A REPORT ON Information and

Technology BM 361 for

4G Technology and Its Future Impact on Telecom Industry and Indian
Economy

Submitted to
2
INDUKAKA IPCOWALA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT (I IM)
CHAROTAR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(CHARUSAT)
CHANGA

Prepared by
Maharshi J.PATEL
ID No.: 14BBA036
B.B.A. Third Year
Semester-V
2014-17 Batch

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Pranav Desai

INDUKAKA IPCOWALA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT (I2IM)

CHAROTAR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(CHARUSAT)
AT. & PO. CHANGA 388 421 TA: PETLAD DIST. ANAND, GUJARAT

November 2016
 DECLARATION
I Maharshi Patel, Student of the three year-Dual Degree BBA+MBA Programme at Indukaka
2
Ipcowala Institute of Management (I IM) hereby declare that the report on 4G Technology
and Its Future Impact on Telecom Industry and Indian Economy is the result of my
own work. I also acknowledge the other works / publications cited in the Project.

Place: Changa Name: Maharshi J.Patel

Date: 9/11/2016 Sign:

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and thankfulness to our Dean, Dr. Govind
Dave sir for providing their expert inputs, excellent infrastructure and a nice atmosphere for
completing this project successfully
I convey my heartfelt thanks to the Library and Laboratory staff for allowing me to use the
required resources whenever needed
Finally, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my family for their support through
the work. I sincerely acknowledge and thank all those who gave directly or indirectly their
support in completion of this work

Your sincerely
Maharshi J. Patel
SR.NO PARTICULAR PG.NO
1 Introduction 1
1.1 History 2
1.2 Before 4G 3
1.2.1 1G (First Generation) 3
1.2.2 2G (Second generation) 3
1.2.3 3G (Third Generation) 4
2 What is 4G? 4
2.1 VISION OF 4G 4
2.2 Comparing Key Parameters of 4G with 3G. 5
3 Broad Overview 6
3.1 Indian Telecom Market Overview 6
3.2 Data Usage Landscape in India 6
3.3 Projected Smartphone Penetration and Mobile Data 7
Consumption for India
3.4Technology (2G, 3G & 4G) Landscape in India 7
4 KEY PLAYERS 8
4.1BhartiAirtel Limited. 8
4.2 BSNL 8
4.3Vodafone 8
4.4Reliance Communications 8
4.5 Idea Cellular 8
4.6 Tata Teleservices 8
4.7 Aircel 9
4.8MTNL 9
4.9Videocon 9
5 MARKET SHARE AND NATURE OF COMPETITION 10
6 Literature Survey 11
6.1 Evolution of The 4g technology and its future impact on 11
telecom industry and Indian economy.
6.2 Present Situation 11
6.3 Indian Scenario. 12
7 Contribution to Economy. 12
8. Strategies Adopted 12
8.1 Enterprise adoption. 12
9 Technology Features 13
9.1 Incomparable Speed 13
9.2 Advanced Security 13
9.3 Reliability and Effectiveness Irrespective of the Weather 13
Condition

9.4 Transfer Rate 13

9.5 Wireless Technology 13
9.6 Reliance Jio 13
10. Government Initiatives 14
11. Policy initiatives of telecom industry in India 14
12. Implementation Issues. 15
13. Expected future trends. 16
14. Future Opportunities. 16
15. The Target Segment. 16
15.1 Specification 17
15.2 Applications 17
15.3 Need of 4G 17
15.4 Issue in 4G 17
16. Advantages Of 4g 18
17. Disadvantages 18
18. Challenges in Migration to 4G 18
18.1 Multimode User Terminals. 18
18.2 Selection among Various Wireless Systems. 18
18.3 Security 18
18.4 Network Infrastructure and QOS Support 18
18.5 Charging/ Billing 18
18.6 Attacks on Application Level 19
18.7 Jamming and Spoofing 19
18.8 Data Encryption 19

