, et al.)

 Callage 7

3. Climate change affects the air we breath, people who are exposed to high levels of ground-level

ozone are at a greater risk of dying prematurely, developing asthma, and affect airborne

allergens. ("Climate Change Impacts on Human Health." )

II. Collection of waste oils. In North Carolina, the Town of Cary, containers with waste cooking oil

must be placed at the curb by 7 A.M on the day of scheduled pick-up, and this oil must be in a

sealable food container. A member of the community must call in order to schedule a free

curbside pick-up, and waste cooking oil left on the curb on a regular collection day without

scheduling a pick-up will be tagged with a notice to call Customer Service. ("Residential Waste

Cooking Oil Curbside Recycling.")

A. Who will collect the waste cooking oil?
1. Like Pacific Biodiesel in Hawaii, Howard County can try to collect directly from pump trucks

that service restaurants and hotels. According to Pacific Biodiesel, this company is able to

convert this oil into 150,000 gallons of premium biodiesel each year. ("HAWAII'S VEGGIE

FUEL.")
2. Volunteers could help with the collection of oil in there own neighborhood. There could be a

shed where members of the community could place (not throw or slide, but arrange and place)

their waste cooking oils, and volunteers in the community could stop by, and drive some or all of

the waste oils to a facility. (my own idea)

3. People who work for Columbia Association can come out, and collect the waste oils curbside,

like what is done for trash. This is similar to what is done in the Town of Cary in North Carolina.

("Residential Waste Cooking Oil Curbside Recycling.")

B. Where will the oils be collected?
1. There could be a curbside pick-up , like in the Town of Cary. Rules can be put into place for this

curbside pick-up, such as a member of the community must schedule a free curbside pick-up,

and placed on the curb by 7 A.M. on the day of scheduled pick-up in a sealable food container or

the original container. Water, food sources, gravies, large amounts of food particles, plastic,
 Callage 8

paper, motor oils, fuels, chemicals, and detergents should not mixed with the waste oil.

("Residential Waste Cooking Oil Curbside Recycling.")

2. There can be an area in the neighborhood where community members can drop-off their waste

cooking oil, and these waste oils will be periodically picked-up by Columbia Association

employees. (my own idea)

3. They can be collected directly from restaurants, food courts, snack bars, cafeterias, lunch trucks,

or any place that uses oils. These can either be dropped off by the restaurant or another source

themselves, or can be collected by Columbia Association employees. ("Waste Cooking Oil Fuel

Program: How To Start Your Own Biodiesel Fuel Program.")

C. The number of facilities where waste cooking oil will be converted into biodiesel and soap.
1. Some schools could incorporate the biodiesel program in their science curriculum, since students

can turn glycerin into soap, through lab assignments, ("BioSoap: Liquid Hand Soap.") or in

environmental club, and this soap can be used as, well as, the soap in the school. ("Loyola

University of Chicago: Biodiesel Labs.")

2. The number of biodiesel facilities will depend on the money funded for these facilities to be

built. (my idea)

3. Pre Assembled or built on sites can convert a capacity of 6,000 to 45,000 gallons of waste

cooking oil or trap grease per day, so these are some options of the type of facilities that can be

used in Howard County. (Brown Grease Recovery For Biodiesel )

D. This is the process in which waste cooking oil will be collected in the process towards making

biodiesels and soap for Howard County.

III. The process that will be used to make biodiesel and hand soap. To process waste vegetable oil

into biodiesel, a biodiesel processor, such as the BioPro 190, will have to be purchased. ("Waste

Cooking Oil Fuel Program: How To Start Your Own Biodiesel Fuel Program.") To make hand

soap a big pot can be used to hold glycerin, the catalyst, and water, and a mold will be used to
 Callage 9

mold the bars of soap. ("Making Soap From Biodiesel.") Producing liquid hand soap may be

done in a lab, but a catalyst will still be used. ("Loyola University of Chicago: Biodiesel Labs.")
A. Making the biodiesel.
1. Fats or oils react with methanol (alcohol) by using a strong alkaline catalyst, like sodium

hydroxide NaOH or potassium hydroxide KOH. Through using this process, it yields mono-alkyl

methyl esters, or biodiesels and glycerin. ("Waste Cooking Oil Fuel Program: How To Start Your

Own Biodiesel Fuel Program.")

2. Biodiesels can be produced through the transesterification of renewable feedstock, such as

vegetable oil and animal fats, into fatty acid methyl esters. (Signori, Lorenzo, et al.)
3. Some basic modifications to the typical production process can be used in the conversion

process, depending, partly, on cost of the materials used in production on the cost of the

materials and how they affect conversion efficiency. (Wisner)

B. Testing to see if biodiesels meet biodiesel qualifications from that the United States government

specifies, and if soap is safe to use.

1. After making hand soap from glycerin pH strips should be used to test the pH of the soap. If the

pH of the soap is lower than six or higher than 10, the soap should not be used, but if the pH is

too high, the soap can be diluted with more water. ("Loyola University of Chicago: Biodiesel

Labs.")
2. The D6751 manual is intended to ensure the quality of biodiesels to be used as a blend stock in

middle distillates, like diesel fuel and heating oil, at 20% and lower levels. (Biodiesel Handling

and Use Guide)

3. Raw vegetable oil cannot be used in an engine, since it is not registered with the EPA, not a legal

motor fuel, and has high viscosity, so burns poorly. ("Waste Cooking Oil Fuel Program: How To

Start Your Own Biodiesel Fuel Program.")

