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Ultrasonic Testing
Michael Berke
Krautrkamer Ultrasonic Systems
Agfa NDT GmbH, Hrth, Germany
1986 - 2002
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Examples of oscillation
ball on pendulum rotating
a spring earth
one full
oscillation T Time
a = A sin
a
Time
0 90 180 270 360
Phase
Frequency range
Hz Description Example
Audible
20 - 20.000 Speech, music
sound
Bat, Quartz
> 20.000 Ultrasound
crystal
distance travelled
Distance travelled
Medium 1 Medium 2
Reflected wave
Interface
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Reflection + Transmission: Perspex - Steel
1,87
Reflected wave
Perspex Steel
0,13
-0,87
Reflected wave
Steel Perspex
+
Battery
Piezoelectrical
Crystal (Quartz)
Sound wave
with
frequency f
U(f)
Short pulse
( < 1 s )
Electrical Piezoelectrical
crystal Ultrasonic wave
energy
100 ns
N
Near field Far field
0 2 4 6 8 10
- +
Uh
0 2 4 6 8 10
+ -
Uh
0 2 4 6 8 10
+
Uv
-
+ -
Uh
0 2 4 6 8 10
amplifier
screen
IP horizontal
BE sweep
clock
pulser
probe
work piece
Probe
Sound travel path
Flaw
Work piece
IP
BE
delamination 0 2 4 6 8 10
plate
IP = Initial pulse
F = Flaw
BE = Backwall echo
s
s
Corrosion 0 2 4 6 8 10
1 T R 1
2 T R 2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Flaw
1 2
surface = water delay
sound entry
backwall flaw
IP 1 IP 2
IE IE
BE BE
F
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10