19 Limitations. 19
20 Conclusions 20
1. Introduction
The First generation wireless mobile communication systems were introduced in early
eighties and second generations systems in the late 1980s were intended primarily for
transmission of voice. The initial systems used analog frequency modulation where as the
second as well as the subsequent mobile systems use digital communication techniques with
time division multiplexing (TDM), frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or the code
division multiple access (CDMA).
The third generation wireless systems which are just getting introduced in the world markets
offer considerably higher data rates, and allow significant improvements over the 2G
systems. The 3G Wireless systems were proposed to provide voice and paging services to
provide interactive multimedia including teleconferencing and internet access and variety of
other services.
However, these systems offer wide area network (WAN) coverage of 384 kbps peak rate and
limited coverage for 2 Mbps. Hence providing broadband services would be one of the major
goals of the 4G Wireless systems.
A descendant to 2G and 3G aiming to provide the very high data transfer rates. This
technology can provide very speedy wireless internet access to not only stationary users but
also to mobile users.
This technology is expected to trounce the deficiencies of 3G technology in terms of speed
and quality. 4G can be best described in one word MAGIC, which stands for Mobile
multimedia Anytime Anywhere Global mobility support, integrated wireless and personalized
services 4G, short for fourth-generation wireless communication systems, has engaged the
attention of wireless operators, equipment makers (OEMs), investors, and industry watchers
around the world. 4G refers to the next generation of wireless technology that promises
higher data rates and expanded multimedia services. Since, at this point, 4G is more of an
aspiration than a standard, there is not an agreement yet on what should constitute 4G.
Since the ITU is a major force in the standardization of telecommunications technologies, its
worth looking at the ITUs performance goals for 4G:
The framework for 4G systems should fuse elements of current cellular systems with
nomadic wireless-access systems and personal-area networks in a seamless layered
architecture that is transparent to the user.
Data rates of 100 Mbps for mobile applications and 1 Gbps for nomadic applications
should be achievable by the year 2010.
Worldwide common spectrum and open, global standardization should be pursued.
As another viewpoint, the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) defines a 4G
network as one that operates on Internet technology, combines it with other applications
and technologies such as WiFi and WiMAX, and runs at speeds ranging from 100 Mbps
(in cell-phone networks) to 1 Gbps (in local WiFi networks). There is some debate among
standards bodies and industry watchers as to whether WiMAX is, or will become, a full-
fledged 4G technology competitive with 4G wireless.
The telecommunication companies like NTT Docomo from Japan and Sprint Nextel were
also deploying 4G wireless technologies from the early 2006 along with 3G mobile
technologies. The flexibility of 4G technologies to be used in combination with GSM and
CDMA has provided it an edge over other technologies. The reason is that the high
broadband capability of 4G not only increases data streaming for stationary users but also
for mobile users.4G can be efficiently combined with cellular technologies to make
consistent use of smart phones. The digital cameras attached in smart phones can be used
to establish video blogs in scattered geographical regions. This gives the manufactures the

Page 1 of 20
 opportunity to produce more affordable user friendly 4G compatible devices. Famous iPod
is one such device that supports the working of video blogs. Hence 4G is capable of
providing new horizon of opportunity for both existing and startup telephone companies.
Currently marketed technologies such as LTE (Long Term Evolution) and WiMAX have
been around for a few years and are being marketed as 4G whilst not meeting the
requirements set by the ITU. It was recently announced that these services could continue
to be marketed as 4G as they are precursors to the IMT-Advanced, 4G standard whilst also
operating on the same basis of technology; however, these should really be considered as
"Pre-4G" or "3.9G" as they technically do not offer the required data rates of (stationary)
1Gbps.
The ITU has recognised two standards that are planned to meet the 4G IMT-Advanced
requirements put forward by the two groups, 3GPP and IEEE. These are the LTE
Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced (WiMAX-Advanced) standards and will almost
certainly abandon the old spread system technology found in 3G systems for OFDMA and
other equalisation schemes, use MIMO technology, channel-dependant scheduling and
dynamic channel allocation all technologies that are being found on new, modern wireless
networking equipment.
Still 4G is not clearly defined or documented anywhere what are the basic requirements to
build 4G wireless technology, like 3G is clearly defined in IMT-2000 (International
Mobile Telecommunications 2000). IMT-Advanced is the closest where some of the 4G
requirements can be found. For supporting high data rate and high mobility in fast
moving car (60kilometers/hours) or fast moving trains (250 km/hr) and it is predicted that
the new potential wireless system will support 100 Mbps on mobility and 1 Gbps
approximately on without mobility at lower cost. This potential new wireless system could
be developed by 2010. Its characteristics should be like high degree of commonality of
design worldwide to provide backward compatibility, compatibility of services within
IMT-Advanced and with the fixed networks, high quality, and small terminal suitable for
worldwide use, worldwide roaming capability, capability to run high data rate multimedia
applications within a wide range of services and terminals.

1.1 HISTORY
The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first generation) to fourth
generation are discussed in this section. Table 1 presents a short history of mobile
telephone technologies. This process began with the designs in the 1970s that have
become known as 1G. The earliest systems were implemented based on analog
technology and the basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental
problems were solved by these early systems. Numerous incompatible analog systems
were placed in service around the world during the 1980s.The 2G (second generation)
systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but were
based on digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques. These 2G
systems provided circuit-switched data communication services at a low speed. The
competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led again to a variety of
different and incompatible standards such as GSM (global system mobile), mainly in
Europe; TDMA (time division multiple access) (IS-54/IS- 136) in the U.S.; PDC
(personal digital cellular) in Japan; and CDMA (code division multiple access) (IS-95),
another U.S. system. These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are today's
mainstream systems, although the data rate for users in these system is very limited.
During the 1990s, two organizations worked to define the next, or 3G, mobile system,
which would eliminate previous incompatibilities and become a truly global system. The
 3G system would have higher quality voice channels, as well as broadband data
capabilities, up to 2 Mbps. Unfortunately, the two groups could not reconcile their
differences, and this decade will see the introduction of two mobile standards for 3G. In
addition, China is on the verge of implementing a third 3G system. An interim step is
being taken between 2G and 3G, the 2.5G. It is basically an enhancement of the two
major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity on the 2G RF (radio frequency)
channels and to introduce higher throughput for data service, up to 384 kbps. A very
important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized for packet data, which
introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA (personal
digital assistant), or laptop. However, the demand for higher access speed multimedia
communication in today's society, which greatly depends on computer communication in
digital format, seems unlimited. According to the historical indication of a generation
revolution occurring once a decade, the present appears to be the right time to begin the
research on a 4G mobile communication system.

