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STANDARDS OF COMPETENCE
FOR CATEGORY "A" HYDROGRAPHIC
SURVEYORS
Publication S-5A
First Edition
Version 1.0.0 - August 2016
Published by:
The International Hydrographic Organization
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B.P. 445
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MONACO
info@iho.int
www.iho.int
Comments arising from the experience gained in the application of the guidance are welcome. They
should be addressed to the Chairman of the International Board for Standards of Competence of Nautical
Hydrographers and Nautical Cartographers at the above address. This document is published
periodically. Please check with IHB for the latest edition, including current amendments.
1
Copyright International Hydrographic Organization 2016
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1. INTRODUCTION
All components of the hydrographic surveying and nautical cartography profession face
challenges as to how best to ensure the continuance of high standards and how best to
ensure the continuation of best practices based on minimum standards of competence
world-wide. In order to achieve these objectives, three international organizations (FIG,
IHO and ICA) have developed Standards of competence that institutions or professional
bodies may adopt for their educational/training programmes and competency schemes.
The intention is that a Category "A" individual with appropriate experience, would be a
senior professional in their chosen field (government, industry, academia). Category "B"
individuals with appropriate experience would be technical professionals leading and
delivering products and services to meet specifications and outcomes.
2. DEFINITIONS
The S5-A standard contains the following list of Basic subjects, Foundation Science
subjects and Hydrographic Science subjects:
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Topics and Elements:
Each Foundation Science, Hydrographic Science or Basic subject comprises
a list of topics which are denoted by Bx.y, Fx.y, or Hx.y;
Each topic contains elements which are denoted by Bx.y<c> Fx.y<c> or
Hx.y<c>.
For example, the subject H1 Positioning contains the topic H1.1 Vessel and sensor
reference frames that has the element H1.1a Common reference frames for sensors.
The cross reference table is a mandatory requirement for a programme submission and
MUST be completed. A template is specified and is available from the IHO website:
www.iho.int
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND INITIALISMS USED IN THIS DOCUMENT
1D One-dimensional
2D Two-dimensional
3D Three-dimensional
A Advanced (level of knowledge)
ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
AIS Automatic Identification System
ASV Autonomous Surface Vehicle
AUV Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
B Basic (level of knowledge)
CAD Computer Aided Design
CMFP Complex Multidisciplinary Field Project
CW Continuous Wavelength
DOP Dilution of Precision
ECDIS Electronic Chart Display and Information System
ECS Electronic Chart System
ENC Electronic Navigational Chart
EPIRB Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon
F Fundamental Sciences Subjects
FIG International Federation of Surveyors
FOG Fiber Optic Gyroscope
GEBCO General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans
GIS Geographical Information System
GK Gauss-Krger
GLONASS GLObal NAvigation Satellite System
GMDSS Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GPS Global Positioning System
GRS80 Geodetic Reference System (1980)
H Hydrographic Sciences Subjects
HAT Highest Astronomical Tide
I Intermediate (level of knowledge)
IBSC International Board on Standards of Competence for Hydrographic
Surveyors and Nautical Cartographers
ICA International Cartographic Association
IHO International Hydrographic Organization
IMU Inertial Motion Unit
INS Inertial Navigation System
LAN Local Area Network
LAT Lowest Astronomical Tide
LiDAR Light Detection And Ranging
MBES Multi-Beam Echo Sounder
MEMS Microelectromechanical systems
MSDI Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure
MSI Maritime Safety Information
MSL Mean Sea Level
NAVTEX Navigational Telex
NMEA National Marine Electronics Association
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NtoM Notice to Mariners
P Practicals (fieldwork and/or laboratories)
RAM Random Access Memory
RINEX Receiver Independent Exchange Format
RNC Raster Navigational Chart
ROV Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle
S-44 IHO Publication S-44 - Standards for Hydrographic Surveys
S-100 IHO Publication S-100 Universal Hydrographic Data Model
S-102 IHO Publication S-102 Bathymetric Surface Product Specification
SARSAT Search And Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking
SAS Synthetic Aperture Sonar
SBES Single Beam Echo Sounder
SG Self-guided exercises (or students personal independent work)
SQL Structured Query Language
SSDM Standard Seabed Data Model
T Theoretical (theory through lectures)
TIN Triangulated Irregular Network
UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
UPS Universal Polar Stereographic
USBL Ultra Short Baseline
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
WWNWS World Wide Navigational Warning Service
XML Extended Markup Language
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S-5A STANDARDS:
1. BASIC SUBJECTS
(I)
B1.2 Differential calculus and differential equations
B1.2a Apply differential calculus to real (i) Real and vector valued functions.
Differential and and vector valued functions from a (ii) Series, Taylor expansions
integral calculus n-dimensional vector space. (iii) Gradient of a real-valued functions.
(iv) Jacobian matrix
(B) Calculate integral of classical (v) Integrals of real-valued functions.
functions and approximate (vi) Numerical integration methods.
numerical values.
B1.2b Compute explicit solutions for (i) Linear ordinary differential
Differential linear ordinary differential equations, general solution with right
equations equations and apply numerical hand side.
methods to approximate solutions (ii) Nonlinear differential equations, and
(I) to non-linear differential equations. linearization.
(iii) Numerical methods for non-linear
ordinary differential equations.
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B1.2c Apply numerical methods to find (i) Iterative methods.
Numerical approximate solutions for non- (ii) Rounding and numerical errors.
solutions of linear equations.
