Industrial Relations and Labour Welfare

UNIT V

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. What is child labour? Mention some causes.

Child labour is work performed by children who are under the minimum age
legally specified for that kind of work.

CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR

Over population

Poverty:

Illiteracy:

Willingness to exploit children:

Children are more profitable

Apathy by the Government:

2. Mention some acts under Childrens Act.

Factory Act, 1948
Plantation Labour Act, 1951
Mines Act, 1953
Minimum Wages Act, 1948
Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
3. Mention some effects on child labour.
Leads to health problems:
Causes severe mental torture:
Inclined towards social evils:
Negatively effects welfare of nation:
Hampers economic development:
4. Mention some measures to eliminate child labour.
Providing education:
Creating awareness:
Family Planning:
5. Mention some problems faced by female labour.
Sexual harassment:
 Discrimination:
Role Conflict:
6. Mention some of the provisions for female labours.
Beedi and Cigar Workers [Conditions of employment] Act, 1996
Plantation Labour Act, 1951
Contract Labour [Regulation and Abolition] Act, 1970
Inter State Migrant Workmen [Regulation of employment and conditions of
Service ] Act, 1979
5. Factories Act, 1948:
6. Equal remuneration Act, 1976:
7. Employees State Insurance [General] Regulation, 1950:
7. Mention some steps for promoting welfare and development of female labour.
Fair share of employment opportunities:
Education and training opportunities:
Family and aid services
8. Define contract labour. Nov/Dec 2013
Contract labours are indirect employees, persons who are hired, supervised and
remunerated by a contractor who in turn, is compensated by the establishment.
9. Mention some types of contract labour.
Part-time employees
Job sharing
Temporary and on-call employees
Leased employees
Independent contractors, freelancers and consultants.
10. Mention some advantages of using contract labours.
Staffing flexibility:
Reduced costs:
Can save time and money:
Temporary employees can provide specialised skills to all types of industries.
Can lead to a long-term positive relationship with staffing agency:
11. List some disadvantages of using contract labours. Nov/Dec 2011,
Lack of commitment:
Lack of morale:
Lack of training:
Morale issues:
Safety issues:
Legal concerns:
12. Define construction labour. May/June 2016, Nov/Dec 2012, Nov/Dev 2014
Any worker who has completed 18 years of age but not 60 and has been
engaged in the building or any other construction work for not less than 90 days would be
eligible for the registration.
13. Mention some problems faced by construction labour.
Occupational risks high risk industry
Poor sanitation hygiene
Compromises on the safety provided to the workers
Inadequate wage structure
14. Mention some suggestions for promoting welfare of construction labour.
Investigate the abuse and exploitation of labourers by agents and employers and
prosecute them
Create awareness of construction labourers rights and set up redressal
mechanism.
Employers ensure decent working conditions
Adequate intervention from the government authorities ensuring health, safety
and welfare
15. Define agricultural labour. May/June 2016, Nov/Dec 2014, Nov/Dec 2015,
Agricultural workers means a person who is engaged in one or more of the following
agricultural occupation in the capacity of labourer on hire and does not own agricultural
land.
16. Mention some characteristics of agricultural labour.
They are scattered
Unskilled and lack training
Unorganised sector
Low social status
Demand and supply of labour
17. Mention some causes of agricultural labour.
Increase in population
Decline of cottage industries and handicrafts
Eviction of small farmers and tenants from land
Uneconomic buildings
18. List down some of the measures taken by government of agricultural labourers.
Passing of Minimum wage Act
Abolition of bonded labourers
Providing land to landless labourers
Provision of housing cities to houseless
19. Define differently abled labour
Differently abled labours are those with a physical or mental impairment that
substantially limits certain job performance.
20. List some advantages of differently abled labour.
Widen the pool of recruits
Productive and reliable
Better attendance records
 Only require minimal and very basic adjustments at work
21. What do you mean by rehabilitation?
Restoration of ones physical, mental, social vocational and economic capacity to
the fullest extent to which one is capable.
22. Differentiate between BPO and KPO labour. Nov/Dec 2013, Nov/Dec 2015
BPO stands for business process outsourcing. It is contracting of third party
service providers the operations of several business processes or functions.
KPO: Knowledge Process Outsourcing. It is Knowledge related and information-related
work is carried out by workers in a different company or by a subsidiary of the same
organisation
23. List some problems faced by KPO labours.
Build necessary infrastructure and its maintenance
Maintain good working condition
Maintain confidentiality
Services environment should be implemented
24. Define social security. Mention some of its characteristics. Nov/Dec 2012
Security that society furnishes through appropriate organisation against certain
risks to which its members are perennially exposed.
Characteristics:
1. Provided by the authorities
2. Usually administrated by a public or semi-public autonomous body founded by
legislation
25. Mention some implications of social security schemes.
Important private and social benefits in developing countries
Protect individuals and household against socio-economic shocks
Increase the productive capacity of the poor
Benefit economic development
Human capital capacity of the country will be strengthened

16 marks questions
1. Explain in detail the difference between child labour and female labour. Pg. No. 127
130, 136-138. Nov/Dec 2013, Nov/Dec 2011, Nov/Dec 2012, Nov/Dec 2014,
2. Describe the conditions for the employment of child labour and suggest the measures
to reduce the child labour. Pg. No. 127-130. Nov/Dec 2012,
3. Evaluate the various social security measures provided for the employees working in
BPO and KPO. Pg. No. 159, 160. Nov/Dec 2015,
4. Differentiate BPO and KPO. Pg. No. 156, 157, 158 May/June 2016,
5. Explain in detail the difference between construction labour and agricultural labour.
Pg. No. 144, 145, 148, 149. Nov/Dec 2013, Nov/Dec 2011, Nov/Dec 2012,
6. Write short notes about differently abled labour. Pg. No. 150, 151.
7. Brief on the provisions for female labours in various acts and steps to promote
welfare and development of female labours. Pg. No. 136,137, 138. Nov/Dec 2012,
Nov/Dec 2014
8. Elaborate on the role ILO in eliminating child labour. Pg. No. 132, 133
9. Brief on the various acts related to child labour. Pg. No. 127-130 Nov/Dec 2015,
10. Explain about the various welfare measures for differently abled labour. Pg. No.
150,151,152. May/June 2016