Symbols:
1xRTT = 2.5G CDMA data service up to 384 kbps
AMPS = advanced mobile phone service
CDMA = code division multiple access
EDGE = enhanced data for global evolution
FDMA = frequency division multiple access
GPRS = general packet radio system
GSM = global system for mobile
NMT = Nordic mobile telephone
PDC = personal digital cellular
PSTN = public switched telephone network
TACS = total access communications system
TDMA = time division multiple access
WCDMA = wideband CDMA

1.2 Before 4G
The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (First generation) to 4G (fourth
generation) is discussed in this section.
1.2.1 1G (First Generation)
The process began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as 1G. Almost all
of the systems from this generation were analog systems where voice was considered to be
the main traffic. The first generation wireless standards used plain TDMA and FDMA. These
systems could often be listened to by third parties. Some of the standards are NMT, AMPS,
Hiccup, CDPD, Mobitex, Datatec, TACS and ETACS.
1.2.2 2G (Second generation)
The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice
applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing
techniques. These 2G systems provided circuit switched data communication services at a
low speed. All the standards belonging to this generation were commercial centric and they
were digital in form. The second generation of wireless mobile communication systems was a
huge success story because of its revolutionary technology and the services that it brought to
its users.
 1.2.3 3G (Third Generation)
To meet the growing demands in network capacity, rates required for high speed data transfer
and multimedia applications, 3G standards started evolving. The systems in this standard are
essentially a linear enhancement of 2G systems. They are based on two parallel backbone
infrastructures, one consisting of circuit switched nodes, and one of packet oriented nodes.
The third generation (3G) has been launched in several parts of the world, but the success
story of 2G is hard to repeat.
2. What is 4G?
4G takes on a number of equally true definitions, depending on who you are talking to. In
simplest terms, 4G is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace 3G networks
sometimes in future. In another context, 4G is simply an initiative by academic R&D labs to
move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G which is having trouble getting deployed
and meeting its promised performance and throughput. In reality, as of first half of 2002, 4G
is a conceptual framework for or a discussion point to address future needs of a universal
high speed wireless network that will interface with wire line backbone network seamlessly.

2.1 VISION OF 4G

This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and replace the 3G systems,
perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless
connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of
information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The
future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet
protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to
choose every application and environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile
communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and
quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude
of wireless systems and networks. The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with
all of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies. Application
adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to
users. These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal
preference of different users and support the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio
environment, and quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be
transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods
of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to
seamlessly access the voice communication, high-speed information services, and
entertainment broadcast services. Figure 1 illustrates elements and techniques to support
the adaptability of the 4G domain. The fourth generation will encompass all systems
from various networks, public to private
 2.2 Comparing Key Parameters of 4G with 3G.

3G

(including2.5G,sub3G) 4G

Major Requirement Predominantly voice driven - data Converged data and voice over
Driving Architecture was always add on IP

Network Architecture Wide area cell-based Hybrid - Integration of Wireless

LAN (WiFi, Bluetooth) and
wide area

Speeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps 20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode

Frequency Band Dependent on country or continent Higher frequency bands (2-8

(1800-2400 MHz) GHz)

Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or more)

Switching Design Basis Circuit and Packet All digital with packetized voice

Access Technologies W-CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge OFDM and MC-CDMA (Multi

Carrier CDMA)

Forward Error Convolutional rate 1/2, 1/3 Concatenated coding scheme

Correction

Component Design Optimized antenna design, multi- Smarter Antennas, software

band adapters multiband and wideband radios

IP A number of air link protocols, All IP (IP6.0)

including IP 5.0

[Table:2.2 Comparing Key Parameters of 4G with 3G.]

3. Broad Overview
3.1 Indian Telecom Market Overview
Telecommunication services are known as one of the key driving forces for the socio-
economic growth of a country. Mobile telephony has seen a incredible growth in the
previous 10 years. However, it has been observing a slowdown in recent years. Driven
by data explosion and rollout of data services (3G and 4G) along with working
prudence, the Indian telecom market is probable to be back on the growth track. With
a total of 11 workers serving an active wireless subscriber base of 842.39 million 1
(88.45% of total registered wireless subscriber base, the Indian telecom market is now
among the most inexpensive markets in the world. Over the past few years, the
revenue market share of more players such as Bharti Airtel and Vodafone has
increased further capturing the revenue share absent by PSUs while that of smaller
private players has continued the same.
With collective market competitiveness, the current focus of the telecom operators in
India has moved from growing the subscriber base to improving the active user
base. Also, telecom operators are laying emphasis on operational prudence more than
ever. There are three key aspects which would continue to fuel growth of tower
companies:
Strong focus on operative quality

Data explosion
Possible in rural areas to add subscribers to the active operator bas.