non-linear
equation
(B)
B1.3 Probability and statistics
B1.3a Define probability measures, derive (i) Probability measures, density
Probabilities and associated formulae and calculate functions
Bayesian values from data. (B) (ii) Mathematical expectation, variance
estimation (iii) Co-variance, correlation
Select a distribution for a given (iv) Conditional probabilities, Bayes law
(B, I) random variable and apply a (v) Minimum mean square estimation
Bayesian estimation method. (I) (vi) Distributions including normal, chi-
squared, t and F
B1.3b Statistics Compute confidence intervals and (i) Random variables, mean, variance,
associated statistical measures for standard deviation
(I) random variables using various (ii) Estimation of mean, variance, co-
distributions. variance
(iii) Statistical testing, confidence
intervals
B2 : Information and Communication Technology
Element Learning outcomes Content
B2.1 Computer Describe the different components (i) Central Processing Unit
systems of a real-time data acquisition (ii) RAM, data storage devices and
system, including various modes of standards
(I) communication and time-tagging. (iii) Communication board, serial links,
communication ports and standards,
Describe the role of a device driver buffers, Ethernet links, data
and its relation to data exchange. transmission rates
(iv) Communication protocols
Create/Configure a data link and (v) Clocks, clocks drift, time tagging and
evaluate any time delays across the synchronization of data
link. (vi) Operating systems
(vii) Device drivers
B2.2 Office Use classical office work software (i) Word processors
work software suites. Prepare a poster describing (ii) Spreadsheets
suites scientific or project results. (iii) Graphics software
(B)
B2.3 Write a program or script for data (i) Basic operations of a computer
Programming format conversion and/or basic program or script
algorithm computation. (ii) Algorithms (loops, conditional
(B) instructions)
Configure a small network and (iii) Scientific computation environments
transfer data over that network (iv) Application to data exchange, file
conversion
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B2.4 Web and Describe the different network (i) Networks (LANs)
network services options used in remote data (ii) Network and cloud storage
exchange and storage applications. (iii) Internet
(B) (iv) Networks integrity
(v) Communication protocols
B2.5 Databases Describe different types of (i) File types (binary, text, XML)
geospatial data and their (ii) Relational databases
(B) representation. (iii) Geospatial databases
(iv) Database management systems and
Construct a database, populate it query languages
and query its content using a
database language, such as SQL.
B3 : Physics
Element Learning outcomes Content
B3.1 Kinematics Explain the principle and the (i) Angular and linear velocities,
relationship between position, accelerations
(B) velocity and acceleration for both (ii) Angular velocities addition rules,
rotational and linear motion. accelerations due to rotational
motion, Coriolis Law
B3.2 Gravity Differentiate between inertial and (i) The inertial frame
Earth fixed frames. (ii) Newtons law, forces, accelerations,
(B) energy
Differentiate center of gravity from (iii) Center of gravity, center of
center of instantaneous rotation. instantaneous rotation
(iv) Gravitational field
Develop the mathematical (v) Potential fields
relationship between potential and
acceleration in a gravitational field.
B3.3 Magnetism Describe ferromagnetic properties (i) Magnetic characteristic of ferrous
and resulting magnetic field. bodies
(B) (ii) Magnetic field
B3.4 Waves Explain harmonics in the context of (i) Harmonic waves modeling and wave
waves and resulting constructive parameters (amplitude, frequency,
(B) and destructive interferences wavelength, celerity and phase)
patterns from multiple waves and (ii) Longitudinal and transverse waves
sources. (iii) Intensity, Decibel scale
(iv) Attenuation
Use the Decibel scale to define (v) Doppler effect
intensity and characterize (vi) Interferometric principles
attenuation.
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B3.6 Model a light ray-path through (i) Mirror, prisms, lenses and filters
Geometrical medium with various reflective and (ii) Telescopic optics and magnification
optics refractive properties. (iii) Snell-Descartes law
(B)
B4.2 GMDSS Describe the components and (i) Sea areas
purpose of GMDSS. (ii) EPIRBs and SARSAT
(B) (iii) Digital selective calling
(iv) NAVTEX
(v) SafetyNET
(vi) Promulgation of Maritime Safety
Information (MSI)
(vii) World Wide Navigational Warning
Service (WWNWS)
B4.3 Nautical Plan and layout a route on a (i) Content, datum, projection, scale and
charts nautical chart, enter/plot positions, types of nautical charts
identify navigational hazards and (ii) Chart symbols
(B) revise navigational plan as required. (iii) Chart graticules
(iv) Uncertainty indicators (e.g. source
Describe the content of a nautical diagram, reliability diagram, zone of
chart and explain datum, projection confidence, notes)
and scale. (v) Navigational hazards
(vi) Plotting instruments
Describe the uncertainty indicators (vii) ECDIS, ENC, RNC and ECS
associated with nautical charts.
B4.4 Navigation Use content of nautical publications (i) Sailing directions,
publications in a survey planning context. (ii) Light and radio lists,
(iii) Tides and current tables
(B) (iv) Notice to Mariners (NtoM) and
Urgent Notice to Mariners
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B4.5 Compasses Describe the capabilities, limitations (i) Magnetic compasses
and sources of errors of magnetic (ii) Gyros
(B) and gyro compasses. (iii) Compass error and corrections
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B5 : Meteorology
Element Learning outcomes Content
B5.1 Weather Define physical meteorological (i) Vertical structure and the variability
fundamentals parameters of the atmosphere
and observations (ii) Temperature, humidity, dew-point,
Operate instruments and sensors frost-point
(B) used to register temperature, (iii) Atmospheric pressure, winds
pressure, direction and intensity of (iv) Clouds and precipitations
wind. Record these parameters (v) Rain, snow
according to internationally (vi) Visibility, advection fog and
accepted standards. radiation fog
(vii) Pressure systems
Identify characteristics of weather (viii) Geostrophic winds, anabatic and
by simple observation of the sea katabatic winds
and the sky. (ix) Instruments and sensors used to
B5.2 Wind, Explain the relation between register temperatures, pressure,
waves and seas atmospheric pressure, temperature direction and intensity of wind
and wind. (x) Sea state scales, weather warning
(B) categories, wave height, periods and
Describe wind circulation around direction
pressure systems and the effect of
friction
B5.3 Weather Interpret a synoptic chart. Produce (i) Synoptic charts
forecasting an operational short range forecast (ii) Weather forecast
based on meteorological
(B) information, weather bulletins and
facsimile charts.
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2. FOUNDATION SCIENCE SUBJECTS
F1 : Earth Models
Element Learning outcomes Content
F1.1 Physical geodesy
F1.1aThe Describe relationships between the (i) Newtons law of gravitation
gravity field of gravity field of the Earth, normal (ii) Centrifugal acceleration
the Earth gravity and level surfaces. (iii) Gravity (acceleration)
(iv) Gravity potential
(B) (v) Level or equipotential surfaces
F1.1b Gravity Explain methods for observing (vi) The Geoid
observations and gravity and computation of gravity (vii) Normal gravity and ellipsoidal
their reduction. anomalies models such as GRS80.
