I 6'

Ministry of Coastru~tion& Public Utilities

GUIDELINES

FOR

INTERPRE TATION OF SITE

IWESTIGA TION DA TA

FOR ESTIMATING THE

CARRYING CAPACITY OF
SLNGLE PILES FOR
DESIGN OF mDRED AND
CAST IN-SITU REINFORCED
CONCRETE PILES

Institute for Construction Training and Dtvetopmcnt

"-m'' 1%
1s;W- Mawatha,
Calombo 07
. -
Pub&ubm No.ICTADDEV/l S
FirstEdition-April1997
MINISTRY OF HOUSING, CONSTRUCTION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES

GUIDELINES FOR INTERPRETATION OF SITE

INVESTIGATION DATA FOR ESTIMATING THE CARRYING

CAPACITY OF STNGLE PILES FOR DESIGN OF BORED AND

CAST IN-SUU REINFORCED CONCRETE PILES

ICTAD PUBLICATION NO : ICTADDEVIl S

First Edition - April 1997

Published by

Institute for Construction Training and Development

'Savsiripaya'

123, Wijerama Mawatha

C o l o 07
~

 Drafted by the fdowing mtmben of Sri h n k a Gcotetbnkd society
ProE B L Tennekoon
Ilr S A S Kulathilaka
Dr.Sunil De Silva
Mr. K L S W a n d u
Mr.A A Viraj Dias
Mr,A W Wljesundara
Mr.T M Fwnando
Mr.Ananda Ilanasinghe
Mr K S K Ibmashghe
Prof. N A D R de Alwis
Prof. H N S&atne
Prof. Priyan Dias
Mr.V kingatharan .
Mr. A D Wichmsinghe
Mr. W M S C Piyadasa
Mr. S S T Sumanasekara
University of Moratuw
University of Moratuwa
Soil Enghearing ancl Deepwells Ltd.
C d Engineering Consultancy Bureau
National Building I h e k c h Organisation
Me;SLGS
M e -SLGS
Mwnbw- SLGS
MeTnber- SLGS
Y
hwtimion of Engineers Sri Lanka
Univmq of Peradeniya
Central Edeeriug Consultancy Bureau
m t i o n of Conslrltiog Engineers
m Institsite for Construction Training and
Devefoprnmt
 < FOREWORD

Under the corporate activity of developing Construction Industry related documents,

ICTAD has identified tht nebd for having Guidelines for lntwpretation of Site
Investigation data for Estimathg the Carryiag Capachy of S@le Piles for Design of
Bored and Cast h-situReinforced Concrete Pile8 and h a = initial& the fbmhtion of
this @dines.

I hope that t b document wiEl help the pmcticing Geotechnical E n g k a s in designing pile
foundations.

This Guiddine was published by the Technology DtvtIopment Division of ICTAD and
was draaed by a p d of experts &m Sri hnka Gsotdmical Suckty. under the
@- Of W d h$
Of~of;essi~d ZnduSty.
Cbn~tnrdOn

k d c e of the nrembas of the drafting panel of

I acknowled8e with ptcful t l w i h t
Sri L a d m * G t ~ ~ ~ MSociety
c a l and the Review Committee Members in the publidon of
the Guideb.

Prof. Dayatltba S Wueyestkera

Chairman
Institute far Conaw4ion Training and Developmeat
Caution: This document ohouki o d y be used by pmons trained in Gbottchniul

Engineering, as at swml places cngincdng judgement is both crucial and c r i t i d

DISCLAIMER

Whilst all care and efforts have been made to ensure the proper productibn of this
doument and its contents, neither does the Dtaftiag Capmittcc nor the ICTAD aaxpt any
liability for problems, lX&ultie8 or Conmmny arising from the usage of these
guidelines.
 Estimation of ultimate value of end resistance per unit area of b w (Q
Estimation of ultimate &in friction cotfficicnt per unit s u m a
m of shaft (Q,

5. Negative skin friction .

6. Factors of safety and Allowable carrying capcity of a single pile

Gm-ES FOR W E R m A T I O N OF SITE INVESTIG&T1ON DATA FOR
BTIMA'IING THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF SINGLE PILES FOR D E S I H OF
BORED A N D CAST LN-Sm -RCjCD CO~~IRETE

Despite the considerable progress that has k n m e during the Lsst few decades in
understanding the interaction of a pile and the surrounding soil, the design of pile
foundations is still very much an art with empirical methods based on experience stiU
being used in estitnating the M n g capacity of piles. Therefore, the methods given in
this dwument for. the interpretation of site investigation data should merely serve as
guidelines, and the actd carrying capacity ofpilw should still be confirmed ushg pile
loadtestS. *

Similar to any other foundation, pile foundations should be such that

(i) they have sufficient safety against M n g capacity failure;

(ii) they do not undergo excessive settlements.