3.2 Data Usage Landscape in India

India has come a long way after 2001 when there were only about 7 million Internet
users to become the second largest market in the world for Facebook and LinkedIn
and the third nation in the world to have over five internet companies valued at over
$1 billion.
India added 43 million internet operators (20.5% CAGR) from October 2013 to
September 2014 resulting in total internet operators crossing 254 million in September
2014. Out of these, 235 million users accessed internet over mobile devices. The
development in internet operators was seen both in rural and urban parts of India.
India is expected to overtake the US and become the 2nd largest internet operator base
in the world in 2015.
The low dispersion of desktop internet users in India and fast growing acceptance of
profitable smart mobile devices has providing positive growth situation for the mobile
internet market. In the mid of 2012, the total mobile internet user base in India passed
the desktop internet user base.
The current smartphone perception in India stands at 13.4% up from 10% in 2014. 2
As per a education conducted by Deloitte across 25 nations, once the smartphone
saturation exceeds 25%, data explosion takes a new measurement. This is mostly
driven by the data hungry requests and on demand services. India is likely to follow
 the international trend and will see great data growth at 30% smartphone penetration
with even more approval of data hungry applications / facilities on mobile devices.

3.3 Projected Smartphone Penetration and Mobile Data Consumption for India

[Table: 3.3]

3.4 Technology (2G, 3G & 4G) Landscape in India

The 3G subscriber base in India has developed at a CAGR of 144% from 2009 to 2014.
In December 2014, 3G subscribers stood at 9% of all mobile subscribers compared to
0.4% in 2012. 4G services were launched in India in 2012 and the subscriber base stood
at 0.4 million in December 2014. With growing network coverage, falling data prices and
shifting customer preference for higher connection speed, both 3G and 4G subscription
are normal to develop significantly in future.
4. KEY PLAYERS
With new players coming in, the competition in the industry has increased. The market
share of the telecom companies reflects the uneven nature of the industry, with as many as
14 players. There are 14 service providers in India which is categorized into incumbents
and new entrants like.
4.1 BhartiAirtel Limited.
BhartiAirtel is the largest telecom company in India. It has a market share of
1
20.70% .The company launched its services in 1995 in New Delhi. It acquired all India
presence in year 2000 through organic as well as inorganic route. Airtel was the one to
bring the trend of managed services in India. They optimized their cost by outsourcing
its IT operations to IBM and network management to Ericsson, Nokia and Siemens in
2004.Airtel is an integrated Telecom player with presence in Broadband, NLD, ILD,
IPTV, Mobile TV and Internet and is operational in 19 countries at present.
4.2 BSNL
BSNL is a 100% Government owned company, made as a separate entity in the year
2000 and operational in 20 circles in addition to Delhi and Mumbai, with market share
2
of 11.43% .
4.3 Vodafone
3
Vodafone has a market share of 16.70 %. The company has grown mostly through
inorganic mode. The company has seen multiple changes in its brand name like Max
Touch, Orange, Hutch and Vodafone. It acquired companies like Fascel, Usha Martin,
Sterling Cellular, AircelDigilink and BPL Mobile.
4.4 Reliance Communications
R.Com. launched its services in 2002 on the CDMA platform and launched GSM
services in 2008. It is operational in all 22 circles as an integrated telecom player and
4
a dual technology player. Its market share is16.89%.

4.5 Idea Cellular

Idea started its operation in Gujarat and Maharashtra circles in 1997 and it was known
as Birla AT&T then. It merged with Tata Cellular in 2000 and the name changed to
Birla Tata AT&T. The company is operational in all 22 circles. Its market share is
10.76%.

4.6 Tata Teleservices

Tata teleservices initiated its telecom operations in 1997 in Andhra Pradesh and
started mobile operations in 2000. In 2009 it became dual technology operator by
launching GSM operations also in association with NTT Docomo. It is credited with
innovative schemes like life time validity and one second billing. Its market share is
11.44%.

1
www.trai.com
2
www.trai.com
3
www.trai.com
4
www.trai.com
4.7 Aircel
Aircel started its operation in Tamil Nadu circle in 1999 and it acquired RPG cellulars
Chennai circle in 2003. The company is today operational in 18 circles. The market share
of Idea is 6.72%.
4.8 MTNL
MTNL was set up in 1986 to provide telecom services in Mumbai and Delhi. Majority of
the shares are owned by the Government and it is a publicly listed company. Its market
share is 0.76%.
4.9 Videocon
The company was earlier known as Dotcom. Videocon launched its services in 2010. It
got license in 22 circles. Its market share is 0.79%.While MTS, Uninor, S Tel, Loop,
Etisalat are some of the other players operating in the Telecom sector.

4.10 Reliance Jio

Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited, doing business as Jio, is a LTE mobile network
operator in India. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reliance Industries headquartered
in Mumbai that provides wireless 4G LTE service network (without 2G/3G based
services) and is the only 100% VoLTE operator in the country, with coverage across all
22 telecom circles in India.
The services were first beta-launched to Jio's partners and employees on 27 December
2015 on the eve of 83rd birth anniversary of late Dhirubhai Ambani, founder of
Reliance Industries, and later services were commercially launched on 5 September
2016.
5 MARKET SHARE AND NATURE OF COMPETITION
The Indian telecom industry is the second largest after China, in terms of number of
subscribers in the world, is growing at the fastest rate (around 26%). Presently there are
806.12 million subscribers in India and is expected to touch 1.159 billion by 2012
surpassing China to become the biggest global market. In terms of revenue generation it is
expected to reach a size of Rs 350000cr by 2012.

Indian telecom market is presently the most attractive telecom market in the world with a
lot of attention being shown by global players.