(viii) Gravity anomalies
(B) (ix) Gravity observations
F1.1c Height Describe different height models (i) Dynamic heights
systems and and the role of gravity-based (ii) Orthometric heights
height heights in modern levelling (iii) Normal heights
determination networks. (iv) Level ellipsoid
(v) Theoretical misclosure of a leveling
(B) loop
F1.1d Describe techniques used to model (vi) Geopotential models
Geopotential the Earths geopotential. (vii) High resolution global and local
and geoidal geoid grids
Modelling Discuss the application and (viii) Deflection of the vertical
limitations of geopotential models
(I) and their verification in height
determination.
F1.2 Coordinate Systems
F1.2a Explain principles of astronomic (i) Traditional geodetic datums
Coordinate and geocentric datums together (ii) Terrestrial reference systems and
Systems for with their practical realizations. reference frames.
Positioning (iii) Modern geodetic datums based on
terrestrial reference frames.
(I) (iv) Datum transformation techniques
F1.2b Datum Compare datum transformation including similarity transformations
transformation methods and transform coordinates and grid based approaches.
techniques between datums and between
reference frames.
(A)
Estimate transformation parameters
from observations.
F1.2c Geodetic Assess the various solutions (i) Grid computations and spherical
computations on available for forward and inverse trigonometry.
the ellipsoid computations on the ellipsoid. (ii) Forward and inverse computations
for geodesic and normal section
(I) Compare grid and spherical curves on the ellipsoid.
methods with ellipsoidal
computations.
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F1.2d Three- Explain the mathematical model of (i) Local and global Cartesian
Dimensional 3D geodesy, integrating satellite coordinate frames. Reference to
Geodetic and terrestrial observations. physical plumb line and ellipsoidal
Modeling normal. Geoid heights and
Evaluate a typical hybrid network, deflections of the vertical.
(A) using commercial software. (ii) 3D observation equations and 3D
Describe application adjustment. Laplace equation.
of 3D Geodesy to hydrographic
survey control and 3D positioning
of survey vessels.
(B)
F1.4 Levelling
F1.4a Levelling Explain the principles of operation (i) Levelling instruments
instruments of instruments used in (ii)Total stations
determination of height (iii)
Effects of curvature and refraction
(I) differences. (iv)Reduction of levels and correction to
F1.4b Height Conduct surveys in accordance the relevant height datum
reduction with standards. (v) Calibration requirements and
documentation
(A) Reduce elevation measurements
and use adjustment procedures.
F1.5 Map Projections
F1.5a Map Classify the properties of (i) Equidistant, equal area, azimuthal
Projections projections. and conformal projections.
(A)
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Use parameters associated with (ii) Properties and applications of
map projections to compute cylindrical, conical and stereographic
distortion and apply corrections projections.
between geodetic and grid (iii) Grids, graticules and associated
coordinates. coordinates.
(iv) Convergence, scale factors and arc to
Use geometrical properties of map chord corrections.
projections to contrast and (v) Worldwide cartographic systems
compare the use of different Including UTM, GK and UPS.
projections for different
applications.
F1.6 Trigonometry and least-squares
F1.6a Apply plane and spherical (i) Plane trigonometry
Trigonometry trigonometry to surveying (ii) Sphere, great circle, rhumb lines,
problems. spherical triangles and spherical
(B) excess
F1.6b Theory of Differentiate between accuracy, (i) Measurements and observation
observations precision, reliability and equations
repeatability of measurements. (ii) Notion of uncertainty related to
(I) Relate these notions to statistical observations
information. (iii) Accuracy, precision, reliability,
repeatability
Apply the variance propagation law (iv) Linearized observation equations and
to a simple observation equation, variance propagation law
and derive an estimate uncertainty (v) Propagation of uncertainty in
as a function of observations co- observations through multiple
variances. measurements
(vi) Relative and absolute confidence
ellipse
F1.6c Least Solve geodetic problems by least (i) Least squares principle
squares squares estimation. (ii) Covariance of observation
(iii) Weighted least squares
(A) Determine quality measures for (iv) Orthogonal least square
least square solution to geodetic (v) Total Least Square
problems, to include reliability and (vi) Problems with explicit solutions
confidence levels. (vii) Condition equations
(viii) Covariance of estimated parameters
(ix) Unit variance factor estimate
(x) Internal and external reliability
F2 : Oceanography
Element Learning outcomes Content
F2.1 Physical Oceanography and measurements
F2.1a Water Use the knowledge of spatial and (i) Global ocean circulation
masses and temporal variability of the water (ii) Mechanisms of regional circulation.
circulation masses to plan surveys. (iii)Global and local water masses and
their physical properties.
Establish a water column sampling (iv) World oceanographic databases
(I) (v) Seasonal and daily variability of
regime for use within survey
operations. temperature and salinity profiles.
(vi) Types of estuaries and their
associated salinity profiles.
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F2.1b Physical Specify oceanographic sensors to (i) Sound Velocity Profilers,
properties of sea measure physical properties of sea Conductivity, Temperature, Depth
water water. sensors, Expendable probes.
(ii) Units used in measuring and
Apply appropriate equation to describing physical properties of sea
(A) water, normal ranges and
estimate density and speed of
sound. relationships including: salinity,
conductivity, temperature, pressure,
Create a sound speed profile. density.
F2.1c Specify equipment and procedures (iii) Sound speed equations
Oceanographic for oceanographic measurement to (iv) Oceanographic sampling.
meet survey requirements. (v) Oceanographic sensors:
measurements
Current meters
Configure and use oceanographic ADCP
(I) Turbidity sensors
sensors and sampling equipment.
and need for calibration
F2.1d Waves Outline wave generation processes. (i) Wave measurement by radar and
buoys
(B) Describe the principles of wave (ii) Wave parameters and elements
measurement systems. involved in the wave growth process
including fetch and bathymetry
Describe how beach survey (iii) Tsunamis
monitoring strategies are related to (iv) Breaking waves, long-shore drift and
wave regimes. rip current processes in relation to
beach surveys.