C. Creating hand soap and, possibly, other byproducts from crude glycerin.
1. Crude glycerin could be turned into petroleum-based polyols and PU foams. When placed into a

reactor crude glycerin, biomass, and a catalyst is heated at atmospheric pressure, and when it

reaches a designated temperature of 100 degrees Celsius, the crude glycerin reacts with biomass
 Callage 10

in the presence of the catalyst to create bio polyol. ("TURNING CRUDE GLYCERIN INTO

POLYURETHANE FOAM AND BIOPOLYOLS.")

2. Crude glycerin is put into a big pot to boil off methanol. Then, a catalyst is added with soap, and

this mixture is stirred until the mixture becomes thick (if this is through the production of bar

soap, not liquid). This mixture is then poured into molds, smoothed out, and the molds are

shaken to allow the soap to settle. The molds need to be covered and allowed to set overnight,

and then the soap can be removed from the molds and cut into bars. These bars then need to be

cured for two to three weeks before they are packaged. The soap can also be thickened to make

shower gel and shampoo. Color and fragrances can be added into the soap through dyes and

bleaching agents. ("Making Soap From Biodiesel.")

3. Students at Loyola use water, glycerin, soybean oil, Potassium Hydroxide, fragrance, and

isopropanol as ingredients in their BioSoap. ("BioSoap: Liquid Hand Soap.") The students use

the glycerin to make liquid hand soap, though instead on bars of soap. ("Loyola University of

Chicago: Biodiesel Labs.")

D. This describes the process in which biodiesels are made in order for the biodiesels and soaps to

be safely manufactured.

IV. Selling and distribution of biodiesels and soap. With a fully licenced program, Loyola University

uses biodiesel in their shuttle bus, boiler room. With the liquid hand soap students produced from

glycerin, their BioSoap is distributed to campus stores for sale. ("BioSoap: Liquid Hand Soap." ).

The same process can be used in Howard County for distribution, except biodiesel and hand soap

can be distributed within community centers. (my own idea)

A. Locations for selling products.
1. Biodiesel and soap could be sold at a shop in the community centers of Howard County, similar

to the way Loyal students sell their produces in the campus store, except they only do this for
 Callage 11

soap. ("BioSoap: Liquid Hand Soap.") In the community centers biodiesels could be safely

stored following the D6751 manual.( Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide)
2. Biodiesels and soaps could be sold at local gas stations, this is just a possibility. This would only

occur if the gas stations are willing to do this. (my own idea)
3. Soap could be sold for discount in bulk for public schools in Howard County. (my own idea)
B. Price of the products.
1. When the program first starts this will just depend on how much biodiesel and soap people in the

community buy. It also depend on how much waste cooking oil is collected, the overall price of

starting the program, and the time it takes to produce the biodiesel and soap. (my own idea)
2. The price of the products will also depend on who is employed in order to create the biodiesels,

and soap. Jobs can range from scientist, chemist, lab assistants that oversee blending, and

engineers to facilitate each plants research and development. ("Gains in Biodiesel Industry Add

Up For Rural Areas.")

3. Daphne Utilities in Alabama started a waste cooking oil program for approximately $3,000 and

has $10,000 in annual fuel cost. ("Waste Cooking Oil Fuel Program: How To Start Your Own

Biodiesel Fuel Program.")

C. Overall revenue
1. In 2005, the biodiesel industry was estimated to be a 30 to 35 billion dollar industry, with

approximately 13.7 million tons of total production. ("TURNING CRUDE GLYCERIN INTO

POLYURETHANE FOAM AND BIOPOLYOLS.")

2. There is a climate benefit of 20 billion dollars, health benefits of 14 to 34 billion dollars, and a

net benefit of 26 to 45 billion dollar. ("FACT SHEET: Overview of the Clean Power Plan.")
3. We could possibly receive 2.5 to 5 cents per pound for glycerol, if Howard County were to sell

glycerol to companies that purify it. (Wen, Zhiyou) But, instead using the glycerin in soap

production could create more revenue for the county. (my idea)
D. Describes how a waste cooking oil program is profitable for the community, and specifies how

the biodiesels and soaps will be sold in Howard County.

 Callage 12

Conclusion: Climate change has mainly been created through human activity, such as burning

fossil fuels, like coal, and oil. The burning of these fuels cause carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas,

to be released into the atmosphere, which then traps heat inside the Earths atmosphere. This is

what forces climate change. Climate change affects everything on Earth because it increases

the Earths temperature, and by doing this, causes health issues in humans, such as asthma or

cardiovascular problems, and can lead to rising sea levels due to melting glaciers. Since climate

change affects living organisms, and nonliving organisms, it is crucial that biodiesels should be

used more often as an alternative energy source to fossil fuels, since it does not emit as much

carbon dioxide as regular gasoline. Howard County is a green community, and in order for it to

promote healthy and clean living in the community, a waste cooking oil program is the way to

go. Waste cooking oil is a common household waste product that can be collected, and turned

into biodiesel, and hand soap, which also creates more jobs, and brings in profit for the

community. This is more beneficial than converting corn into biodiesel, since it does not take

away from human, and animal, food sources. So, in order for Howard County to successfully

become a green community, a waste cooking oil program for biodiesel should be formed, since it

will create jobs in the community, brings in profit, and creates a cleaner and healthier

environment for the communitys residents.

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