Market share of Indian Telecom Industry as on 31.12.2010

1% 0%1%
0%
1% 1% 0% Bharti airtel
Reliance
11% 21% Vodafone
Tata
7% Idea
Aircel
17% MTNL
BSNL
11%
Uninor
Sistem
12%
17% Loop
Videocon

Fig 5 Market share of Indian Telecom Industry as on 31.12.2010

Source: www.trai.com

The above pie chart shows the market share of fourteen telecom companies operating in
India. We can easily observe that BhartiAirtel is the market leader with 20.70% of the total
market share followed by Reliance and Vodafone. It is evident from the chart that 97% of the
total operator market is shared only by eight companies which makes it an oligopolistic
market, where few firms enjoy being at the top, entry barriers are high so it is very difficult
for a new entrant to enter. Firms are interdependent.
6. Literature Survey
6.1 Evolution of The 4g technology and its future impact on telecom industry and
Indian economy.

4G in India is at a very nascent step and normal to take on the market with a
bang. 3G espousal in India remains subdued at 10-12 million users even after
nearly 2 years of its launch due to many problems like poor network quality as
operators are cash-strapped to devote on 3G expansion, low penetration of 3G
enabled handsets, unavailability of local content, absence of a good application.
Even if 3G picks up in 2 years from now, most of the users will be mobile users
with a less data condition like accessing e-mails and web-portals exit the space of
additional portable mobile devices like tablets, laptops, gaming etc. demanding
high speed broadband for live HD video streaming, gaming etc. unoccupied,
paving the way for 4G which is far more faster than 3G. Global, for 4G, Wi-Max
is more widely adopted technology than Long Term Evolution (LTE) having a
user base almost four times that of the final but the final is growing at a much
faster pace than the former. North America, Japan and China are the major
drivers of LTE global. North America accounts for more than 40% of LTEs
global presence. Out of the eight entities in India who get 4G certificates, only
BSNL and MTNL have opted for Wi-Max stage but private companies chose for
LTE. The difference between Wi-Max and LTE is not as different as GSM and
CDMA apart from being promoted by two different relations Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and 3rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) respectively. Wi-Max has capacity to accommodate voice which
LTE does not but LTE allows well addition with 2G and 3G as compared to Wi-
Max. As per recent statement given by Telecom Minister of the Country,
Operators using LTE stage will also be able to offer Voice Services, But How and
when, it is yet to be cleared. So now the game is split wide upon in front of our
eyes and 4G has a choice to target customer in the near future in wide variety.

6.2 Present Situation

The Indian telecom market is abuzz with talk about the 4G network. The
excitement has been fueled by the impending launch of Reliance Jio billed as
the largest greenfield investment in Indian history and the aggressive rollout
and marketing of competing 4G networks by incumbent players.
From a subscriber standpoint, they are mainly concerned about the quality and
speed of data connectivity and not the underlying network technology. However,
operators do need to make the right technology choices to determine their
spectrum, network and device roadmaps, strategies and investments.
It is important to note that Indian operators invested significantly in 3G network
and spectrum from 2010 to 2015. Slow uptake of 3G in India means a lot of that
investment has not yet been fully recovered. A pertinent question therefore is
whether the market will support both 3G and 4G networks and what the future
holds for 3G once 4G gains traction.

Telecoms infrastructure remains a challenge for India, and the government is

embracing the possibilities of 4G mobile technology as a potential solution to the
inadequacies of current internet service provision.
 4G offers faster data transfer and improved mobile web access unlocking
options for video conferencing and cloud computing. But Indian telecoms
companies havent always delivered on their promises when it comes to data
connection speeds. Many consumers are cynical about 4G and theres a feeling
the new technology may not make as much of a splash as the government or
telecoms operators expect.
6.3 Indian Scenario.
The deadline to introduce the 4G services in country is approaching and the
tension amongst the telecom operators is also building up. However, some of the
Telcos who have the 4G licenses has rolled out the services in some of their
telecom circles. As 2015 is expected to set the base of the 4G services in the
country, we take a look at the complete picture of the 4G roll out and what the
operators are doing, who won the BWA spectrum in 2010 auction.

7. Contribution to Economy.
India will emerge as a leading player in the virtual world by having 700 million
internet users of the 4.7 billion global users by 2025, as per a Microsoft report. With
the governments favourable regulation policies and 4G services hitting the market,
the Indian telecommunication sector is expected to witness fast growth in the next
few years.

8. Strategies Adopted
8.1 Enterprise adoption.
In addition to general usage, LTE adoption heavily banks on adoption by the
enterprise market. With offices and businesses, especially the SMBs, embracing
the newer and faster network, LTE will see a larger mass adoption.

Moreover, more and more organisations allowing remote working through

BYOD, employees are increasingly dependent on their smartphone Internet
connection to work while out of the office. The better speed of 4G can help them
do more and faster.
9. 4G Technology Features:
9.1 Incomparable Speed
The majority of internet users choose a particular ISP over another because of the
speed it offers. Even though Ive used some slow and frustrating internet connections
before Ive also used a lot of super fast internet connections and Im a great fan of the
3G technology. With all Ive read so far the 4G mobile internet technology will be at
least 10 times faster than the 3G mobile internet technology and that alone is enough
speed than any individual will need.