(v) Beach profiles
F3 : Geology and geophysics
Element Learning outcomes Content
F3.1 Geology
F3.1a Earth Describe the structure of the Earth (i) Plate tectonics and other Earth
structure and explain the relationship processes
between Earth processes and (ii) Earthquakes zones
(B) bathymetric /topographic features (iii) Types of continental margins
of the Earth. (iv) Ocean basins, trenches, ridges and
other ocean floor features
(v) Different types of rocks in the marine
environment
(vi) Subsidence and uplift
F3.1b Interpret geological information (i) Types of coast
Geomorphology and relate expected seafloor (ii) Seafloor features and bed forms
features to hydrographic survey (iii) Erosion, transport and deposition
(A) methodology and need for repeated (iv) Estuaries and inlets
hydrographic surveys. (v) Seafloor temporal variability
(vi) Sediment sampling
F3.1c Substrates Predict seafloor type and (i) Sediment types
characteristics based on (ii) Outcropping rocks
(I) observations of local geological (iii) Submerged aquatic vegetation
information. (iv) Corals
F3.2 Geophysics
F3.2a Gravity Explain the principle of operation (i) Gravity meters
fields and of gravity meters and the need for (ii) Relative and absolute gravity
gravity surveys corrections. measurements
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(B) Discuss the objectives of gravity (iii) Bathymetric corrections for gravity
surveys in relation to seabed measurements
features. (iv) Local gravity anomalies and gravity
surveys
(v) Influence of gravity on sea surface
topography and correlation with
seafloor features
F3.2b Magnetic Describe the Earth magnetic field, (i) Magnetic fields of the Earth
fields its spatial and temporal variability. (ii) Magnetic anomalies in relation to
rock types and tectonic history
(B) (iii) Temporal variations
(iv) Magnetic Earth models and databases
F3.2c Seismic Evaluate coverage and penetration (i) Continuous reflection/refraction
surveys of systems and correlate equipment seismic profiling.
with applications. (ii) Typical sound sources, receivers and
recorders.
(I) Distinguish between noise, outliers, (iii) Analogue high resolution seismic
and real seafloor features and sub- systems (including pinger, boomers,
seafloor geometry sparkers, chirp)
(iv) Frequency and wavelength in relation
to resolution and penetration
(v) Equipment configuration for towing,
launch and recovery
(vi) Applications such as pipeline or
hazard detection, seabed sediment
identification for mapping, shallow
sedimentary channels.
(vii) Principles of seismic stratigraphy
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3. HYDROGRAPHIC SCIENCE SUBJECTS
H1 : Positioning
Element Learning outcomes Content
H1.1 Vessel and sensor reference frames
H1.1a Common Specify a suitable vessel reference (i) Identification of a common reference
reference frames frame for sensor offsets and point and reference frame for the
for sensors configure software to use values vessel
accordingly. (ii) Centre of rotation for the vessel
(A) (iii) Centers of measurement for sensors
Reconcile the application of offsets (iv) Sensor offset measurements.
between various hardware and
software components of the survey
system.
H1.1b Define and apply appropriate (i) Sensor body reference frames.
Integration of transformations between the (ii) Transformations between reference
reference frames different frames in the navigation frames associated with sensor bodies,
solution. the vessel and local geodetic frame.
(A)
H1.2 GNSS positioning
H1.2a GNSS Describe the structure of signals (i) GNSS Systems, such as GPS,
Signals broadcast by GNSS and explain the GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou, etc.
impact of the atmosphere on these (ii) Signal structure.
(I, B) signals. (I) (iii) Frequencies, time keeping and
logistical segments: Ground, Space,
Describe the characteristics of User.
different components of GNSS and (iv) Broadcast almanac ephemerides and
detail sources of information precise orbit information.
relating to the orbital and timing (v) Ionospheric and tropospheric effects.
parameters. (B) (vi) Earth rotation information.
H1.2b GNSS Write observation equations for (i) Code phase and carrier phase
observables different GNSS observables and observables, mixed observables.
develop mathematical and (ii) Differencing using carrier phase
(A) stochastic models for the solutions including single, fixed and float
that include earth rotation and double, and triple differences.
ionospheric elements. (iii) Corrections for earth rotation,
ionosphere, and troposphere.
H1.2c Relative Evaluate and select appropriate (i) Differential and Wide area
and absolute system for applications by aligning augmentation services.
techniques survey requirements with (ii) Real time kinematic and post-
capabilities and limitations of processed kinematic techniques.
(A) GNSS techniques (iii) Precise Point Positioning techniques
and services.
(iv) System selection in alignment with
survey requirements.
H1.2d Specify, supervise and test the (i) Antenna installation to consider
Installation and installation of GNSS hardware and coverage, stability and multipath
operation software for both inshore and environment.
offshore operations. (ii) Levels of redundancy in systems and
(A) communications
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(iii) Data exchange formats and protocols
such as RINEX and NMEA
H1.2e Quality Develop a quality control plan for (i) Sources of error including multipath,
control GNSS operations including risk atmospheric effects, base station
management associated with GNSS network, sensor offsets, etc.
(A) components and services. (ii) Measures and monitoring of
precision (DOP variations) and
Assess the performance of GNSS reliability (statistical testing).
positioning against the defined (iii) Integrity monitoring of base station
quality control criteria. data.
(iv) Verification checks between systems
or against known points.
H1.3 Inertial navigation systems
H1.3a Describe accelerometer (i) Accelerometers technology
Accelerometers technologies, and differentiate (pendulums, vibrating elements)
and gyroscopes, between inclinometers, compass (ii) Gyroscopes (FOG, Ring laser,
inclinometers, and gyroscopes. Describe error Sagnac effect)
and compass sources associated with these (iii) MEMS
devices. (iv) Inclinometers
(A) (v) Flux gate compass
H1.3b Describe the technologies used in (i) Technologies available for IMU
Strapdown inertial measurements and quantify measurements through gyroscopes
inertial associated navigation errors. and accelerometers
measurement (ii) Sources of error in inertial sensors:
units Undertake static alignment of an bias; scale factor; and, noise.
IMU. (iii) The inertial navigation equation and
(A) error equations.
Develop strategies for mitigating (iv) Static alignment of the IMU.
induced heave and select filter (v) Heave estimation from gyros and
parameters for heave estimation. accelerometers.
(vi) Induced heave.
H1.3c Kalman Apply Kalman filtering methods to (i) Bayesian estimation
filtering a dynamic observation process. (ii) State representation of a dynamic
observation equation, observability
(I) Define the parameters of a Kalman (iii) Continuous, Semi-discrete and
Filter in relation with sensors discrete Kalman filtering
performances and dynamic model (iv) Optimal smoothing
uncertainty.
