Asme Pad 2003

ASME PALD-2003
(Revision of ASME PALD-1997)
SAFETY STANDARD
FOR PORTABLE
AUTOMOTIVE
LIFTING DEVICES
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A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L S TA N D A R D
Copyright ASME International

Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
A N A M E R I C A N N A T I O N A L S T A N D A R D
SAFETY STANDARD
FOR PORTABLE
AUTOMOTIVE
LIFTING DEVICES
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ASME PALD-2003
(Revision of ASME PALD-1997)
Date of Issuance: June 13, 2003
The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication in 2005. There will be no addenda
issued to this Edition.
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No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
Copyright 2003 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All rights reserved
Printed in U.S.A.

CONTENTS (03)
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Summary of Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
General Requirements for All PALDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Part 1 Hydraulic Hand Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Part 2 Transmission Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Part 3 Engine Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Part 4 Vehicle Support Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Part 5 Mechanical Screw Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Part 6 Mechanical Bumper Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Part 7 Scissors Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Part 8 Mechanical Frame Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Part 9 Upright Type Mobile Lifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Part 10 Service Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Part 11 Wheel Dollies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Part 12 Shop Cranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Part 13 Swing Type Mobile Lifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Part 14 Scissors Type Mobile Lifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Part 15 Auxiliary Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Part 16 Automotive Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Part 17 High Reach Supplementary Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Part 18 Fork Lift Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
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Figures
1-1 Typical Single-Stage Hydraulic Hand Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1-2 Typical Wheeled Pneumatic/Hydraulic Hand Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1-3 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Hand Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1-4 Typical Multiple-Stage Hydraulic Hand Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2-1 Typical Hydraulic Transmission Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2-2 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Transmission Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3-1 Typical T-Style Single Post Engine Stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3-2 Typical H-Style Single Post Engine Stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3-3 Typical Twin Post Engine Stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4-1 Typical Vehicle Support Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4-2 Horizontal Dimensions and Vertical Heights for Stability Considerations . . . . . 17
4-3 Application of Load for Off-Center Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4-4 Application of Load for Centered Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
iii
5-1 Typical Screw Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6-1 Typical Bumper Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7-1 Typical Scissors Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8-1 Typical Frame Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9-1 Typical Upright-Type Mobile Lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10-1 Typical Hydraulic Service Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10-2 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Service Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
10-3 Saddle Periphery Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
10-4 Saddle Periphery Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
11-1 Typical Wheel Dollies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
12-1 Typical Shop Cranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
13-1 Typical Swing-Type Mobile Lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
14-1 Typical Scissors-Type Mobile Lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
15-1 Typical Auxiliary Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
15-2 Application of Load for Proof Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
16-1 Typical Automotive Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
16-2 Typical Test Area for Off-Center Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
16-3 Typical Test Area for Proof Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
17-1 Typical High Reach Supplementary Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
17-2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
17-3 Proof Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
18-1 Typical Fork Lift Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Mandatory Appendix
I References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Nonmandatory Appendix
A Metric Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
iv
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FOREWORD (03)
This ASME Standard, Safety Standard for Portable Automotive Lifting Devices, has been
developed under the procedures for ASME Codes and Standards development committees. This
Standard had its beginning in June 1979 when the Jack Institute addressed the B30 Committee
on Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings. The Jack Institute requested
the B30 Committee either to develop a standard for automotive jacks or to include this equipment
as part of the revision of B30.1, Jacks. The B30 Committee declined this request.
As a result, the Jack Institute petitioned ANSI in July 1979 for the formation of a committee
to promulgate safety and/or performance standards for portable automotive lifting devices,
requesting the designation of ASME as sponsor of the project.
In September 1979, ASMEs Policy Board, Codes and Standards, approved sponsorship of the
committee to operate under the procedures developed by ASME and accredited by ANSI. A
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nominating committee was appointed to recommend a proposed membership to the ASME Safety
Codes and Standards Committee for approval. The membership was approved at the beginning
of May 1980.
The inaugural meeting of the ASME Committee on Portable Automotive Lifting Devices (PALD)
was held in July 1980. The committee determined that the format of this Standard would be such
that separate volumes, each complete as to design, marking, identification, testing, operation,
inspection, and maintenance, would cover the different types of equipment included in the PALD
scope. In the 1993 edition the various volumes were combined into one Standard with common
requirements in one place and the information that is specific to a particular type of equipment
set out in succeeding Parts. This allowed for greater consistency in requirements and eliminated
redundancy.
The 1997 edition was a further revision and consolidation of the 1993 edition and includes a
Part covering automotive ramps.
The 2003 edition is a revision of the 1997 edition, and includes a Part covering forklift jacks.
This Standard presents a coordinated set of rules that may serve as a guide to manufacturers,
to government and other regulatory bodies, to municipal authorities, and to commercial users
responsible for the inspection, maintenance, and instruction in the use of the equipment falling
within its scope.
This edition of the Standard, which was approved by the ASME Committee on Portable
Automotive Lifting Devices and by ASME, was approved by ANSI and designated as an American
National Standard on April 2, 2003.
The effective date of this edition shall be 3 months after the date of publication with prospective
application only.
Safety codes and standards are intended to enhance public health and safety. Revisions result
from committee consideration of factors such as technological advances, new data, and changing
environmental and industry needs. Revisions do not imply that previous editions were inadequate.
v
ASME SAFETY STANDARDS COMMITTEE
Portable Automotive Lifting Devices
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)
OFFICERS
D. A. Alexander, Chair
R. D. Claypool, Vice Chair
K. S. Guerra, Vice Chair
J. D. Wendler, Secretary
COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
D. A. Alexander, Alexander Professional Services

R. D. Claypool Shinn Fu Co. of America
B. R. Cooper, General Motors Corp.
B. A. Frey, General Services Administration
W. O. Griggs, Century Lincoln Service Equipment
K. S. Guerra, Sears Roebuck & Co.
F. G. Heath, Heath & Associates
G. A. Kattleman, Consultant
S. McKee, Gray Automotive Products
C. E. Naber, Consultant
P. C. Reger, Reger Quality Consultants
D. J. Renard, Allied International
S. A. Sargent, Consumer Testing Laboratory
J. D. Wendler, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
vi
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PREFACE (03)
GENERAL Units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units

in the text have been directly (soft) converted from the
This Standard is one of many safety standards on
customary units.
various subjects that have been formulated under the
general auspices of The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME). One purpose of the Standard is to PROPOSING REVISIONS
serve as a guide to governmental authorities having
jurisdiction over subjects within the scope of the Stan- Comments on the Standards requirements and sug-
dard. It is expected, however, that the Standard will find gestions for its improvement, based on experience in
a major application in industry, serving as a guide to the application of the rules, may be sent to the PALD
manufacturers, suppliers, purchasers, and operators of Committee.
the equipment. If adopted for governmental use, the Suggestions for changes to the Standard should be
references to other national standards in this Standard submitted to the Secretary of the Committee on Portable
may be changed to refer to the corresponding regula- Automotive Lifting Devices, ASME, Three Park Avenue,
tions of the governmental authorities. New York, NY 10016-5990, and should be in accordance
The use of portable automotive lifting devices is sub- with the following format:
ject to certain hazards that cannot be precluded by (a) cite the specific part or section and paragraph des-
mechanical means, but only by the exercise of intelli- ignation;
gence, care, and common sense. It is therefore essential (b) indicate the suggested change (addition, deletion,
to have personnel involved in the use and operation revision, etc.);
of equipment who are careful, competent, trained, and (c) briefly state the reason or evidence for the sug-
qualified in the safe operation of the equipment and gested change;
its proper use when servicing motor vehicles and their (d) submit suggested changes to more than one para-
components. Examples of hazards are dropping, tipping, graph in the order in which the paragraphs appear in
or slipping of motor vehicles or their components caused the Standard.
primarily by improperly securing loads, overloading, The PALD Committee will consider each suggested
off-centered loads, use on other than hard level surfaces, change in a timely manner according to its procedures.
and using equipment for a purpose for which it was not
designed.
The PALD Committee fully realizes the importance INTERPRETATIONS
of proper size, strength, and stability as safety factors
in the design of this equipment. This equipment is used Upon request, the PALD Committee will render an
on various motor vehicles and their components under interpretation of any requirement of the Standard. Inter-
variable working conditions. These conditions have pretations can only be rendered in response to a written
been considered to provide safety and flexibility in its request sent to the Secretary of the PALD Committee at
use. The requirements given in this Standard must be the address shown above.
interpreted accordingly and judgment should be used The request for interpretation should be clear and
in determining their application. unambiguous. It is further recommended that the
inquirer submit any request using the following format.
MANDATORY AND ADVISORY RULES Subject: Cite the applicable part or section and
paragraph number, and provide a con-
Mandatory rules of this Standard are characterized cise description.
by use of the word shall. If a provision is of an advisory
nature, it is indicated by use of the word should and is Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the perti-
a recommendation to be considered, the advisability of nent standard for which the interpreta-
which depends on the facts in each situation. tion is being requested.
Question: Phrase the question as a request for an
interpretation of a specific requirement
SI (METRIC) CONVERSIONS
suitable for general understanding and
This Standard contains SI (metric) units as well as use, not as a request for approval of a
customary units. The values stated in U.S. Customary proprietary design or situation. The
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vii
inquirer also may include any plans or which may inadvertently change the intent of the origi-
drawings that are necessary to explain nal request.
the question; however, they should not ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any
contain proprietary names or infor- interpretation when or if additional information that
mation. might affect an interpretation is available. Further, per-
sons aggrieved by an interpretation may appeal to the
cognizant ASME committee or subcommittee. ASME
Requests that are not in this format will be rewritten does not approve, certify, rate, or endorse any
in this format by the Committee before being answered, item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.
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ASME PALD-2003
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Following approval by the ASME PALD Committee and ASME, and after public review, ASME
PALD-2003 was approved by the American National Standards Institute on April 2, 2003.
ASME PALD-2003 includes editorial changes, revisions, and corrections introduced in PALDa-
2000 and PALDb-2003, as well as the following changes identified by a margin note, (03).
Page Location Change
iii Contents Updated
v Foreword Updated
vii Preface SI conversion clarification
1 Introduction Under Scope, subparagraph (r) added
3 1.3 Revised
57 Fig. 1-1 Revised
Figs. 1-2 through 1-4 Added
1-4.1.2 Subparagraphs (a) and (b) revised
1-4.1.4 Reference to para. 1-2.3 revised
8 2-1.3 Revised to include Fig. 2-2
911 Fig. 2-1 Replaced with new Fig. 2-1
Figs. 2-2 Replaced with new Fig. 2-2
Figs. 2-3 through 2-5 Deleted
2-4.1.2 Subparagraphs (a), (b), and (c) revised
12, 13 Figs. 3.1 and 3.3 Revised
Fig. 3.2 Added
3-1.3 Revised to include Figs. 3-2 and 3-3
15 4-1.2 Revised
26 7-4.1.3 Revised
28 8-4.1.3 Revised
30 9-4.1.2 Revised
3235 Figs. 10-1 and 10-2 Replaced with new Figs. 10-1 and 10-2
10-4.1.1 Revised
10-4.1.3 Revised in its entirety
10-4.1.4 Revised
10-4.1.5 Revised
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38 11-4.1.1.1 through 11-4.1.1.5 Reference to 11-4.1.1 revised