9.2 Advanced Security

One thing about most forms of broadband internet technology despite their great
speed is their security weakness. A lot of them have one or two features that make
them highly vulnerable and even though the 4G internet technology is not perfect
when it comes to security it has been designed in a way that makes it cover the
weakness of other technologies.If youre an internet user concerned a lot about
security, with 4G, you really have no need to worry.
9.3 Reliability and Effectiveness Irrespective of the Weather Condition
The final thing I love the most about the 4G mobile internet technology is how
reliable it is and also the fact that it isnt affected by the weather. It can be really
frustrating to be enjoying your broadband internet connection only to start
experiencing problems due to harsh weather conditions. The 4G technology addresses
all these and it wont in any way be affected by the weather.
9.4 Transfer Rate
One of the things that changes from each generation of computers to the next is the
speed at which they can transfer and process data. For instance, a third generation
computer and computer network could transfer data up to 2 megabits per second.
Fourth generation computers improved on that speed, with the ability to transfer data
at up to 100 megabits per second. This higher bandwidth sets these two generations
apart from previous ones, which could barely transfer data fast enough for streaming
video.
9.5 Wireless Technology
3G and 4G computers and computer networks are some of the first to offer truly
wireless capabilities. Wireless Internet works off of radio signals, the same kind used
by cell phones. 3G computers have the ability to use and receive these wireless
signals and thus you can make calls over a 3G computer or you can use wireless
Internet. 4G computers and their networks take this further, adding power to the
amount of data that can be transferred and the additional reception that 4G systems
can provide..
10. Government Initiatives
The government has fast-tracked reforms in the telecom sector and continues to be
proactive in providing room for growth for telecom companies. Some of the other major
initiatives taken by the government are as follows:

The Ministry of Communications & Information Technology has launched Twitter

Sewa, an online communications platform for registration and resolution of user
complaints in the telecommunications and postal sectors.
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has released a consultation paper
which aims to offer consumers free Internet services within the net neutrality
framework and has proposed three models for free data delivery to customers without
violating the regulations.
The Government of India has liberalised the payment terms for spectrum auctions by
allowing two options of payments to telecom companies for acquiring the right to use
spectrum, which include upfront payment and payment in instalments.
The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has amended the Unified Licence for
telecom operations which will allow sharing of active telecom infrastructure like
antenna, feeder cable and transmission systems between operators, thereby lowering
the costs of operations and leading to faster rollout of networks.
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has recommended a Public-
Private Partnership (PPP) model for BharatNet, the central governments ambitious
project to set up a broadband network in rural India, and has also envisaged central
and state governments to become the main clients in this project.
The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) signed a
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Department of Telecommunication
(DoT) to develop and implement National Action Plan for Skill Development in
Telecom Sector, with an objective of fulfilling skilled manpower requirement and
providing employment and entrepreneurship opportunities in the sector.
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has directed the telecom
companies or mobile operators to compensate the consumers in the event of dropped
calls with a view to reduce the increasing number of dropped calls.

11. Policy initiatives of telecom industry in India.

The government has taken many initiatives to facilitate the rapid growth of the Indian
telecom industry. In the area of telecom equipment manufacturing and provision of IT-
enabled services, 100 per cent FDI is permitted According to the Consolidated Foreign
Direct Investment (FDI) Policy document, the FDI limit in telecom services is 74 per
cent subject to the following conditions: This is applicable in case of Basic, Cellular,
Unified Access Services, National/ International Long Distance, V-Sat, Public Mobile
Radio Trunked Services (PMRTS), Global Mobile Personal Communications Services
(GMPCS) and other value added Services. FDI up to 49 per cent is on the automatic
route and beyond that on the government route. FDI in the licensee company/Indian
promoters/investment companies including their holding companies shall require
approval of the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) if it has a bearing on the
overall ceiling of 74 per cent. While approving the investment proposals, FIPB shall take
note that investment is not coming from countries of concern and/or unfriendly entities.
12. Implementation Issues.
The future of 4G in India is very bright because of its features and Indian requirements.
Despite that there are numerous factors that can play negative role in the growth of 4G
business in India. These are discussed as follows.
Almost everyone end up upgrading to 2G and 3G services. It was because of a
wireless system which is fearful. These upgrades were incremental which do not
require a complete reworking of the system, and thats why they are cheaper. The
required equipment is in mass production in other places around the globe and is
already developed. If we go by unconfirmed reports from sources, 4G Players are also
likely to adopt cheaper equipment route to get into every household, but in case
adopting a new equipment/handset becomes mandatory for accessing 4G services, it
would certainly become a bottleneck in Growth of 4G Services in india.
Unlike 2G and 3G where spectrum bands are fairly uniform across various countries
resulting into mass production of handsets bringing down the handset prices, 4G is
offered in different frequency bands in different countries. Around 1/3 rd of
subscribers of 4G today, majorly in the US, served by Verizon and AT&T, are on 700
MHz band whereas Europe uses 2.6 GHz band. Japan & China are using 2.5 GHz and
2.1 GHz respectively. In India, every private company has received 4G spectrum in
2.3 GHz whereas BSNL and MTNL have it in 2.5 GHz. This puts limitations on
interoperability of 4G devices across regions with different spectrum bands. This also
leads to fragmented production of the devices (handsets, USB modems, tablets etc)
leading to higher costs, at least at the beginning, until the OEMs come out with
devices compatible with more 4G frequencies.
4G, unlike 3G, does not offer Voice-based services through mobile networks but as
Voice-over-InternetProtocol (VoIP). The main difference between normal telephony
and internet telephony is that in normal telephony, circuit switching technology is
used, whereas Internet Telephony is based on packet switching technology. In the
developed markets like US and Sweden where 4G has been rolled out, it is offered as
a data only package, integrated with 3G packages for voice. A user who is logged on
to a 4G network will be seamlessly transferred to a 3G network the moment he
receives a voice call.
Voice-over- LTE (VoLTE) is a new form of VoIP and is under trial phase in some of
the countries. In India, not all the 4G service providers have the option to provide
seamless 4G, 3G and 2G service offering both data and voice services on the same
handset as only Bharti, Aircel, BSNL and MTNL among 4G licensees have 2G/3G
licenses. This can be a possibility in future if government accepts TRAIs
recommendation to make the spectrum technology neutral allowing the operator to
provide 2G, 3G or 4G services using the same spectrum.
As there is a lack of clarity whether VoIP will be mellowed fully in India, currently
4G services are limited only for data related usage.
One of the biggest barrier to the growth of this sector is prevailing system of
portability and file clearing process which is lengthy that if one has adopted, it will
lead to the loss of money and time.
13. Expected future trends.
The telecommunication growth has gone through multiple generations in a short span of
a few decades. With more subscribers using faster access technologies, data consumption
has consequently grown faster. By 2020, data technologies (3G and 4G) are expected to
be equally dominant. India is currently gearing up for the 4G revolution with 4G services
currently available only in selected cities in India. Speedy adoption of the 4G technology
is expected to be critical for the success for the Indian governments Digital India
initiative. Below chart provides most probable scenarios for the projected connections on
various mobile technologies viz. 2G, 3G & 4G.
14. Future Opportunities.
According to a recent survey conducted by Vuclip, about 62% of Indian respondents
prefer to view movies or TV serials instead of short movie clips on their phones. At 79%,
this preference for long form content is extremely high among the age group of 18 years
and under. Additionally, 89% of all respondents say they would watch their favorite
movie on their mobile phones if it was made available. If divided further by gender, 90%
of male respondents and 84% of female respondents from India say that they would view
their favorite film via mobile.