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H1.4 Subsea positioning
H1.4a Acoustic Describe the signal structure and (i) Long base line
positioning observables of mobile and fixed (ii) Short baseline
principles acoustic positioning devices. (iii) Ultra-short baseline
(iv) Doppler velocity log
(A) Relate observables and platform (v) Transponders
orientation to relative positions (vi) Acoustic modems
through observation equations. (vii) Subsea INS
H1.4b Acoustic Explain how acoustic positioning (viii) Water column structure
positioning observables, orientation and surface (ix) Acoustic ray multipath
systems positioning data are used to achieve (x) Time synchronization
subsea rover spatial referencing.
(A)
Specify the deployment and
calibration methods for fixed and
mobile acoustic positioning
systems.
H1.4c Acoustic Compute the total propagated
positioning error uncertainty in acoustic positioning,
analysis accounting for time, sound speed
and other observable errors.
(I)
H1.4d. Acoustic Identify appropriate acoustic (i) Towed vehicles
positioning positioning solutions for different (ii) Autonomous vehicles
applications applications, considering potential (iii) ROVs
sources of error. (iv) Surface vessel dynamic positioning
(B) (v) Engineering and installation
(vi) Metrology
H1.5 Line keeping
H1.5a Track Specify the methods to be used in (i) Track guidance and route following
guidance maintaining a survey vessel or information systems.
remote survey system on a planned (ii) Tolerances for track guidance in
(B) survey line or route and meeting compliance with survey
sounding density specifications. specifications and positioning system
precision.
Describe what may occur if the (iii) Maintaining uniform sounding
real-time navigation systems are density in swath systems.
interrupted during a survey. (iv) The impact of the environment on the
line keeping and data density
Explain how to compensate and (v) Options for accepting filed data when
mitigate for the effects of strong the navigation or line keeping is not
currents across a survey area/in a optimal.
river estuary.
H2 : Underwater Sensors and Data Processing
Element Learning outcomes Content
H2.1 Underwater acoustics
H2.1a Analyze the effect of transducer (i) Piezoelectric principles
Transducers and design on beam characteristics and (ii) Transducer arrays design, beam-
generation of performance. forming, side lobes.
acoustic waves (iii) Transducer Quality factor
(I)
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Describe the design and use of (iv) Plane and spherical waves in terms of
multi-frequency, wide-bandwidth wavelength, amplitude and
and parametric transducers. frequency.
(v) Absorption, spherical spreading
Differentiate between chirp and (vi) Frequency, attenuation relationship
CW transmission, and characterize to range
their relative performance. (vii) Acoustic units, intensities and sound
levels
Determine source level from (viii) Signal to noise ratio
typically available sonar (ix) Active Sonar Equation including
specification. sound source, causes of propagation
H2.1b Explain how properties of the loss in relation to water properties
Propagation of acoustic medium and source together with characteristics of the
acoustic waves frequency affect the propagation of sea floor and targets, acoustic noise
acoustic waves. level and directivity
(A) (x) Continuous Wavelength (CW), Chirp
Calculate propagation loss in transmission
practical situations, using medium (xi) System parameters including
property observations and available bandwidth, pulse length, pulse
tables. repetition rate, gain, detection,
H2.1c Acoustic Identify the sources of noise and threshold.
noise describe the effect of noise on echo (xii) Range resolution and spatial
sounding. Define the directivity resolution.
index. (xiii) Dynamic range, clipping and
(I)
saturation
Calculate the effect on sonar range (xiv) Sound speed profile and gradient
(xv) Ray-tracing theory
of a variety of noise conditions and
sonar directivity circumstances. (xvi) Sound channel
(xvii) Non horizontal sound speed layers
H2.1d Define the characteristic impedance
Reflection, of an acoustic medium.
scattering and
system Assess the effects of varying
performance. seafloor composition, texture, and
slope on echo strength.
(I)
H2.1e Use the sound speed profile to
Refraction and compute the path of sound ray
ray-tracing. through the water column.
(A)
H2.2 Single beam systems
H2.2a Single Explain the principles of operation (i) Single beam, split beam and dual
beam echo of a single beam sounder detailing beam concepts
sounders how acoustic parameters influence (ii) Beam footprint
principles sounder returns. (iii) Specification of a single beam echo
sounder.
(I) (iv) Bottom detection principles (matched
H2.2b Single Interpret single beam returns filtering, thresholding) and range
beam returns including analysis of full echo resolution.
interpretation envelopes and features of the sea (v) Full echo envelope returns and
bed and water column. bottom characterization
(A)
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H2.2c Single Specify survey system to perform a (i) Components of a single beam echo
beam survey single beam survey in accordance sounder system to include:
system with application requirements. positioning system, motion sensor,
acquisition system, source of
(A) Select appropriate range, scale, reference level (i.e. tide gauge,
frequency and pulse for specific GNSS)
applications in relation to spatial (ii) Acoustic parameters of single beam
resolution, bottom penetration, echo-sounders
depth of water and water column (iii) Reduction of soundings to the
analysis. specified datum
H2.2d Specify processing workflow for (i) Systematic effects in system
Processing of single beam data. (I) components:
single beam data Single Beam Echo-Sounders
Integrate and merge data of various IMU/INS
(I, A) sources and of various types in Sound speed profilers and other
preparation for product generation. peripheral sensors
(A) (ii) Single beam echo sounders data
processing workflows
H2.3 Sonar imagery systems
H2.3a Side-scan Evaluate, select and configure side- (i) Principles, components and geometry
sonar systems scan sonar in alignment with survey of side scan sonar systems
operational needs. (ii) Range, beam angle
(A) (iii) Resolution in relation to beam width,
sampling rate angle of incidence and
pulse length.
H2.3b Synthetic Discuss and compare the use of (i) Principles of synthetic aperture
Aperture Sonar SAS with that of more conventional imaging
sonar imaging systems.
(I)
H2.4 Swath echo sounder systems
H2.4a Multi- Explain the basic principles of (i) Principles and geometry of multi-
beam echo multi-beam sonar transmit and beam sonar systems
sounders receive beam forming and beam (ii) Combination of transducer elements
steering. (I) into transmit and receive arrays.
(A, I) (iii) Beam stabilization and beam steering
Explain the effect of aperture size (iv) Amplitude and phase bottom
and element spacing on array detection
performance. (I) (v) Variations in beam spacing and
footprint size
Analyze the techniques of (vi) Backscatter recording modes (e.g.,
amplitude and phase methods of beam average, side scan time series,
bottom detection and relate them to beam time series)
depth uncertainty. (A) (vii) Backscatter and seabed classification
H2.4b Multi- Tune acoustic parameters on-line (viii) Water column data
beam system for depth and backscatter. (ix) Power, gain, pulse length
parameters (x) Multiple signal returns, aliasing of
Determine the beam footprint size multiple signals in the water.