41 12-4.1.3 Revised
45 14-4.1.2 Revised
55, 56 Part 18 Added
ix
SPECIAL NOTE:
The interpretations to ASME PALD-2003 are included as a separate section for the users conve-
nience.
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x
ASME PALD-2003
SAFETY STANDARD FOR PORTABLE AUTOMOTIVE LIFTING

DEVICES
Introduction
SCOPE industrial use such as those within the scope of ASME

B30.1, Jacks.
The scope of this Standard is the standardization of
safety and performance requirements for portable auto-
motive lifting equipment including: PURPOSE
(a) hydraulic hand jacks
(b) transmission jacks This Standard is designed to:
(c) engine stands (a) guard against and mitigate injury to workers, and
(d) vehicle support stands otherwise provide for the protection of life, limb, and
(e) mechanical screw jacks property by prescribing safety requirements;
(f) mechanical bumper jacks (b) provide direction to purchasers, owners, employ-
(g) scissors jacks ers, supervisors, and others concerned with, or responsi-
ble for, its application; and
(h) mechanical frame jacks
(i) upright-type mobile lifts (c) guide governmental and other regulatory bodies
in the development, promulgation, and enforcement of
(j) service jacks
appropriate safety directives.
(k) wheel dollies
(l) shop cranes
(m) swing-type mobile lifts DEFINITIONS
(n) scissors-type mobile lifts
(o) auxiliary stands adapter: a device attached to the lift platform of a PALD
(p) automotive ramps which is used to support and/or stabilize those compo-
nents for which it is especially designed.
(q) high reach supplementary stands
(03) (r) fork lift jacks alteration: any change to a PALD other than maintenance,
This Standard may include requirements for safety, repair, or replacement.
health, design, production, construction, maintenance, appointed: assigned specific responsibilities by the
performance, or operation of equipment, and/or qualifi- employer or the employers representative.
cation of personnel.
appropriate means: the use of any device, such as blocking,
cribbing, or vehicle support stands, which adequately
APPLICATION supports a vehicle off the ground by providing a stable
This Standard applies to the design, construction, support preventing the vehicle from tipping over or
marking, operation, maintenance, and owner/operator falling down to the ground.
inspection of the portable automotive lifting devices approved: accepted as satisfactory by a duly constituted
listed previously, used during automotive service, main- administrative or regulatory authority.
tenance, and storage. Operation and maintenance
authorized: approved by a duly constituted administra-
instructions in this Standard are intended for general
tive or regulatory authority.
application. The equipment manufacturer or supplier
shall be consulted for specific operating and mainte- authorized personnel: persons who have been instructed
nance instructions. in the operation and/or maintenance of the PALD and
This Standard does not apply to similar lifting devices designated by the owner to use or maintain the
designed and manufactured for other commercial or equipment.
1
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ASME PALD-2003 SAFETY STANDARD FOR PORTABLE AUTOMOTIVE LIFTING DEVICES
authorized service center: an independent service facility overload: a load that exceeds the rated capacity of the
designated by the manufacturer to repair and test PALDs PALD.
it has manufactured. PALD: any one of the various types of portable automo-
base: see definition for each PALD. tive lifting devices listed in the scope of this Standard.
controls, operating: the mechanisms which must be pawl: a pivoted component that, when engaged with the
manipulated by the operator to govern the starting, stop- teeth of a ratchet, prevents undesired movement.
ping, direction of motion, acceleration, speed, and retar- pneumatic power source: a device that utilizes compressed
dation of the moving member(s) of the PALD. air as the force transmitting medium.
designated: selected or assigned by the employer or the portable: not permanently fixed in one location and able
employers representative as being competent to per- to be moved from one work place to another.
form specific duties. proof load: a load, greater than the rated capacity, applied
extender: an optional device supplied by the manufac- centrally to the lifting or attaching points of the PALD
turer to mechanically increase the PALDs height, prior to confirm the integrity of the structure.
to applying the load. qualified personnel: individuals with characteristics or
filler plug: a removable component to allow maintaining abilities gained through training or experience or both,
proper fluid level in the PALD. as measured against established requirements, such as
standards or tests, that enable them to perform a
frame: see definition for each PALD.
required function.
functional damage: any detrimental permanent deforma- raised height: the distance from the ground to the top of
tion of the PALDs structure that results in the loss of the saddle at the full extension of the PALD.
sealing capability to its hydraulic and/or pneumatic
components, loss of load, or failure to meet or exceed ratchet: a toothed member for engagement with the pawl.
the design qualification limits established in Section 4 rated capacity: the maximum published operating load
of each Part. that the PALD is designated to lift, support, or transport
throughout its range of travel.
internal load limiting device: a device that limits the lifting
capacity of the PALD. repair: the process of rehabilitation or replacement of
parts that are the same as the original for the purpose of
lift point: the location at which the PALDs lifting member
ensuring performance in accordance with the applicable
or saddle contacts the vehicle component as designated requirements.
by the vehicle manufacturer.
saddle: the portion of the PALD which comes in contact
lifting member: the moving portion of a PALD upon with and/or engages the vehicle or vehicle component.
which saddles (if any) are mounted.
stability: a measure of resistance to tipping while
load: the total superimposed weight of force to be over- under load.
come by the PALD.
supplier: a company that controls the performance speci-
manufacturer: a company that produces goods by hand fication and/or design of the products distributed to
or machinery, often on a large scale. the general public.
mobile: describes a lift that is readily movable from one travel: linear extending or retracting movement of the
work area to another without a load. PALD.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2
SAFETY STANDARD FOR PORTABLE AUTOMOTIVE LIFTING DEVICES ASME PALD-2003
General Requirements for All PALDs
1 PRODUCT MARKING AND IDENTIFICATION 3 OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND INSPECTION

1.1 Rated Capacity
All PALDs shall have the rated capacity marked in a 3.1 Owner and/or Operator Responsibility
prominent location on the PALD by casting imprint,
The owner and/or operator shall study the product
metal stamp, or use of durable materials and attachment
instructions and retain them for future reference.
methods.
1.2 Identification 3.1.1 Operation. The owner and/or operator shall

have an understanding of the product and safety
Each PALD shall include identification or identifying operating instructions before operating the PALD.
marks of the original manufacturer or supplier by cast- Safety information shall be emphasized and understood.
ing imprint, metal stamp, or use of durable materials If the operator is not fluent in English, the product and
and attachment methods. The manufacturer or supplier safety instructions shall be read to and discussed with
should be able to identify the date of manufacture of the operator in the operators native language by the
each PALD. purchaser/owner or his designee, making sure that the
operator comprehends their contents.
(03) 1.3 Safety Markings
Each PALD shall include safety signs and/or labels 3.1.2 Maintenance. The PALD shall be maintained in
developed by the manufacturer or supplier. The signs accordance with the product instructions.
and/or labels shall be affixed by use of durable materials
and attachment methods to each PALD in a location 3.1.3 Inspection
visible to the operator. The ANSI Z535 series of stan-
(a) Visual inspection shall be made before each use
dards containing guidelines for product safety signs
of the PALD by checking for abnormal conditions, such
shall be followed.
as cracked welds, leaks, and damaged, loose, or miss-
Examples of safety markings for specific types of
ing parts.
PALDs are shown in para. 3.1 of each Part of this
Standard. (b) Other inspections shall be made per product
operating instructions.
(c) Each PALD shall be inspected immediately if the
2 PRODUCT INSTRUCTIONS AND SAFETY lift is believed to have been subjected to an abnormal
MESSAGES load or shock. It is recommended that this inspection
be made by a manufacturers or suppliers authorized
2.1 Product Instructions repair facility.
Each PALD shall be provided with operators instruc- (d) Owners and/or operators should be aware that
tions. The instructions shall specify the proper operating repair of this equipment may require specialized knowl-
procedures and basic function of the components. The edge and facilities. It is recommended that an annual
instructions shall contain the recommended replacement inspection of the PALD be made by a manufacturers
fluid, maintenance, and inspection procedures and inter- or supplier s authorized repair facility and that any
vals, as applicable. Copy conveying the intent of para. defective parts, decals, or safety labels or signs be
3 shall be included with the instructions. replaced with manufacturers or suppliers specified
parts. A list of authorized repair facilities is available
2.2 Safety Messages from the manufacturer or supplier.
The instructions should convey the safety markings
and messages shown in para. 3 of the applicable Part 3.1.4 Damaged Equipment. Any PALD that appears
of this Standard, but need not be verbatim or limited to be damaged in any way, is found to be worn, or
to those listed. operates abnormally SHALL BE REMOVED FROM
3 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

SERVICE UNTIL REPAIRED. It is recommended that 4 QUALITY ASSURANCE

necessary repairs be made by a manufacturers or suppli-
ers authorized repair facility if repairs are permitted by Producers of Portable Automotive Lifting Devices
the manufacturer or supplier. shall adhere to a planned, written system of policies and
3.1.5 Alterations. Because of potential hazards associ- procedures which will assure consistent and continuing
ated with this type of equipment, no alterations shall conformance to the requirements of this Standard. Con-
be made to the product. formance to this Standard shall be demonstrated by the
3.1.6 Attachments and Adapters. Only attachments testing requirements set forth herein. ISO/IEC Guide 22
and/or adapters supplied by the manufacturer shall General Criteria for Suppliers Declaration of Confor-
be used. mance may be used as a guide.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4
Part 1
Hydraulic Hand Jacks
1-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND Saddle