With 4G, consumption of online videos is likely to grow. Moreover, streaming of HD

videos is going to put a huge stress on the LTE network for which Telcos need to
be prepared.
Ericsson India in its outlook for India's broadband segment points out that every app
has its own requirements depending on the network performance. Operators can
customize or prioritize the consumers experience for certain apps.
Through techniques such as deep packet inspection and policy control, the network is
able to identify which app is demanding more data throughput. Coupled with data
plans that are ideal for certain apps say for instance you care more about video
streaming than IM apps the network could in theory, customize the experience for
you. In other words App Coverage aims at delivering sufficient performance to run
an application at acceptable quality.
15. The Target Segment
The following customer base can be targeted by 4G-

A group of 30 million post-paid subscribers, who on an average pay more than Rs.
500 a month as their mobile bill which is approximately 5 times the prepaid users.
It can also target 460 million subscribers who have handset supporting internet and
have subscribed to one or the other form of mobile data services. More than hundred
million carrying a 3G enabled handsets offer a sizeable target group for 3G services.
150 million internet users in the country are a very good target.
Hundreds of thousands new tablet users being added every year and their quest for
higher speeds will ultimately pave the way for 4G.
Millions of potential TV viewers waiting for the cheaper video-on-demand facility in
their drawing rooms, and Hundreds of thousands of Small and Medium Enterprises
waiting for the high speed internet connectivity offer the target group for 4G services.
The entire Education, Medical and Legal fraternity will try and adopt the services to
take First movers advantage in their respective geography. Motivation for 4G
Research Before 3G Has Not Been Deployed?
 3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance
applications like multi-media, fullmotion video, wireless teleconferencing. We need a
network technology that extends 3G capacities by an order of magnitude.
There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and interoperate
across networks. We need global mobility and service portability
3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks that utilize
both wireless LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network
design.We need wider bandwidthResearchers have come up with spectrally more
efficient modulation schemes that cannot be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure
We need all digital packet networks that utilize IP in its fullest form with converged voice
and data capability.
15.1 Specification:-

4G can provide 10 times increase in data transfer over 3G.

This speed can be achieved through OFDM.
OFDM can not only transfer data at speed of more than 100mbps, but it can also
eliminate interference that impairs high speed signals.

15.2 Applications:-

4G will provide for a vast no. of presently nonexistent application for mobile devices.
4G device will differ from present day mobile device in that there will be navigation
menus.
4G will provide a seamless network for users who travel & required uninterrupted
voice/data communication.

15.3 Need of 4G:-

Firstly 3Gs maximum data transfer rate of 384 kbps to 2 mbps is much slower than
20mbps to 100mbps of 4G.
With its use of existing technologies & communication standards, 4G present a
comparably inexpensive standard.
4G will utilize most of the existing wireless communication infrastructure.

15.4 Issue in 4G:-

Access
Handoff
Location co-ordination
Resource co-ordination to add new user
Support for quality of service.
Wireless securities & authentication.
Network failure & backup.
Pricing and billing.
M] Technique used in 4G:-
OFDM
USB(Ultra Wide Band)
Millimeter wireless.
Smart Antennas
 Long term power prediction.
Scheduling among users.
Adaptive modulation and power control.