(A) and sounding spacing across the
swath and assess the limitations and
likelihood of detecting objects on
the seafloor under varying
surveying conditions.
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Explain the use of water column
returns and differentiate from
bottom detection.
H2.4c Multi- Specify survey system to perform a (i) positioning system, telemetry,
beam systems multi-beam survey in accordance motion and attitude sensors,
with application requirements. (ii) acquisition system,
(A) (iii) source of reference level (i.e. tide
gauge, GNSS),
(iv) Sound Speed measurements
H2.4d Multi- Describe how and where data (i) Multi-beam data elements:
beam data elements are combined to produce (ii) Beam and travel-time data
processing geo-referenced soundings. (iii) IMU/INS
(iv) Positioning data
(A) Integrate and merge data elements in (v) Time stamping
preparation for data processing. (vi) Offsets between sensor reference
points
(vii) Sound speed profile
(viii) Data file formats
H2.4e Analyze the principles and (i) Principles and geometry of
Interferometric geometry of interferometry and interferometric (phase measurement)
Sonar phase differencing bathymetric sonar systems
sonars and the arrangement of (ii) Sounding determination principles
(A) transducer arrays. (iii) Mounting methods and towing
(iv) Transducers arrangement
Explain the need for filtering phase (v) Sounding filtering and binning
measurement data for depth, object techniques
detection and backscatter.
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H3 : LiDAR and Remote Sensing
Element Learning outcomes Content
H3.1 LiDAR
H3.1a Airborne Determine the applicability of (i) Wavelength, water penetration,
LiDAR systems topographic and bathymetric ground detection and laser safety.
LiDAR to specific mapping (ii) Scanning frequency and pattern in
(A) applications. relation to power, coverage and
Specify the appropriate LiDAR spatial density.
technology for given applications (iii) Influence of sea surface roughness,
and identify supporting survey water column turbidity on the beam
operations required to conduct the pattern and penetration.
survey and process data. (iv) Sea bed optical characteristics and
H3.1b Airborne Identify potential sources of error in bottom detection.
LiDAR data combined topographic and (v) Influence of seabed on reflectance
products bathymetric LiDAR data and apply (vi) Relationship between full waveform
corrective processing techniques as signature and seabed characteristics.
(I, A) appropriate. (I) (vii) Secchi disc and Secchi depth
(viii) Impact of structure and canopy on
Evaluate results (x,y,z) of specific topographic LiDAR
bathymetric LiDAR surveys for (ix) Optical characteristics of coastal
compliance with hydrographic terrain.
requirements. (I) (x) Influence of geometry and waveform
on feature detection.
Explain how to incorporate (xi) Integration of components including
information from full waveform time stamping, attitude
analysis in the production of compensation, sensor offsets and
LiDAR mapping products. (A) networking.
H3.1c Determine situations where (xii) Sources and levels of uncertainty
Terrestrial terrestrial and vessel-based LiDAR associated with LiDAR data and
LiDAR data can be used to complement products.
other coastal and offshore spatial (xiii) Combined bathymetric and
(B) data. topographic LiDAR systems
(xiv) Vessel-based LiDAR
Explain the need for calibration and
validation of vessel-based LiDAR
and describe how data from such
system will be integrated with other
data streams.
H3.2 Remote Sensing
H3.2a Remotely Explain and compare the methods (i) Multispectral imagery and water
sensed that enable depth to be determined penetration in relation to wavelength
bathymetry from wavelength together with (ii) Optical properties of sea water.
optical properties of both the water (iii) Model based and empirical inversion
(I) and the seabed. methods for determining bathymetry.
(iv) Atmospheric corrections.
(v) Spatial resolution and accuracy in
position and depth.
(vi) Reflectance properties of the sea
floor.
H3.2b Satellite Describe the principles and (i) Missions and sensors
altimetry limitations of satellite altimetry (ii) Products
products including sea-surface
(B)
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topography and derived
bathymetry
H3.2c Optical Describe geometrical properties of (i) Color imagery and multispectral
methods of images and principles of imagery.
shoreline orthorectification. (ii) Reflectance of multispectral imagery
delineation in relation to wavelength and terrain
Explain how imagery can be used characteristics.
(I) in planning survey operations and (iii) Use of imagery in shoreline mapping
in supporting hydrographic and identification of other
products. topographic features.
(iv) Uncertainty associated with map
Compare image based methods features derived from imagery.
with those of LiDAR for shoreline (v) Geometrical properties of satellite
delineation images and aerial photographs
H4 : Survey Operations and Applications
Element Learning outcomes Content
H4.1 Hydrographic survey projects
H4.1a Establish procedures required to (i) IHO S-44 and other survey quality
Hydrographic achieve quality standards in standards.
survey hydrographic surveys. (ii) Underkeel clearance
requirements (iii) Procedures and installations required
Specify the type of survey system to conduct hydrographic surveys of
(A) and equipment needs together with specific types, for example:
associated parameters and Nautical charting survey
procedures for various components Boundary delimitation survey
of the overall survey operation. Ports, harbor and waterways
surveys.
Evaluate the impact of local Engineering works and dredging
physical and environmental factors surveys
on survey results. Coastal engineering surveys
Inland surveys
Erosion and land-sea interface
monitoring
Oceanographic surveys
Deep sea and ROVs /AUVs
surveys
Seismic, gravity and geomagnetic
surveys
Pipeline route, pipeline
installation, inspection and cable
laying surveys
Wreck and debris surveys.
H4.1b Prepare hydrographic (i) Hydrographic instructions and
Hydrographic specifications, instructions and tenders.
survey project tenders associated with survey (ii) Estimating and drafting survey work
management objectives. plans and schedules
(iii) Risk assessment in survey operations
(A) Estimate the resources, scheduling associated with the proposed work
and timing associated with plan.
hydrographic projects and prepare (iv) Assessment and reporting of work
project plans including health and progress against the work plan
(v) Health and safety compliance
25
safety requirements, environmental (vi) Environmental impact of survey
issues and emergency response. activities
(vii) Emergency Response Situations and
Define, assign and distribute the Plan
roles and responsibilities of
individuals within a survey team.