ILLUSTRATIONS
1-1.1 Scope
This Part applies to self-contained hydraulic hand Extender
jacks designed for lifting but not sustaining loads in
either the vertical (primary) or horizontal (secondary)
directions. This Part does not include hydraulic bumper
jacks and their assorted attachments.
Ram
1-1.2 Classification
Hydraulic, self-contained jacks with or without inter-
nal load limiting devices are the classifications covered
by this Part.
Carrying
1-1.3 Illustrations handle
Figures 1-1 through 1-4 show typical jacks covered by

this Part and are not intended to be all-inclusive.
1-1.4 Definitions
jack, hydraulic hand: portable self-contained device con-
Actuating
sisting of a ram, saddle, and hydraulic pump.
handle
pump, hydraulic: a device consisting of a pump, pump receptacle
handle, reservoir, and release valve, and utilizing a rela-
tively incompressible fluid, such as oil, as the force trans-
mitting means.
Release
valve
1-2 DESIGN
1-2.1 Operating Controls Fig. 1-1 Typical Single-Stage Hydraulic Hand Jack
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(03)
Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch 1-2.3 Overload Capacity
points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
of controls should be clear to the operator either by (a) Hand jacks not equipped with internal load lim-
position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. The iting devices shall be capable of performing the proof
pump handle shall be capable of being operated to the load test of para. 1-4.1.4 with a proof load of 150% of
jacks rated capacity without sustaining functional dam- rated capacity.
age. The release system shall require intentional positive (b) Hand jacks equipped with internal load limiting
action by the operator for release to prevent accidental devices shall, when the load limiting device is deacti-
lowering. vated, be capable of performing the proof load test of
para. 1-4.1.4 with a proof load of 125% of rated capacity.
1-2.2 Travel Limit
Each hand jack shall be provided with a positive
1-2.4 Carrying Handle
means to prevent the load from being raised or moved If provided, the carrying handle shall be affixed and
beyond the design limit of travel. capable of sustaining 150% of the jacks weight.
5
1-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES

The following are examples of safety markings and
Handle
messages.
1-3.1 Safety Markings

Release
mechanism Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
of standards.
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions
before operating this device.
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity.
(c) Use only on hard, level surfaces.
Pneumatic nozzle (d) Lifting device only. Immediately after lifting, sup-
port the vehicle with appropriate means.
(e) Failure to heed these markings may result in per-
sonal injury and/or property damage.
Saddle
1-3.2 Safety Messages
Additional safety messages include the following.
(a) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by
the vehicle manufacturer.
(b) No alterations shall be made to this product.
(c) Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by
the manufacturer shall be used.
1-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING

1-4.1 Proof Tests
For each design or design change that may affect the
jacks ability to meet this Standard, sample jacks built
to design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform
with this Standard, the jacks shall perform to design
(03) Fig. 1-2 Typical Wheeled Pneumatic/Hydraulic
specifications and no functional damage shall occur, nor
Hand Jack
shall operational characteristics be detrimentally
affected. Multiple rated jacks shall be tested at the full
extension of the first stage and last stage.
Saddle
Pneumatic
nozzle
Carrying
handle
Actuating handle
receptacle
Release
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
valve
(03) Fig. 1-3 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Hand Jack
6
Saddle
Extender
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Actuating handle
receptacle
Release
valve
Fig. 1-4 Typical Multiple-Stage Hydraulic Hand Jack (03)
1-4.1.1 Angular Load Test. A proof load as defined 1-4.1.3 Release Valve Test. A load equal to or greater
in para. 1-2.3 shall be applied to the saddle of the jack than the rated capacity shall be applied to the saddle
with the extender fully extended, if so equipped, and with the jack at its full extension. The release valve shall
the jack at its full extension while the jacks vertical axis be operated to control the rate of descent to no more
is at a 5 deg angle relative to the axis of the applied load. than 1.0 in./sec (25.4 mm/s).
(03) 1-4.1.2 Load Limiting Device Test 1-4.1.4 Proof Load Test. A proof load as defined in (03)
(a) Hand jacks equipped with internal load limiting para. 1-2.3 shall be applied to the saddle of the jack with
devices shall be pumped against a measured load until the extender fully extended, if so equipped. The load
the load limiting device is activated, at which time the shall not lower more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) in the first
jack must have been supporting no less than 100% of minute nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in 10 min.
its rated capacity and no more than 125% of its rated 1-4.1.5 Durability Test. In the testing of all PALDs,
capacity. consideration shall be given to the anticipated useful
(b) Hand jacks with multiple stage hydraulics life of each product, and the cumulative effects of
equipped with internal load limiting devices shall be repeated use and other potential changes in properties.
pumped against a measured load, with the final stage Durability tests shall be performed manually or mechan-
extended at least 1 in. (25.4 mm) above its low height, ically at a cycling frequency that will not overheat the
until the load limiting device is activated, at which time PALD. The PALD shall be subjected to the manufactur-
the jack must have been supporting no less than 100% ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of
of its rated capacity and no more than 125% of its rated use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
capacity. nance.
7
Part 2
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Transmission Jacks
2-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND load restraint: a device supplied by the manufacturer to
ILLUSTRATIONS retain the load on the lift platform.
2-1.1 Scope mechanism, tilt: a device that allows the lifting member
to be angularly adjusted relative to the horizontal plane.
This Part applies to transmission jacks that are used
to remove and install transmissions and differential
assemblies from automobiles and trucks. 2-2 DESIGN
2-2.1 Operating Controls
Hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical are the classifi-
cations for which this Part applies. When a combination
and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
of these force transmitting means is used, each system
shall be tested to conform with this Part.
of controls should be clear to the operator either by
position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. The
(03) 2-1.3 Illustrations
release system shall require intentional positive action
Figures 2-1 and 2-2 show typical transmission jacks by the operator for release to prevent accidental low-
covered by this Part and are not intended to be all- ering.
inclusive.
2-2.2 Lift Platform Assembly
2-1.4 Definitions The lift platform assembly shall be equipped with
controls, tilt: controls provided to adjust the angular posi- load restraints and adapters and shall be capable of
tion of the lift platform assembly about two principal sustaining a proof load, as defined in para. 2-2.6, at any
independent axes (longitudinal and transverse). angle within the designed tilt range to a maximum of 10
deg in all directions. Provision shall be made to prohibit
jack, hydraulic transmission: a device that utilizes a
separation of the jack and the lift platform assembly
hydraulic pump to raise and lower an automotive trans-
when the lift platform assembly is loaded.
mission into position for assembly and disassembly.
jack, mechanical transmission: a transmission jack that uti- 2-2.3 Tilt Control
lizes mechanical means, such as levers, cables, gears, When tilt control adjustment mechanisms are pro-
screws, ratchets, and pawls. vided, they shall require intentional positive action by
jack, pneumatic transmission: a transmission jack that the operator to change the angle of tilt.
employs compressed air as the force transmitting
medium.
2-2.4 Overload Capacity
All transmission jacks shall be designed to meet the
jack, transmission: a mobile lifting device having a lift
requirements of para. 2-2.6 as minimum overload capac-
platform assembly suited to retaining an automotive
ities.
transmission, and other driveline components such as
transfer cases and transaxles, and designed to support 2-2.5 Travel Limit
and stabilize the component during its installation or
Each transmission jack shall be provided with a posi-
removal from a vehicle.
tive means to prevent the load from being raised or
lift, mechanical: a device that employs mechanical lifting lowered beyond the design limit of travel.
means such as cable, gears, screws, chains, or the like
as the force transmitting medium. 2-2.6 Proof Load
lift platform assembly: the portion of the PALD that con- (a) Transmission jacks not equipped with internal
tacts the transmission or differential assembly and load limiting devices shall be capable of performing the
includes the brackets, adapters, and load restraints pro- proof load test of para. 2-4.1.3 with a proof load of 150%
vided by the manufacturer. of rated capacity.
8
Lift platform
assembly
Tilt controls
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Actuating
handle
Fig. 2-1 Typical Hydraulic Transmission Jack (03)
(b) Transmission jacks equipped with internal load (b) Do not exceed rated capacity.
limiting devices shall be capable of performing the proof (c) Use only on hard, level surfaces.
load test of para. 2-4.1.3 with a proof load of 125% of (d) Adequately support the vehicle before starting
rated capacity. repairs.
(e) Failure to heed these markings may result in per-
2-2.7 Adapters sonal injury and/or property damage.
All adapters manufactured specifically for a jack shall
be capable of performing their intended function with 2-3.2 Safety Messages
that jack. All adapters shall be capable of supporting a Additional safety messages include the following.
proof load of 150% of the load they are designed to (a) Use of this product is limited to the removal, instal-
support with the lift platform at any angle within the lation, and transportation in the lowered position, of
designed tilt range to a maximum of 10 deg in all direc- transmissions, transfer cases, and transaxles.
tions. (b) Be sure the vehicle is appropriately supported
before starting repairs.
2-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES (c) No alterations shall be made to this product.
(d) Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by
the manufacturer shall be used.
messages.
2-3.1 Safety Markings 2-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING

Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
of standards. 2-4.1 Proof Tests
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions For each design or design change that may affect the
before operating this device. jacks ability to meet this Standard, sample jacks built
9
Platform
assembly
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Actuating
handle
Platform
assembly
Actuating
handle
Pneumatic hook-up
assembly
Operating
controls
(03) Fig. 2-2 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Transmission Jacks
10
to design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform load and shall not lower more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm)
with this Standard, the jacks shall perform to design in the first minute nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in
specifications and no functional damage shall occur, nor 10 min.
2-4.1.2 Load Limiting Device Test (03)
affected.
(a) Hydraulic transmission jacks with a single stage
2-4.1.1 Loaded Operational Test. A deadweight load hydraulic cylinder equipped with internal load limiting
not less than the rated capacity of the jack and config- devices shall be pumped against a measured load with
ured such that the entire load is above the lifting plat- the lifting platform within 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) above its
form shall be centrally located and restrained by the low height until the load limiting device is activated, at
lifting platform and the following operational tests shall which time the jack must have been supporting no less
be conducted. than 100% of its rated capacity and no more than 125%
of its rated capacity.
2-4.1.1.1 Release Mechanism Test. With the jack (b) Hydraulic transmission jacks with multiple stage
fully extended, the release mechanism shall be operated hydraulics equipped with internal load limiting devices
to control the rate of descent to no more than 1.0 in./ shall be pumped against a measured load with final
sec (25.4 mm/s). stage extended 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) to 2.0 in. (51 mm) above
2-4.1.1.2 Tilting Test (If So Equipped). With the lift its low height until the load limiting device is activated,
platform assembly at its maximum height, the jack shall at which time the jack must have been supporting no
support the deadweight load, as defined in para. 2-4.1.1, less than 100% of its rated capacity and no more than
at any angle within the designed tilt range to a maximum 125% of its rated capacity.
of 10 deg in all directions. (c) Hydraulic transmission jacks equipped with lift
arms and internal load limiting devices shall be pumped
2-4.1.1.3 Mobility Test. The jack, with the lift plat- against a measured load with the lift arm in the hori-
form at the lowest possible lift height, shall be moved zontal position until the load limiting device is activated,
in any direction over the floor surface. The jack shall, at which time the jack must have been supporting 100%
while loaded as above, be moved at 1.5 ft/sec (457 mm/ of its rated capacity and no more than 125% of its rated
s) to 2.0 ft/sec (610 mm/s) across a 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) capacity.
high, 15 deg slope rise in the floor, and a 0.5 in. (12.7
mm) drop to the floor, at an approach angle that will 2-4.1.3 Proof Load Test. A proof load, as defined in
bring only one caster or wheel at a time in contact with para. 2-2.6, shall be applied centrally to the lifting plat-
the rise and drop. The jack shall traverse the rise and form of the jack. The load shall be lifted and sustained
drop without loss of load or tipping over. throughout the lifting range. For purposes of this test,
any internal load limiting device may be deactivated.
2-4.1.1.4 Stability Test. The jack, with the lift plat-
2-4.1.4 Durability Test. In the testing of all PALDs,
form at the lowest possible lift height, shall be moved
consideration shall be given to the anticipated useful
at 1.5 ft/sec (457 mm/s) to 2.0 ft/sec (610 mm/s) against
life of each product, and the cumulative effects of
a 2.0 in. (51 mm) high vertical rise 90 deg to the direction
repeated use and other potential changes in properties.
of movement at an approach angle that will bring two
Durability tests shall be performed manually or mechan-
wheels or casters in contact with the rise at the point of
ically at a cycling frequency that will not overheat the
greatest instability. The jack shall not lose the load or
PALD. The PALD shall be subjected to the manufactur-
tip over.
ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of
2-4.1.1.5 Load Sustaining Test. With the lift plat- use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
form at its maximum height, the jack shall sustain the nance.
11
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Part 3
Engine Stands
3-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND Rotational

ILLUSTRATIONS locking device
3-1.1 Scope
Actuating handle
This Part applies to self-contained portable engine
stands, designed primarily to support an automobile
engine while being rebuilt or repaired. This Part does Mounting plate
not apply to permanently mounted engine stands.
Mechanical
This Part applies to self-contained portable engine rotating
stands of single- or twin-post construction. mechanism
(03) 3-1.3 Illustrations

Figures 3-1 through 3-3 show typical engine stands
covered by this Part and are not intended to be all-
inclusive.
3-1.4 Definitions
attachments: a means to adapt to various automotive
Frame
components and engine bolt patterns through the use
of separate adapters or adjustable arms that fasten to a
mounting plate.
engine stand: an automotive engine mounting device,
Single Post
equipped with suitable means to support, rotate, and
lock the engine in a working position.
Fig. 3-1 Typical T-Style Single Post Engine (03)
frame: a structure consisting of at least one upright col-
Stand
umn, equipped with a means to accept a mechanical
rotating mechanism.
mechanical rotating mechanism: a device which provides
controlled rotation of the mounting plate.
mounting attachments: a means to adapt to various engine
bolt patterns through the use of separate adapters or
adjustable arms that fasten to the mounting plate.
plate, mounting: a component of the PALD lifting or rotat- of controls should be clear to the operator either by
ing mechanism equipped with slots or holes to accept position, function, labeling, or combination thereof.
the use of mounting attachments or direct mounting of Stands shall be equipped with a handle or friction device
an automotive component. to permit controlled rotation of the mounting plate. The
rotational locking device: a means to prevent unintentional release system shall require intentional positive action
movement of the mounting plates. by the operator for release to prevent unintentional rota-
tion of the load.
3-2 DESIGN 3-2.2 Proof Load

3-2.1 Operating Controls Engine stands shall be capable of performing the proof
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner load test of para. 3-4.1.4 with a proof load of 150% of
that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator rated capacity.
12
3-2.3 Rotational Locking Device

The stand shall be equipped with a means to prevent
rotation of the mounting plate and shall require inten-
tional positive action by the operator to activate the
device.
3-2.4 Special Purpose Attachments/Adapters

All special purpose attachments/adapters shall be
capable of supporting a proof load of 150% of the load
they are designed to support.

messages.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
of standards.
(03) Fig. 3-2 Typical H -Style Single Post Engine (c) Use only on hard level surface.
Stand (d) Lock mounting plate rotating mechanism before
applying a load.
(e) Assure load is centered and secured to mounting
attachments.
(f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per-

Mounting plate Rotational Additional safety messages include the following.
locking device (a) Off-center loads may make the load and handle
rotate in either direction when the rotational locking
device is released.
(b) Release rotational locking devices slowly and care-
fully.
(c) No alterations shall be made to this product.
Mechanical (d) Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by
rotating the manufacturer shall be used.
mechanism
Actuating 3-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING

handle
3-4.1 Proof Tests
stands ability to meet this Standard, sample stands built
Frame to design specifications shall be proof tested. The load
shall be positioned a minimum of 14.5 in. (368 mm)
from the mounting plate and as close as possible to the
rotational axis of the mounting plate. To conform with
this Standard, the stands shall perform to design specifi-
cations and no functional damage shall occur, nor shall
Twin Post operational characteristics be detrimentally affected.
3-4.1.1 Mobility Test. The stand, while loaded to
(03) Fig. 3-3 Typical Twin Post Engine Stand rated capacity, shall be moved in any direction for which
13
the stand was designed. The stand shall, while loaded (305 mm) off the centerline of the rotational mechanisms
as above, be moved at 1.5 ft/sec (457 mm/s) to 2.0 ft/ normal axis. The device shall sustain the load without
sec (610 mm/s) across a 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) high, 15 deg radial movement.
slope rise in the floor, and a 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) drop to 3-4.1.4 Proof Load Test. A horizontally constrained
the floor, at an approach angle that will bring only one vertical load, as described in para. 3-2.2, shall be applied
caster or wheel at a time in contact with the rise and to the stand for 10 min. The centerline of the rotational
drop. The stand shall traverse the rise and drop without axis shall not exceed a total of 5 deg permanent deforma-
loss of load or tipping over. tion from the initially established angle of the rotational
axis. A pre-load of no more than 50% of rated capacity
3-4.1.2 Stability Test. The stand, while loaded to
may be applied to establish the initial condition.
rated capacity, shall be moved at 1.5 ft/sec (457 mm/s)
to 2.0 ft/sec (610 mm/s) against a 2.0 in. (51 mm) high 3-4.1.5 Durability Test. In the testing of all PALDs,
vertical rise 90 deg to the direction of movement at an consideration shall be given to the anticipated useful
approach angle that will bring two wheels or casters life of each product, and the cumulative effects of
into contact with the rise at the point of greatest instabil- repeated use and other potential changes in properties.
ity. The stand shall not lose the load or tip over. Durability tests shall be performed manually or mechan-
3-4.1.3 Rotational Locking Device Test. The rotational PALD. The PALD shall be subjected to the manufactur-
locking device, while fully engaged, shall be subjected ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of
to a torsional load not less than 150 lbf (667 N). The use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
load shall be applied to the rotating handle located 1.0 ft nance.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
14
Part 4
Vehicle Support Stands
4-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION locking device: the mechanism used to hold the column
in the selected height position.
4-1.1 Scope
vehicle support stands: devices for supporting a vehicle
This Part applies to stands used for supporting types
at fixed heights, but lacking the means for raising and
of vehicles, as recommended by the stand manufacturer
or supplier, at predetermined heights for the purpose lowering the vehicle.
of maintenance or storage. This Part does not include
auxiliary stands used as supports for vehicle compo-
nents or other special usage. 4-2 Design
(03) 4-1.2 Classification 4-2.1 Base
This Part applies to vehicle-support stands with or The base may be of any configuration that provides
without an adjustable column, used for support at one the equivalent of three or more points of contact with
end only. the ground. A circular, triangular, or polygonal base
shape (in plan view) is considered equivalent to the
4-1.3 Illustration above. The upper portion of the base structure shall be
designed to house and guide the column or support the
Figure 4-1 shows typical vehicle support stands cov-
saddle in the case of fixed height stands.
ered by this Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive.
4-1.4 Definitions 4-2.2 Column

base: that portion of the stand that rests on the ground A means shall be provided to prevent the inadvertent
and holds the adjustable column in an upright position. separation of the column from the base. In the fully
In the case of fixed height stands, which do not have retracted position, the lower end of the column shall not
adjustable columns, the entire stand (except for the sad- extend below the plane made where the base contacts the
dle) is considered to be the base. ground.
Fig. 4-1 Typical Vehicle Support Stands
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
15
4-2.3 Locking Device 4-3.2 Safety Messages