O h , the mlumn load of a stdure is carried by a group af piles. .

When such piles are founded on sands or clays, the behaviour o f the group is different
from that of a single pile. Therefore, in such W, group effect should be considered.

Therefore, from a static analysis, the ultimate wrying capacity of a single pile can be
obtained as

where P, = applied load at uI t i g t e cmying capacity of pile;

q, = ultimate value of end resistance per unit area of base;
f,, = ultimate value of skin friction coefficient per unit surface area of
shaft;

Ab, A, = area of base, and surface area.of shaft respectively. ,

 where c, = undraind shear strength of the clay

ESTIMATION OF ULTIMATE SKlN FRICTION COEFFICIENT PER UNIT

SWRFACE AREA OF S H m (f,)

General
The skin fktion that is devclopbd on a pile shaft is influenced considerably by the method of
constnrction. Therefore, the wtimtes given in this &on should only serve as guidehus for
hign.

fUf,&xp(d)tan 6

w b K, = d c i e n t of Mend earth p m m shaft;

p(d) = vcrtieal efcctivc stress at my dcpoh;

6 - angle of friction between ancl sand.

Fof botad and cast in-situ piles, K, is related to the 1K, value as follows:
(KJKJ = 0.70 to l
 I .

Typical values h K, arq @VUI below

p(d) is estimated as indicated previously in Sec. 2.1 :l

(C) me for Jsss mr Ref.

t

Values of d are related to the friction angle #.

Ref. ( 5 ) gives the mmmendations of 2 rewarchers:

Ref. (l) gives a limiting value of f, * I 0 DJ/m2.

 The pilelength s h o u l d b e d i v i d d h t o s e v e r d ~ and of #,Nshould.
, WUCS
mmqmd to host in aach of the elements.

The friction that can be m o b M h highly dependent on the metfiod.uf pjle

c m m c r h . Special care is n e m s q when pile groups am used to carry a
mlumn l d to ensure that pile construction methbd does not d i m the soil
djacent to the adjoining piles,

whcn c, = unddned shear seenglh of the day.

the stiess -.,of the clay

, Pwwff(nc)ndy~tedclaysluad~,d=l

In the absence of any m9rs ford in oc clays, this ire k s t neglected.

I
I .

This may be estimated using SPT value N.

,Itis m m m ~ ~ d to
c duse
<

-
1

f,, 2x N w/rnZ,
When piles are founded on sands and clays, the ~ m c n t that
s take place are those oi the pile
group and not of the individual pile.

4,2

The settlement (S,) af a single pile under working load should be first determined.
The settlement (9of the pile group is then given by

where B = width of pile grwp in meters.

The set&lementof a pile group in clays should be determined using mnddation theory assuming
that the pile group behaves as an equivalent raft which has dimensions in plan equal to the
overall dimensions of the group and which can bt assumed to be located at a depth of (2/3) of
the length of the piles.

5, NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION

When the soii is setting 'downwards relative to a pile, no suppott for cumpressivc loads from
skin friction can be assumed over the length of the pile shaft.
On the conrrary, the settling soil taus a drag down force on the pile.
 caluw.on t h m g n w e o f the:negativeskin friction is s cbmptex problem in which several
facms are ulved. Calculations can be done either.using Effective S- Analysis W Total

As a first qpmximation, it is recommended in Ref. (1) to use

- skin friction ktor, giwn in Fig. 2;

-
whcrc

gf: and p(d) vertical effective stress at any depth,

and ccmputed,as hdicated previously in Sec. 2.1.1

This is appropriate for clay A s , and the methd given in Sec. 3.3 can be used.

1 . & FACTORS OF SAFETY AND ALIDWAIILE CARRYING CAPACITY OF A

F . SINGLE m m
-
r
a!<'
I-, '

.&l
Using the notations given in Sec. 1.4;
W3 '1sa.L W dI!d 8 WmJ WWWP
S! % u r npua U!, pm1 almu!qn JI
 d o w ~ t ~ ~ W i n a s h i n ~ e f J @ b ~ & t ~
of a &gle pib.
uaod in group, (the n m k , diPmcCr
Md spacing & p w g 0.
;rhe~arhouldmMh~~tyofthtpihsefoo

0 bad-alimitiag HtkmaltJ*

Tomlinm, M.J.(1987): "PileDesign and Construction Viewpint Publication,

M m ; 3d Edition.
l:
W
U , ,