26
H4.2d Magnetic Describe the capabilities and (i) Operating principles and sensitivity
surveys limitations of magnetometers and characteristics of magnetometers and
gradiometers in conducting object gradiometers
(I) detection surveys. (ii) Deployment of magnetometers and
gradiometers and planning of
magnetic surveys
(iii) Objectives of magnetic surveys in the
detection of objects such as pipelines,
cables, ordnance, debris, wrecks.
(iv) Display and interpretation of
magnetometer and gradiometer data.
H4.2e Airborne Specify survey procedures and (i) Calibration techniques and
LiDAR surveys quality assurance practices to requirements
perform a LiDAR survey in (ii) Flight line spacing, ground speed,
(I) accordance with application orientation and aircraft turning
requirements. characteristics
(iii) Environmental factors affecting data
Specify LiDAR coverage and data coverage (i.e., sunlight, clouds, rain,
density requirements for a survey. smoke, sea conditions, etc.)
H4.2g Side-scan Interpret side scan sonar imagery (i) Side scan sonar backscatter and sea
sonar data through assessment of individual floor reflection.
interpretation and overlapping swaths to identify (ii) Side scan images and mosaicking
potential sonar targets for further (iii) Sources of distortion and artefacts
(A) investigation. from water column properties,
motion
Interpret side scan sonar imagery to (iv) Determination of height, size and
assess differences in seafloor position of seafloor features
composition and topography. (v) Sonar signature of wrecks, pipelines,
gas, fish and fresh water, etc.
H4.3 Seabed characterization
H4.3a Explain the concept of incidence (i) SBES full echo envelope
Classification angle dependence and describe the
27
from acoustic signal processing steps required to (ii) Sub-bottom profiler full echo-
data obtain corrected backscatter data envelope
for seafloor characterization. (iii) Side scan sonar images
(I) (iv) Synthetic aperture sonars images
Explain the techniques available (v) Side scan sonar and swath echo
and their limitations for observing, sounders backscatter information
interpreting and classifying (vi) Ground-truthing
differences in seabed characteristics
from acoustic sensors.
H4.3b Explain the techniques available (i) Hyperspectral and multispectral
Classification and their limitations for observing sensors images
from optical and interpreting differences in (ii) Underwater cameras
data seabed and inter-tidal zone (iii) LiDAR
characteristics from optical sensors. (iv) Ground-truthing
(B)
H4.3c Seabed Plan a sampling campaign to (i) Grabs
sampling classify the seabed as part of a (ii) Corers
survey. (iii) Use in ground-truthing
(I)
Use remotely sensed information to
select sampling sites.
H4.3d Seabed Consider the combination of (i) Classification standards
characterization remotely sensed information with (ii) Classification methods
seabed samples in a seafloor
(I) characterization survey.
28
Install, level to a vertical reference, (ii) Installing gauges, establishment and
and calibrate a water level gauge levelling of associated survey marks
while evaluating sources of errors (iii) Determination of tide correctors from
and applying appropriate water level observations
corrections. (iv) Networks of water level gauges
H5.2b Tidal Evaluate and select appropriate (v) Use of satellite altimetry in
measurement sites for water level monitoring. determining water levels
(vi) Uncertainties associated with water
(A) Select water level gauge parameters level measurement devices
for logging data, data (vii) Uncertainties associated with
communication, data download and duration of observations.
for network operation with (viii) Uncertainties associated with
appropriate quality control spatial separation of water level
measures. measurements.
H5.2c Assess and quantify the
Uncertainty in contribution of water level
water level observations to uncertainties in
survey measurements.
(I)
Assess the uncertainty in water
level observations due to duration
of observations and distance from
water level gauge.
H5.3 Tide modelling
H5.3a Harmonic Compute standard harmonic (i) Harmonic constituents from
analysis constituents from astronomical astronomical periods
periods. (ii) Harmonic coefficients and residuals.
(I) (iii) Water level time series observations
Derive harmonic coefficients and (iv) Fourier series and Fourier analysis
residuals from times series (v) Tide tables and tide prediction
observations using Fourier analysis.
29
H5.4c Sounding Reduce ellipsoidal referenced (vi) Geoid as a reference surface
reduction survey data to a water level datum (vii) Datums in oceans coastal waters,
using an appropriate separation estuaries, rivers and lakes
(A) model with an appreciation for (viii) Interpolation of datums between
associated uncertainty. water level stations
(ix) Reduction of survey data to a datum
Apply tide correctors to reduce
survey soundings to a chart datum.
H5.5 Currents
H5.5a Tidally Explain the forces behind tidally (i) The relationship between currents
induced currents induced currents and describe and tides
temporal variations. (ii) Rectilinear and rotary tidal currents
(B) (iii) current meters,
Differentiate between tidal and (iv) acoustic current profilers
non-tidal current. (v) Drogues
H5.5b Current Select, use techniques and (vi) Surface current radar observation
measurement, instruments for current (vii) Static and mobile current
portrayal and measurement. measurements
surveys (viii) Current surveys
Plan current surveys. (ix) Portraying current data
(I)
Use appropriate methods for
processing and displaying current
data.
H6 : Hydrographic Data Acquisition and Processing
Element Learning outcomes Content
H6.1 Real-time data acquisition and control
H6.1a Define, configure and validate a (i) Integration of data from various
Hydrographic complex survey suite for different sensors in accordance with survey
Data acquisition types of surveys in accordance with specifications to include equipment
technical specification. such as:
Echo-sounder (SBES, MBES)
(A)
Specify and configure Terrestrial and airborne LiDAR
communication interfaces between Sound velocity profiler, surface
survey devices and system velocity probe
components. Side-scan sonar
H6.1b Real-time Evaluate performance of an Surface positioning system
data monitoring integrated survey system against IMU / INS
survey specifications using quality Subsea positioning system
control methods and address (USBL)
(A)
deficiencies using troubleshooting ROVs and AUVs
methods. (ii) Data acquisition system and software
(iii) Time-tagging
Identify type and sources of system (iv) Data visualization
errors and undertake system (v) Data quality control methods
analysis. (vi) Types and sources of errors
(vii) System errors identification methods
E6.1c Survey Export survey data to databases and (i) Content of files in different formats
data storage and analysis tools taking account of used to record data in survey
transfer different data formats. planning, data acquisition and
products.