The locking device shall prevent adjustment of the Additional safety messages include the following.
column height after the load has been applied. If the (a) Stands are not to be used to simultaneously sup-
column is supported by means of a locking pin, the pin port both ends or one side of a vehicle.
must be secured to the stand to prevent its loss. (b) No alterations shall be made to this product.
Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner 4-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING
and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch 4-4.1 Proof Tests
points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation For each design or design change that may affect the
of controls should be clear to the operator either by stands ability to meet this Standard, sample stands built
position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. to design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform
with this Standard, the stands shall perform to design
4-2.5 Saddle
The saddle configuration shall be such as to aid in shall operational characteristics be detrimentally
the proper positioning, supporting, and retaining of affected.
the load.
4-4.1.1 Off-Center Load Test. A horizontally con-
4-2.6 Stability strained vertical load equal to rated capacity shall be
The stands shall be designed so that the minimum applied, with the column in the fully extended position
horizontal distance from the projected edge of the saddle and fully retracted position for at least 10 min on the
to the nearest edge of the base shall be at least 8% of lug or edge of the saddle as shown in Fig. 4-3. The
the maximum extended vertical height when the column saddles ability to retain the load shall not be adversely
is moved by hand to remove all slack in the direction affected by this test. A permanent reduction in height,
of the vertical measurement. See Fig. 4-2, in which the measured after the removal of the load, at the point of
horizontal dimension is shown as H and the vertical load contact as shown in Fig. 4-4 shall not exceed 0.125
height as V. in. (3.18 mm). The test shall be repeated on all lugs and
edges. A pre-load of no more than 100% of rated capacity
4-2.7 Proof Load may be applied to establish initial overall height.
Vehicle support stands shall be capable of performing
4-4.1.2 Proof Load Test. A proof load, as defined in
the proof load test of para. 4-4.1.2 with a load of 150%
para. 4-2.7, shall be applied centrally to the saddle, with
of rated capacity.
the column in both the fully extended and the fully
retracted position, with the base resting on a hard level
4-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES surface. The load shall be applied as shown in Fig. 4-4
for at least 10 min. A permanent reduction in overall
height, measured after the removal of the load, at the
messages.
point of load contact shall not exceed 0.125 in. (3.18 mm).
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4-3.1 Safety Markings A pre-load of no more than 100% of rated capacity may
be applied to establish initial overall height.
of standards. 4-4.1.3 Durability Test. In the testing of all PALDs,
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions consideration shall be given to the anticipated useful
before operating this device. life of each product, and the cumulative effects of
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity. repeated use and other potential changes in properties.
(c) Use only on hard level surface. Durability tests shall be performed manually or mechan-
(d) Center load on saddle. ically at a cycling frequency that will not overheat the
(e) Use as a matched pair to support one end of a PALD. The PALD shall be subjected to the manufactur-
vehicle only. ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of
(f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
sonal injury and/or property damage. nance.
16
Horizontal Dimensions and Vertical Heights for Stability Considerations

Fig. 4-2
17
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Fig. 4-3 Application of Load for Off-Center Load Test
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Fig. 4-4 Application of Load for Centered Load Test
18
Part 5
Mechanical Screw Jacks
5-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION intentional positive action by the operator for lowering
the load.
5-1.1 Scope
This Part applies to self-contained mechanical screw 5-2.2 Design Requirement
jacks designed for lifting one wheel clear of the ground
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The jack shall be capable of lifting and sustaining its
for emergency tire changing on vehicles up to 11,000 rated capacity throughout its range of travel.
lbm (4 990 kg) gross vehicle weight.
5-2.3 Proof Load
5-1.2 Classification Mechanical screw jacks shall be capable of performing
A mechanical jack consisting of concentric telescoping the proof load test of para. 5-4.1.3 with a proof load of
screws extended and retracted by a gear system is the 150% of rated capacity.
classification for which this Part applies.
5-2.4 Finish
5-1.3 Illustration The jack shall have a corrosion-resistant finish, con-
Figure 5-1 shows a typical screw jack covered by this forming with ASTM B 117, for a minimum of 24 hr.
Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive. 5-2.5 Lubrication
If needed, the jack shall be lubricated by the manufac-
5-2 DESIGN turer.
that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator The following are examples of safety markings and
and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch messages.
of controls should be clear to the operator either by 5-3.1 Safety Markings
position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. The Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
handle shall be capable of being operated to the jacks of standards.
rated capacity without sustaining functional damage. (a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions
To prevent accidental lowering, the jack shall require before operating this device.
Fig. 5-1 Typical Screw Jack
19
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity. 5-4.1.1.2 Vehicle Test. A new jack assembly shall
(c) Use only on hard level surface. be tested on an appropriately loaded vehicle in which
(d) Use for emergency tire changing only. the gross vehicle weight is equal to the jacks maximum
(e) Never get beneath the vehicle when it is supported rated capacity. Passenger cars shall be loaded as follows:
by the jack. (a) 150 lbm (68 kg), right front seat
(f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- (b) 300 lbm (136 kg), rear seat
sonal injury and/or property damage. (c) 150 lbm (68 kg), luggage compartment
On light trucks, the rear axle shall be loaded to its
rated capacity. Additional weight shall be added to the
Additional safety messages include the following. front of the vehicle to attain gross vehicle weight. The
(a) Activate the hazard warning flasher, turn off igni- vehicle shall be raised on a hard level surface from a
tion, set parking brake, move automatic shift selector to flat tire position to a 2.0 in. (51 mm) inflated tire to
park position. In case of a manual transmission, move ground clearance for a total of 28 lifts, with an equal
gear selector into reverse position. In addition, the wheel number of lifts at each lift point recommended by the
diagonally opposite from the wheel being lifted shall vehicle manufacturer.
be chocked in both directions.
(b) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by 5-4.1.2 Stability Test. A new jack assembly shall be
the vehicle manufacturer. tested on an appropriately loaded vehicle in which the
(c) Follow tire changing procedure specified by the gross vehicle weight is equal to the jacks maximum
vehicle manufacturers owners manual. rated capacity. Passenger cars shall be loaded as follows:
(d) No alterations shall be made to this product. (a) 150 lbm (68 kg), right front seat
(b) 300 lbm (136 kg), rear seat
5-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING (c) 150 lbm (68 kg), luggage compartment
On light trucks, the rear axle shall be loaded to its
5-4.1 Proof Tests rated capacity. Additional weight shall be added to the
For each design or design change that may affect the front of the vehicle to attain gross vehicle weight. The
jacks ability to meet this Standard, sample jacks built vehicle shall be raised on a hard level surface from a
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
to design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform flat tire position to a 2.0 in. (51 mm) inflated tire to
with this Standard, the jacks shall perform to design ground clearance. The test shall be performed with the
specifications and no functional damage shall occur, nor automatic transmission in park or the manual transmis-
shall operational characteristics be detrimentally sion in gear and, in either case, the parking brake set.
affected. A force of 50 lbf (222 N) shall be applied in a longitudinal
5-4.1.1 Durability Test. In the testing of all PALDs, direction to the vehicle, forward for 10 sec and rearward
consideration shall be given to the anticipated useful for 10 sec. The same force shall then be applied to the
life of each product, and the cumulative effects of raised side of the vehicle, at least 30.0 in. (762 mm) above
repeated use and other potential changes in properties. the pavement near the jacking point, inward for 10 sec
Durability tests shall be performed manually or mechan- and outward for 10 sec. This test shall be performed at
ically at a cycling frequency that will not overheat the each lift point recommended by the vehicle manufac-
PALD. The PALD shall be subjected to the manufactur- turer. This stability test shall then be repeated on the
ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of same unloaded vehicle. Inability of the jack to support
use, employing no more than recommended mainte- the vehicle during this test constitutes failure.
nance. 5-4.1.3 Proof Load Test. A proof load, as defined in
5-4.1.1.1 Laboratory Test. A new jack assembly para. 5-2.3, shall be applied to the saddle. The load shall
shall be used to lift a load applied to the saddle, through be lifted, sustained, and lowered throughout the range
contact with a fixture simulating the vehicle lift point. of travel. Should the originally supplied handle not be
The load shall be equal to or greater than the rated capable of activating the jack mechanism, a substitute
capacity throughout 28 lifts. handle may be used for the performance of this test.
20
Part 6
Mechanical Bumper Jacks
6-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION 6-2 DESIGN

6-1.1 Scope 6-2.1 Operating Controls
This Part applies to self-contained mechanical bumper Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
jacks designed for lifting one wheel clear of the ground that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
for emergency tire changing on vehicles up to 11,000 and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
lbm (4 990 kg) gross vehicle weight. points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
6-1.2 Classification position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. The
A mechanical jack engaging the bumper system of a handle shall be capable of being operated to the jacks
vehicle is the classification for which this Part applies. rated capacity without sustaining functional damage.
To prevent accidental lowering, the jack shall require
6-1.3 Illustration intentional positive action by the operator for lowering
the load.
Figure 6-1 shows a typical bumper jack covered by
this Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive. 6-2.2 Design Requirement
6-1.4 Definitions The jack may have a detachable base, handle, and
bumper adapter so configured to enable proper engage-
bumper adapter: that portion of the jack which engages ment with the bumper at the lift points recommended
the vehicle manufacturers specified lift point. by the vehicle manufacturer. The jack shall be capable
durability test: a test to verify the jacks minimum cycle of lifting and sustaining its rated capacity throughout
life and its load lifting and sustaining capabilities. its range of travel.
Fig. 6-1 Typical Bumper Jack
21
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

6-2.3 Travel Limit 6-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING

Each jack shall be provided with a positive means to 6-4.1 Proof Test
prevent the load from being raised or lowered beyond For each design or design change that may affect the
the design limit of travel. jacks ability to meet this Standard, sample jacks built
6-2.4 Proof Load to design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform
Bumper jacks shall be capable of performing the proof specifications and no functional damage shall occur, nor
load test of para. 6-4.1.3 with a proof load of 150% of shall operational characteristics be detrimentally
rated capacity. affected.
6-2.5 Pivotal Fasteners 6-4.1.1 Durability Test. In the testing of all PALDs,
All pivotal fasteners shall be designed and assembled consideration shall be given to the anticipated useful
to resist lateral movement detrimental to the jacks per- life of each product, and the cumulative effects of
formance. repeated use and other potential changes in properties.
6-2.6 Finish ically at a cycling frequency that will not overheat the
The jack shall have a corrosion-resistant finish, con-
forming with ASTM B 117, for a minimum period of
use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
24 hr.
nance.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6-2.7 Lubrication 6-4.1.1.1 Laboratory Test. A new jack assembly
If needed, the jack shall be lubricated by the manufac- shall be used to lift a load applied to the load member
turer. through contact with a fixture simulating the vehicle lift
point. The load shall be equal to or greater than the
rated capacity throughout 28 lifts.
6-4.1.1.2 Vehicle Test. A new jack assembly shall
The following are examples of safety markings and be tested on an appropriately loaded vehicle in which
messages. the gross vehicle weight is equal to the jacks maximum
rated capacity. Passenger cars shall be loaded as follows:
6-3.1 Safety Markings (a) 150 lbm (68 kg), right front seat
Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series (b) 300 lbm (136 kg), rear seat
of standards. (c) 150 lbm (68 kg), luggage compartment
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions On light trucks, the rear axle shall be loaded to its
before operating this device. rated capacity; additional weight shall be added to the
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity. front of the vehicle to attain gross vehicle weight. The
(c) Use only on hard level surface. vehicle shall be raised on a hard level surface from a
(d) Use for emergency tire changing only. flat tire position to a 2.0 in. (51 mm) inflated tire to
(e) Never get beneath the vehicle when it is supported ground clearance for a total of 28 lifts, with an equal
by the jack. number of lifts at each lift point.
(f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- 6-4.1.2 Stability Test. A new jack assembly shall be
sonal injury and/or property damage. tested on an appropriately loaded vehicle in which the
gross vehicle weight is equal to the jacks maximum
Additional safety messages include the following. (a) 150 lbm (68 kg), right front seat
(a) Activate the hazard warning flasher, turn off igni- (b) 300 lbm (136 kg), rear seat
tion, set parking brake, move automatic shift selector to (c) 150 lbm (68 kg), luggage compartment
park position. In case of a manual transmission, move On light trucks, the rear axle shall be loaded to its
gear selector into reverse position. In addition, the wheel rated capacity. Additional weight shall be added to the
diagonally opposite from the wheel being lifted shall front of the vehicle to attain gross vehicle weight. The
be chocked in both directions. vehicle shall be raised on a hard level surface from a
(b) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by flat tire position to a 2.0 in. (51 mm) inflated tire to
the vehicle manufacturer. ground clearance. The test shall be performed with the
(c) Follow tire changing procedure specified by the transmission in park or reverse and the parking brake
vehicle manufacturers owners manual. set. A force of 50 lbf (222 N) shall be applied in a longitu-
(d) No alterations shall be made to this product. dinal direction to the vehicle, forward for 10 sec and
22
rearward for 10 sec. The same force shall then be applied on the same unloaded vehicle. Inability of the jack to
to the raised side of the vehicle, at least 30.0 in. (762 support the vehicle during this test constitutes failure.
mm) above the pavement near the jacking point, inward 6-4.1.3 Proof Load Test. A proof load, as defined in
for 10 sec and outward for 10 sec. This test shall be para. 6-2.4, shall be applied to the bumper adapter. The
performed at each lift point recommended by the vehicle load shall be lifted, sustained, and lowered throughout
manufacturer. This stability test shall then be repeated the range of travel.
23
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Part 7
Scissors Jacks
7-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION 7-2 DESIGN