16. Advantages Of 4g:-

Support for interactive multimedia services like teleconferencing and wireless
Internet.
Wider bandwidths and higher bitrates.
Global mobility and service portability.
Scalability of mobile network.
Entirely Packet-Switched networks.
Digital network elements.
Higher band widths to provide multimedia services at lower cost(up to 100 Mbps)
Tight network security.

17. Disadvantages:-
Expensive
Battery uses are more hard to implement
Need complicated hardware.
18. Challenges in Migration to 4G:
18.1 Multimode User Terminals.
With 4G there will be a need to design a single user terminal that can operate in
different wireless networks and overcome the design problems such as limitations
in size of the device, its cost and power consumption. This problem can be solved
by using software radio approach i.e. user terminal adapts itself to the wireless
interfaces of the network.
18.2 Selection among Various Wireless Systems.
Every wireless system has its unique characteristics and roles. The proliferation of
wireless technologies complicates the selection of most suitable technology for a
particular service at a particular place and time. This can be handled by making the
selection according to the best possible fit of user QoS requirements and available
network resources.
18.3 Security
Heterogeneity of wireless networks complicates the security issue. Dynamic
reconfigurable, adaptive and providers. Similarly, billing customers with simple
but information is not an easy task.
18.4 Network Infrastructure and QOS Support
Integrating the existing non-IP and IP-based systems and providing QoS guarantee
for end-to-end services that involve different systems is also a big challenge.
18.5 Charging/ Billing
It is troublesome to collect, manage and store the customers accounts information
from multiple services comes from a satellite and calculates the wrong co-
 ordinates. Criminals can use such techniques to interfere with police work.
Jamming happens when a transmitter sending out signals at the same frequency
displaces a GPS signal.
18.6 Attacks on Application Level
4G cellular wireless devices will be known for software applications which will
provide innovative feature to the user but will introduce new holes, leading to more
attacks at the application level.
18.7 Jamming and Spoofing
Spoofing refers to fake GPS signals being sent out, in which case the GPS receiver
thinks that the signals comes from a satellite and calculates the wrong co-ordinates.
Criminals can use such techniques to interfere with police work. Jamming happens
when a transmitter sending out signals at the same frequency displaces a GPS
signal.
18.8 Data Encryption
If a GPS receiver has to communicate with the central transmitter then the
Communication link between these two components is not hard to break and there
is a need of using encrypted data. Lightweight security mechanisms should be
developed.

19. Limitations:-
Although the concept of 4G communications shows much promise, there are still
limitations that must be addressed. A major concern is interoperability between the
signaling techniques that are planned for use in 4G (3XRTT and WCDMA).
Cost is another factor that could hamper the progress of 4G technology. The
equipment required to implement the next-generation network are still very
expensive.
A Key challenge facing deployment of 4G technologies is how to make the network
architectures compatible with each other. This was one of the unmet goals of 3G.
AS regards the operating area, rural areas and many buildings in metropolitan areas
are not being served well by existing wireless networks.
20. Conclusions
System designers and services providers are looking forward to a true wireless
broadband cellular system, or 4G. To achieve the goals of 4G, technology will need to
improve significantly in order to handle the intensive algorithms in the baseband
processing and the wide bandwidth of a high PAVR signal. Novel techniques will also
have to be employed to help the system achieve the desired capacity and throughput.
High-performance signal processing will have to be used for the antenna systems,
power amplifier, and detection of the signal. A number of spectrum allocation
decisions, spectrum standardization decisions, spectrum availability decisions,
technology innovations, component development, signal processing and switching
enhancements and inter-vendor cooperation have to take place before the vision of 4G
will materialize. We think that 3G experiences - good or bad, technological or
business - will be useful in guiding the industry in this effort. To sketch out a world
where mobile devices and services are ubiquitous and the promise of future fourth
generation (4G) mobile networks enables things only dreamed of, we believe that 4G
will probably become an IP-based network today.
In conclusion, it is evident that 4G technologies will expand on web-based
communications around the world. 4G technology will allow for improved
applications such as telemedicine that may save lives. It is a fully IP-based network
and will improve data transfer dramatically. Signal disruptions will be minimal and
downloads will be done in a matter of seconds, faster than ever before. In the near
future, a 5G cell phone will be created along with a 5G network based on 4G
technologies allowing for the world to connect limitlessly.
The 4G LTE technology is nothing less than ground breaking. The advancements that
have been made from 3G to 4G LTE alone are mind blowing. With the data
processing speed being increased to at least 100 Mbit/sec the possibilities are limitless
in the wireless communication world. Everything with this new technology has been
brought to a new standard. The security, with the complete IP-based solutions allows
the user to use the full capability of the phone as well as feel completely secure at the
same time, this is one of the most vital aspects that has been upgraded from the
previous wireless communication technologies. Even though the hardware and
coverage areas arent up to par yet though, isnt that big of a setback. The technology
is still considered brand new and will only be improved in the coming years. As I said
previously, this technology is truly ground breaking and makes the average person
really think about what is possible with wireless communication? If there ever is a 5G
network, how powerful will it be and what will it possibly be able to do that the 4G
doesnt already do?