(ii) Multiple data types
30
(A) Employ data storage strategies to (iii) Storage requirements
facilitate survey data flow. (iv) Proprietary vs. standard data format
(v) Metadata
Populate and maintain metadata (vi) Organization of survey databases.
associated with different data types
and products.
H6.2 Bathymetric data filtering and estimation
H6.2 a Filtering Identify and remove outliers and (i) Data cleaning techniques (manual
and estimation validate data cleaning and other and automated)
of single beam decisions made in processing single (ii) Identification of outliers
data beam data. (iii) Identification and classification of
systematic errors
(A) Interpret and resolve systematic (iv) Total propagated uncertainty -
errors detected during data horizontal
processing (v) Total propagated uncertainty -
vertical
Perform time series analysis of data (vi) Comparing crossing data between
from multiple sensors to detect survey lines
artefacts and other errors that may (vii) Comparing overlapping data between
exist in a survey dataset. platforms
(viii) Assessing coverage in relation with
Specify additional coverage and contour lines and features
associated survey parameters to
resolve shortcomings in survey
data.
H6.2b Filtering Identify and remove outliers and (i) Data cleaning techniques (manual
and estimation validate data cleaning and other and automated)
of multi-beam decisions made in processing multi- (ii) Identification of outliers
data beam data. (iii) Identification and classification of
systematic errors
(A) Interpret and resolve systematic (iv) Total propagated uncertainty -
errors detected during data horizontal
processing (v) Total propagated uncertainty -
vertical
Perform time series analysis of data (vi) Comparing crossing and adjacent
from multiple sensors to detect data between survey lines
artefacts and other errors that may (vii) Comparing overlapping data between
exist in a survey dataset. platforms
31
H6.2d Spatial Choose an appropriate interpolation (i) 1D polynomial interpolation
data method and compute a surface from (ii) Interpolating splines, B-Splines,
interpolation sparse survey measurements. (I) multi-dimensional splines
(iii) Spatial interpolation by inverse
(I, A) Select appropriate spatial data distance and Kriging
processing methods to create digital (iv) Grids and TIN construction from
terrain models or gridded surfaces spatial data
and contouring. (A) (v) Contouring techniques
H6.2e Spatial Apply estimation procedures to (i) Point Clouds
data survey measurements to represent (ii) Surface models
representation data according to survey product (iii) Raster and vector data
requirements. (I) (iv) Spatial resolution
(I, A) (v) Data resolution
Select optimal parameters for data (vi) Horizontal scale and vertical
representation. (A) exaggeration
(vii) Volume computations
(viii) Profiles
H7 : Management of Hydrographic Data
Element Learning outcomes Content
H7.1 Data organization and presentation
H7.1a Databases Explain the concepts of relational (i) Relational databases
and spatial databases. (ii) Spatial databases
(I) (iii) Databases to hold different types of
Conceptualize, develop, and feature and geographical information
populate a spatial database to
represent hydrographic survey
elements and define relationships
between those elements.
H7.1b Marine Identify the data types that might be (i) Features and feature types of point,
GIS basics used to represent features from the line and polygon with marine
marine environment considering the examples.
(B) attribute that might be associated (ii) Marine and coastal data bases
with such features. (iii) Datums and projections
(iv) Vertical datums
Create a GIS project using marine (v) Survey metadata
spatial data. (vi) Base maps and images
32
H7.3 Spatial data integration and deliverables
H7.3a Spatial Integrate data from multiple (i) Tools and method for integration and
data integration sources and sensor types in the comparison of hybrid data sets
conduct of a multi-sensor survey. (ii) Co-registration of hybrid data sets
(I)
H7.3b Spatial Evaluate and select the best (i) Use of color schemes
data visualization method to highlight (ii) Shading and illumination
visualisation features of interest and quality- (iii) Vertical exaggeration
control a hydrographic data set. (iv) Standards
(A)
H7.3c Describe hydrographic deliverables (i) Products provided directly from
Deliverables and produce paper products as well source data such as sounding data
as digital products in accordance files and metadata.
(A) with specifications and standards. (ii) Feature databases such as wrecks,
rocks and obstructions
Prepare a report on a hydrographic (iii) Data required for sailing directions,
survey. light lists, radio aids to navigation,
port guides and notices to mariners.
(iv) Digital and paper products derived
from source data for various survey
types and usage such as GIS and
CAD files and/or geo-referenced
images.
(v) Reports on quality control,
procedures, results and conclusions
detailing processes adopted within
survey operations and data
processing.
(vi) Standards including:
IHO S-100, and product
standards such as S-102.
Standard Seabed Data Model
(SSDM).
H8 : Legal Aspects
Element Learning outcomes Content
H8.1 Product liability
H8.1a Detail the role and responsibilities (i) Nautical charts.
Responsibilities of the hydrographic surveyor as (ii) Notice to mariners.
of the required under industrial standards (iii)Survey notes and reports.
hydrographic and national/international (iv) Fundamentals of professional
surveyor legislation/conventions. (B) liability relating to surveying
(v) Professional ethics relating to
(B, I) Identify the sources of ethical commercial and government projects
guidance and discuss ethical (vi) Legal issues and liability associated
considerations when dealing in a with hydrographic equipment and
professional capacity with client products.
and contracts. (I)
33
H8.1b Contracts Develop the technical content of an (i) Invitation to tender and survey work
invitation to tender. specifications
(I) (ii) Response to tender
Analyze the risk and develop the (iii) Contractual obligations and
technical content of a response that insurance
would include details and cost of (iv) Survey work and deliverables
necessary resources.
34
CMFP : COMPLEX MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD PROJECT
The Complex Multidisciplinary Field Project for Category "A" level shall comprise a
comprehensive field survey incorporating different aspects of hydrography in a complex
environment with varying sea-floor and oceanographic conditions.
Note: The Complex Multidisciplinary Field Project does not include the practical exercises that
form a part of the course modules syllabi and are designed to complement the theory component
(Section 4.1 of the GUIDELINES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STANDARDS
OF COMPETENCE FOR HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYORS).
Learning outcomes, content and assessment must be described in order to reflect the
different activities and objectives of the final project.
For each task, the number of Theory and Practical contact hours and Self Guidance
hours must be provided.
A reference of activities and tasks of the comprehensive final field project to the related
Essential subject must be provided.
Note: Hours referenced in the following table are also to be included in the cross-reference table
under appropriate elements.
Preparation
35
Acquisition
Processing
Deliverables
Reports
Total
36