7-1.1 Scope
This Part applies to self-contained automobile scissors that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
jacks designed for lifting one wheel of a vehicle clear and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
of the ground for emergency tire changing. points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
7-1.2 Classification position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. The
This Part applies to self-contained, scissors jacks using handle shall be capable of being operated to the jacks
linkages united by pivotal joints to transfer force into rated capacity without sustaining functional damage.
vertical lift. To prevent accidental lowering, the jack shall require
intentional positive action by the operator for lowering
7-1.3 Illustration the load.
Figure 7-1 shows a typical scissors jack covered by 7-2.2 Design Requirement
this Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive. The jack and handle shall be capable of lifting and
sustaining its rated capacity throughout its range of
7-1.4 Definitions travel.
durability test: a test to verify the jacks minimum cycle 7-2.3 Travel Limits
life and its load lifting and sustaining capabilities. Each lift shall be provided with a positive means to
heightweight (HT/WT) curve: a relationship of the height prevent the load from being raised or moved beyond
of the saddle to the jacks rated capacity. the designed limit of travel.
Saddle
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Screw
Handle
receptacle
Base
Jack handle
(03) Fig. 7-1 Typical Scissors Jack
24
7-2.4 Secondary Load Holding Means 7-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING

Lifts shall be provided with a device to prevent 7-4.1 Proof Test
unrestricted lowering of the load in the event of loss of For each design or design change that may affect the
pressure. jacks ability to meet this Standard, sample jacks built
7-2.5 Proof Load to design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform
The jack shall be capable of performing the proof load specifications and no functional damage shall occur, nor
test of para. 7-4.1.3 with a proof load of 150% of rated shall operational characteristics be detrimentally
capacity. affected.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
7-2.6 Pivotal Fasteners 7-4.1.1 Durability Test. In the testing of all PALDs,
All pivotal fasteners shall be designed and assembled consideration shall be given to the anticipated useful
to resist lateral movement detrimental to the jacks per- life of each product, and the cumulative effects of
formance. repeated use and other potential changes in properties.
7-2.7 Finish ically at a cycling frequency that will not overheat the
The jack shall have a corrosion resistant finish, con-
use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
24 hr.
nance.
7-2.8 Lubrication 7-4.1.1.1 Laboratory Test. A new jack assembly
If needed, the jack shall be lubricated by the manufac- shall be used to lift a load applied to the saddle through
turer. contact with a fixture simulating the vehicle lift point.
The load shall be equal to the load specified by the
heightweight curve 10% throughout 28 lifts.
7-4.1.1.2 Vehicle Test. A new jack assembly shall
The following are examples of safety markings and be tested on an appropriately loaded vehicle in which
messages. the gross vehicle weight is equal to the jacks maximum
7-3.1 Safety Markings (a) 150 lbm (68 kg), right front seat
Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series (b) 300 lbm (136 kg), rear seat
of standards. (c) 150 lbm (68 kg), luggage compartment
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions On light trucks, the rear axle shall be loaded to its
before operating this device. rated capacity. Additional weight shall be added to the
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity. front of the vehicle to attain gross vehicle weight. The
(c) Use only on hard level surface. vehicle shall be raised on a hard level surface from a
(d) Use for emergency tire changing only. flat tire position to a 2.0 in. (51 mm) inflated tire to
(e) Never get beneath the vehicle when it is supported ground clearance for a total of 28 lifts, with an equal
by the jack. number of lifts at each lift point.
(f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- 7-4.1.2 Stability Test. A new jack assembly shall be
sonal injury and/or property damage. tested on an appropriately loaded vehicle in which the
gross vehicle weight is equal to the jacks maximum
Additional safety messages include the following. (a) 150 lbm (68 kg), right front seat
(a) Activate the hazard warning flasher, turn off igni- (b) 300 lbm (136 kg), rear seat
tion, set parking brake, move automatic shift selector to (c) 150 lbm (68 kg), luggage compartment
park position. In case of a manual transmission, move On light trucks, the rear axle shall be loaded to its
gear selector into reverse position. In addition, the wheel rated capacity. Additional weight shall be added to the
diagonally opposite from the wheel being lifted shall front of the vehicle to attain gross vehicle weight. The
be chocked in both directions. vehicle shall be raised on a hard level surface from a
(b) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by flat tire position to a 2.0 in. (51 mm) inflated tire to
the vehicle manufacturer. ground clearance. The test shall be performed with the
(c) Follow tire changing procedure as per the vehicle automatic transmission in park or the manual transmis-
manufacturers owners manual. sion in gear and, in either case, the parking brake set.
(d) No alterations shall be made to this product. A force of 50 lbf (222 N) shall be applied in a longitudinal
25
direction to the vehicle, forward for 10 sec and rearward same unloaded vehicle. Inability of the jack to support
for 10 sec. The same force shall then be applied to the the vehicle during this test constitutes failure.
raised side of the vehicle, at least 30 in. (762 mm) above
the pavement near the jacking point, inward for 10 sec 7-4.1.3 Proof Load Test. The jack shall sustain a proof (03)
and outward for 10 sec. This test shall be performed at load for 10 min. equal to 150% of the rated capacity
each lift point recommended by the vehicle manufac- based on the height to weight curve at the following
turer. This stability test shall then be repeated on the positions: 35%, 60%, and 100% of the range of travel.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
26
Part 8
Mechanical Frame Jacks
8-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION 8-2.2 Design Requirement

8-1.1 Scope The jack and handle shall be capable of lifting and
sustaining its rated capacity throughout its range of
This Part applies to self-contained frame jacks
travel.
designed for lifting one wheel of a vehicle clear of the
ground for emergency tire changing.
8-2.3 Travel Limits
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
8-1.2 Classification The jack shall incorporate stops on the column to

This Part applies to a mechanical jack engaging the prevent disassembly of the saddle from the column.
frame of a vehicle.
8-2.4 Proof Load
8-1.3 Illustration Mechanical frame jacks shall be capable of performing
Figure 8-1 shows a typical frame jack covered by this the proof load test of para. 8-4.1.3 with a proof load of
Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive. 150% of rated capacity.
8-1.4 Definitions 8-2.5 Pivotal Fasteners

durability test: a test to verify the jacks minimum cycle All pivotal fasteners shall be designed and assembled
life and its load lifting and sustaining capabilities. to resist lateral movement detrimental to the jacks per-
height weight (HT/WT) curve: a relationship of the height formance.
of the saddle to the jacks rated capacity.
8-2.6 Finish
8-2 DESIGN The jack shall have a corrosion-resistant finish, con-

8-2.1 Operating Controls 24 hr.
that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator 8-2.7 Lubrication
and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch If needed, the jack shall be lubricated by the manufac-
points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation turer.
handle shall be capable of being operated to the jacks 8-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES
rated capacity without sustaining functional damage.
To prevent accidental lowering, the jack shall require
messages.
intentional positive action by the operator for lowering
the load.
of standards.
(c) Use only on hard level surface.
(d) Use for emergency tire changing only.
(e) Never get beneath the vehicle when it is supported
by the jack.
Fig. 8-1 Typical Frame Jack sonal injury and/or property damage.
27
8-3.2 Safety Messages the gross vehicle weight is equal to the jacks maximum
Additional safety messages include the following. rated capacity. Passenger cars shall be loaded as follows:
(a) Activate the hazard warning flasher, turn off igni- (a) 150 lbm (68 kg), right front seat
tion, set parking brake, move automatic shift selector to (b) 300 lbm (136 kg), rear seat
park position. In case of a manual transmission, move (c) 150 lbm (68 kg), luggage compartment
gear selector into reverse position. In addition, the wheel On light trucks, the rear axle shall be loaded to its
diagonally opposite from the wheel being lifted shall rated capacity. Additional weight shall be added to the
be chocked in both directions. front of the vehicle to attain gross vehicle weight. The
(b) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by vehicle shall be raised on a hard level surface from a
the vehicle manufacturer. flat tire position to a 2.0 in. (51 mm) inflated tire to
(c) Follow tire changing procedure as per the vehicle ground clearance for a total of 28 lifts, with an equal
manufacturers owners manual. number of lifts at each lift point.
(d) No alterations shall be made to this product.
8-4.1.2 Stability Test. A new jack assembly shall be
tested on an appropriately loaded vehicle in which the
8-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING gross vehicle weight is equal to the jacks maximum
8-4.1 Proof Test rated capacity. Passenger cars shall be loaded as follows:
(a) 150 lbm (68 kg), right front seat
(b) 300 lbm (136 kg), rear seat
(c) 150 lbm (68 kg), luggage compartment
with this Standard, the jacks shall perform to design On light trucks, the rear axle shall be loaded to its
specifications and no functional damage shall occur, nor rated capacity. Additional weight shall be added to the
shall operational characteristics be detrimentally front of the vehicle to attain gross vehicle weight. The
affected. vehicle shall be raised on a hard level surface from a
flat tire position to a 2.0 in. (51 mm) inflated tire to
8-4.1.1 Durability Test. In the testing of all PALDs, ground clearance. The test shall be performed with the
consideration shall be given to the anticipated useful automatic transmission in park or the manual transmis-
life of each product, and the cumulative effects of sion in gear and, in either case, the parking brake set.
repeated use and other potential changes in properties. A force of 50 lbf (222 N) shall be applied in a longitudinal
Durability tests shall be performed manually or mechan- direction to the vehicle, forward for 10 sec and rearward
ically at a cycling frequency that will not overheat the for 10 sec. The same force shall then be applied to the
PALD. The PALD shall be subjected to the manufactur- raised side of the vehicle, at least 30.0 in. (762 mm) above
ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of the pavement near the jacking point, inward for 10 sec
use, employing no more than recommended mainte- and outward for 10 sec. This test shall be performed at
nance. each lift point recommended by the vehicle manufac-
8-4.1.1.1 Laboratory Test. A new jack assembly turer. This stability test shall then be repeated on the
shall be used to lift a load applied to the saddle through same unloaded vehicle. Inability of the jack to support
contact with a fixture simulating the vehicle lift point. the vehicle during this test constitutes failure.
The load shall be equal to the load specified by the
8-4.1.3 Proof Load Test. The jack shall sustain a proof (03)
heightweight curve 10% throughout 28 lifts.
load for 10 min. equal to 150% of the rated capacity
8-4.1.1.2 Vehicle Test. A new jack assembly shall based on the height to weight curve at the following
be tested on an appropriately loaded vehicle in which positions: 35%, 60%, and 100% of the range of travel.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
28
Part 9
Upright Type Mobile Lifts
9-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION dynamic restraint: a device used to prevent the lifting
member from extending to its full stroke in an unre-
9-1.1 Scope
strained manner if the load is suddenly removed from
This Part applies to hydraulic, pneumatic, and the lift.
mechanical upright type mobile lifts characterized by a lift, hydraulic: a lift that is actuated by a hydraulic power
pair of laterally spaced lifting members that raise and source.
lower in unison, and are so arranged as to contact the
vehicle at two points across its axis of symmetry on the lift, pneumatic: lift that is actuated by a pneumatic power
bumper, bumper supports, or frame members for the source.
purpose of raising the wheels of one end of the vehicle load limiting device: device that limits the lifting capacity
free of the ground. of the lift.
9-2 DESIGN
Hydraulic (with and without internal load limiting
devices), pneumatic (with and without dynamic 9-2.1 Operating Controls
restraints), and mechanical are the three classifications Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
for which this Part applies. that they are readily visible and accessible to the opera-
tor, and so that the operator will not be subjected to
9-1.3 Illustration pinch points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The
Figure 9-1 shows a typical upright type mobile lift operation of controls should be clear to the operator
either by position, function, labeling, or combination
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
covered by this Part; it is not intended to be all-inclusive.

thereof. The release system shall require intentional posi-
9-1.4 Definitions tive action by the operator for release to prevent acciden-
base: the stationary portion of a lift to which lifting mem- tal lowering.
bers are attached. 9-2.2 Travel Limits
Each lift shall be provided with a positive means to
prevent the load from being raised or moved beyond
the design limit of travel.
Operating
controls 9-2.3 Overload Capacity
All lifts shall be designed to meet the requirements
of para. 9-2.4 of this Part as minimum overload capacity.
9-2.4 Proof Load

(a) Lifts not equipped with internal load limiting
devices shall be capable of performing the proof load
Saddle
test of para. 9-4.1.6 with a proof load of 150% of rated
capacity.
Saddle (b) Lifts equipped with internal load limiting devices
shall, when the load limiting device is deactivated, be
capable of performing the proof load test of para. 9-4.1.6
with a proof load of 125% of rated capacity.
Base
9-2.5 Secondary Load Holding Means
Lifting member Lifts shall be equipped with a device to prevent
unrestricted lowering of the load in the event of loss of
(03) Fig. 9-1 Typical Upright-Type Mobile Lift pressure.
29
9-2.6 Saddles that the vertical height of the lifting member shall not
The saddles shall have raised protrusions, such as a change until the load is completely removed. The lift
tang or rail, on the leading edge to act as a load restraint. shall not leave the ground more than 1.0 ft (305 mm). The
Means shall be incorporated to limit the outward lateral lifting member, saddles, and attachments shall remain
adjustment of the saddles. affixed to the lift assembly.
9-4.1.2 Load Limiting Device Test. Lifts equipped with (03)
9-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES internal load limiting devices shall be raised against a
measured load until the load limiting device is activated,
The following are examples of safety markings and at which time the lift must have been supporting no
messages. less than 100% of its rated capacity and no more than
125% of its rated capacity.
9-4.1.3 Load Sustaining Test. A load not less than the
rated capacity shall be applied to the lifting member at
of standards.
approximately 100% of its lifting range with the second-
ary load holding means deactivated. The load shall not
lower more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) in the first minute,
nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in 10 min.
(d) Load saddles equally. 9-4.1.4 Secondary Load Holding Means Test. Lifts
(e) Lifting device only. Immediately after lifting, sup- shall be loaded to not less than rated capacity and oper-
port the vehicle with appropriate means. ated to raise the load. When the internal pressure is
(f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- released, the secondary load holding means shall auto-
sonal injury and/or property damage. matically stop the lift and hold the load within a descent
of 7.0 in. (178 mm).
9-4.1.5 Release Test. A load not less than the rated
Additional safety messages include the following. capacity shall be applied to the lifting member at approx-
(a) Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by imately 100% of its lifting range. The release mechanism
the manufacturer shall be used. shall be operated to control the rate of descent to no
(b) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by more than 3.0 in./sec (76 mm/s).
the vehicle manufacturer. NOTE: In normal use, a rate of descent greater than 3.0 in./sec
(c) No alterations shall be made to this product. (76 mm/s) is expected.
9-4.1.6 Proof Load Test. A proof load as defined in

9-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING para 9-2.4 shall be applied to the saddles. The load shall
be lifted, sustained, and lowered throughout the range
9-4.1 Proof Tests of travel at full extension of all saddles. For purposes
For each design or design change that may affect the of this test, any load limiting device may be deactivated.
lifts ability to meet this Standard, sample lifts built to
design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform
with this Standard, the lifts shall perform to design speci-
fications and no functional damage shall occur, nor shall
operational characteristics be detrimentally affected.
9-4.1.1 Instantaneous Load Loss Test. Pneumatic lifts ically at a cycling frequency that will not overheat the
shall be loaded to rated capacity and the lifting member PALD. The PALD shall be subjected to the manufactur-
raised to a height determined to provide the maximum ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of
momentum to the lifting member, should the load be use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
removed. The load shall be removed in such a manner nance.
30 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Part 10
Service Jacks
10-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
ILLUSTRATIONS points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
10-1.1 Scope of controls should be clear to the operator either by
This Part applies to self-contained service jacks used
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

for lifting, but not sustaining, a partial vehicular load. by the operator for release to prevent accidental low-
10-1.2 Classification ering.
Hydraulic, pneumatic, pneumatic/hydraulic, and 10-2.2 Travel Limits

mechanical are the four classifications for which this Each jack shall be provided with a positive means to
Part applies. prevent the load from being raised or lowered beyond
10-1.3 Illustrations the designed limit of travel.
Figures 10-1 and 10-2 show typical jacks covered by 10-2.3 Overload Capacity
this Part and are not intended to be all-inclusive.
All jacks shall be designed to meet the overload capac-
10-1.4 Definitions ities as stated in (a) and (b) below.
jack, hydraulic service: a device in which the lift arm is (a) Service jacks not equipped with internal load lim-
actuated by a hydraulic pump. iting devices shall be capable of performing the proof
load test of para. 10-4.1.5 with a proof load of 150% of
jack, mechanical service: a service jack in which the lift rated capacity.
arm is actuated by mechanical means such as levers, (b) Service jacks equipped with internal load limiting
cables, gears, screws, ratchets, and pawls. devices shall be capable of performing the proof load
jack, pneumatic/hydraulic service: a service jack in which test of para. 10-4.1.5 with a proof load of 125% of rated
the lift arm is actuated by a mechanism that utilizes a capacity.
relatively incompressible fluid, such as oil, as the force
transmitting means, actuated by a pneumatic power 10-2.4 Saddle Periphery
source. The jack shall be designed to ensure that the saddle
jack, pneumatic service: a service jack in which the lift remains within 3 deg parallel to the surface that the jack
arm is actuated by a mechanism that utilizes compressed is supported by throughout the entire lifting range. The
air as the force transmitting medium. saddle periphery, throughout the entire lifting range,
shall not move outside the imaginary perimeter estab-
jack, service: a self-contained device designed for lifting,
lished by lines connecting centerlines of the front and
but not sustaining, a partial vehicular load, consisting
rear wheels and/or caster pivot points (see Fig. 10-3).
of a frame with wheels and/or swivel casters supporting
a mechanism that actuates a pivoting lift arm equipped
with a saddle. 10-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES
lift arm: the main lifting member through which the force The following are examples of safety markings and
is transferred from the power unit to the saddle. messages.
saddle periphery: the highest points of contact between
the saddle and the load on the outermost edge of the
saddle, including any upward protrusion such as lugs, Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
lips, or tangs. of standards.
10-2 DESIGN
10-2.1 Operating Controls (c) Use only on hard level surface.
Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner (d) Lifting device only. Immediately after lifting, sup-
that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator port the vehicle with appropriate means.
31
Saddle
Actuating
Lift arm handle
Saddle
Lift arm
Actuating
handle
Operating control
(03) Fig. 10-1 Typical Hydraulic Service Jacks
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 32
Actuating handle
Pneumatic hook-up
Lift arm
Saddle
Actuating handle
Pneumatic hook-up
Saddle
Lift arm
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Fig. 10-2 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Service Jacks (03)
33
Fig. 10-3 Saddle Periphery Limits
(e) Do not move or dolly the vehicle while on the jack.


Additional safety messages include the following.
(a) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by
the vehicle manufacturer.
(b) No alterations shall be made to this product.
10-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TSTING

10-4.1 Proof Tests
affected. Prior to each test below, the jack shall be placed
on a smooth, flat surface with the rear wheels or casters
in contact with the surface and loaded with sufficient
force to remove all vertical play in the wheels or casters.
(03) 10-4.1.1 Load Limiting Device Test. Service jacks
equipped with internal load limiting devices shall be
pumped against a measured load with the lift arm in Fig. 10-4 Saddle Periphery Test
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the horizontal position until the load limiting device
is activated, at which time the jack must have been
supporting no less than 100% of the rated capacity nor (b) full extension
more than 125% of rated capacity. (c) a position measured midway between points (a)
and (b)
10-4.1.2 Load Sustaining Test. A load not less than
The release mechanism shall be operated through 1
the rated capacity shall be applied centrally to the saddle
in. (25.4 mm) of travel to control the rate of descent to
of the jack with the lift arm in the horizontal position.
no more than 1.0 in./sec (25.4 mm/s) at each specified
The load shall not lower more than 18 in. (3.18 mm) in
point.
the first minute, nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in
10 min. 10-4.1.4 Saddle Periphery Test. The lift point of the (03)
(03) 10-4.1.3 Release Mechanism Test. A load not less jack at the saddle shall be divided, using imaginary
than the jacks rated capacity shall be applied centrally lines, into segments as shown in Fig. 10-4, sketches (a),
to the saddle and the test performed at three points: (b), and (c). Lift point No. 1 of the saddle periphery
(see Definitions in Introduction) shall be loaded to rated
(a) lift arm horizontal1
capacity, the load to be applied over a contact area not
1 greater than 1.0 in.2 (645 mm2). The jack shall be tested
For jacks with arched or curved lifting arms, the measurement
for determining when the lift arm is in the horizontal position throughout the range of the jack. The load shall be
shall be taken at the highest point of the arch. removed and the jack checked for compliance with para.
34
10-2.4. The procedure shall be repeated until all repeated with the extender in the fully extended position
remaining lift points of the saddle periphery have been and/or with the adapter in place.
tested in lift point Nos. 2 through 4. The orientation of
the lift points of saddles that are neither square nor
circular shall be rotated for each successive test to pro-
vide the maximum distance from the saddle centerline
to the load point on the segment line. This test shall be
repeated with the extender in the fully extended position
and/or with the adapter in place.
(03) 10-4.1.5 Proof Load Test. A proof load as defined in ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of
para. 10-2.3 shall be applied centrally to the saddle of use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
the jack. The load shall be lifted throughout the lifting nance.
range. For purposes of this test, any internal load lim-
iting device may be deactivated. This test shall be
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
35
Part 11
Wheel Dollies
11-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND and shall be designed so that the operator will not be
ILLUSTRATION subjected to pinch points, sharp edges, or snagging haz-
11-1.1 Scope ards. The operation of controls should be clear to the
operator either by position, function, labeling, or combi-
This Part applies to hydraulic and mechanical wheel nation thereof. The release system shall require inten-
dollies characterized by a pair of laterally spaced lifting tional positive action by the operator for release to
members that raise and lower in unison and are so prevent accidental lowering.
arranged as to contact the vehicle wheel(s) at two areas
on its circumference for the purpose of raising, remov- 11-2.2 Travel Limit
ing, transporting, and replacing wheel and tire assem-
Each wheel dolly shall be provided with a positive
blies.
means to prevent the load from being raised or lowered
11-1.2 Classification beyond the design limit of travel.
Hydraulic and mechanical are the two classifications 11-2.3 Overload Capacity
for which this Part applies.
All wheel dollies shall be designed to meet the require-
11-1.3 Illustration ments of para. 11-2.4 as minimum overload capacity.
Figure 11-1 shows typical wheel dollies covered by
11-2.4 Proof Load
this Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive.
Wheel dollies shall be capable of performing the proof
11-1.4 Definitions load test of para. 11-4.1.2 with a proof load of 150% of
lift: a PALD characterized by a pair of laterally spaced rated capacity.
lifting members that raise and lower in unison, used to
raise the wheels of one end of the vehicle free of the 11-2.5 Rollers
ground. The lifting member shall be equipped with rollers to
lifting frame: the stationary portion of a wheel dolly to permit the rotation of wheel assemblies for the purpose
which the lifting member is attached and on which it of aligning bolt holes to their mating wheel studs.
operates.
11-2.6 Load Restraint
load restraint: a device supplied by the manufacturer to
retain the load on the lift platform. The load restraint shall be so designed and positioned
as to prevent the inadvertent loss of the load during
rollers: mechanisms attached to the lifting member which
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
operation and movement of the wheel dolly.
rotate about the lifting member.
wheel dolly: a PALD characterized by a pair of laterally 11-2.7 Tilt Mechanism
spaced lifting members which are used to raise, remove, When a tilt mechanism is provided, it shall be so
transport, and replace automotive wheel and tire assem- designed to allow the lifting member to be adjusted
blies. relative to the horizontal plane, and it shall require inten-
wheel dolly, hydraulic: a wheel dolly that employs a tional positive action by the operator to change the angle
hydraulic pump. of tilt.
wheel dolly, mechanical: a wheel dolly that employs
mechanical means such as cables, gears, screws, or 11-3 SAFTEY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES
chains as the force transmitting medium.
messages.
11-2 DESIGN
11-2.1 Operating Controls 11-3.1 Safety Markings
Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator of standards.
36
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Fig. 11-1 Typical Wheel Dollies
37
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions mechanism shall be operated to control the rate of
before operating this device. descent to no more than 3.0 in./sec (76 mm/s).
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity. NOTE: In normal use, a rate of descent greater than 3.0 in./sec
(c) Use only on hard level surface. (76 mm/s) is expected.
(d) Before moving, lower the load to the lowest possi- 11-4.1.1.3 Tilt Mechanism Test (If So Equipped). (03)
ble point. With the wheel dolly loaded as defined in para. 11-4.1.1
(e) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- and with the lift member at its maximum height, the tilt
sonal injury and/or property damage. mechanism shall be manipulated throughout its entire
range of adjustment.
Additional safety messages include the following. 11-4.1.1.4 Mobility Test. The wheel dolly, while (03)
(a) Apply load as close to the vertical portion of the loaded as defined in para. 11-4.1.1, shall be moved at
lifting member as possible. 1.5 ft/sec (457 mm/s) to 2.0 ft/sec (610 mm/s) across
(b) Before moving the load, assure that the load is a 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) high, 15 deg slope rise in the floor,
centered and secured with a load restraint device. and a 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) drop to the floor, at an approach
(c) No alterations shall be made to this product. angle that will bring only one caster or wheel at a time
in contact with the rise and drop. The wheel dolly shall
not lose the load or tip over.
11-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING
11-4.1.1.5 Stability Test. The wheel dolly, while (03)
11-4.1 Proof Tests loaded as defined in para. 11-4.1.1, shall be moved at
For each design or design change that may affect the 1.5 ft/sec (457 mm/s) to 2.0 ft/sec (610 mm/s) against
wheel dollys ability to meet this Standard, sample wheel a 2.0 in. (51 mm) high vertical rise 90 deg to the direction
dollies built to design specifications shall be proof tested. of movement at an approach angle that will bring one
To conform with this Standard, the wheel dolly shall or two wheels or casters in contact with the rise at the
perform to design specifications and no functional dam- point of greatest instability. The wheel dolly shall not
age shall occur, nor shall operational characteristics be lose the load or tip over.
detrimentally affected.
11-4.1.1 Operational Test. A static load, not less than para. 11-2.4 shall be applied to the lifting member. The
the rated capacity of the wheel dolly, shall be applied load shall be applied centrally between the rollers and
centrally between the rollers with the load center of located midway between the front and rear of the lifting
gravity approximately 1.0 ft (305 mm) from the vertical member. The load shall be lifted throughout the range
portion of the lifting member. The load center of gravity of travel.
shall be not less than 27.0 in. (686 mm) from the floor.
(03) 11-4.1.1.1 Load Sustaining Test. The load, as consideration shall be given to the anticipated useful
defined in para. 11-4.1.1, shall be applied to the lifting life of each product, and the cumulative effects of
member at approximately 100% of its lifting range. The
load shall not lower more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) in
the first minute, nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in
10 min.
(03) 11-4.1.1.2 Release Test. The load, as defined in ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of
para. 11-4.1.1, shall be applied to the lifting member use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
at approximately 100% of its lifting range. The release nance.
38
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Part 12
Shop Cranes
12-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND sling: an assembly to be used for lifting when connected
ILLUSTRATION to a lifting mechanism at the slings upper end and when
supporting a load at the slings lower end.
12-1.1 Scope
This Part applies to self-contained shop cranes charac-
terized by a pair of laterally spaced legs, an upright 12-2 DESIGN
mast, pivoting boom with a boom extension and hook,
and a power unit to move the boom up and down at a
pivot point for the purpose of raising, removing, trans- Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
porting in the lowered position, and replacing automo- that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
bile engines/transmissions and other components. This and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
Part applies to shop cranes of 8,000 lbm (3 636 kg) capac- points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
ity or less. of controls should be clear to the operator either by
12-1.2 Classification release system shall require intentional positive action
Hydraulic and pneumatic/hydraulic are the two clas- by the operator for release to prevent accidental low-
sifications for which this Part applies. ering.
12-1.3 Illustration 12-2.2 Travel Limit

Figure 12-1 shows typical shop cranes covered by this Each shop crane shall be provided with a positive
Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive. means to prevent the load from being raised or lowered
beyond the design limit of travel.
12-1.4 Definitions
12-2.3 Overload Capacity
base: the structure of a shop crane to which the upright
mast and leg extensions are attached. All shop cranes shall be designed to meet the require-
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ments of para. 12-2.4 as minimum overload capacity.

boom: the pivoting portion of the PALD to which the
hydraulic unit is attached to raise and lower loads. 12-2.4 Proof Load
boom extension: that integral portion of the boom that
(a) Shop cranes not equipped with internal load lim-
provides adjustment of the effective boom length.
iting devices shall be capable of performing the proof
leg extension: that integral portion of the leg that provides load test of para. 12-4.1.6 with a proof load of 150% of
adjustment of the effective leg length. rated capacity.
load hook: a device at the end of the boom extension to (b) Shop cranes equipped with internal load limiting
which the load is applied. devices shall, when the load limiting device is deacti-
vated, be capable of performing the proof load test of
mast, upright: the upright structure mounted to the base
para. 12-4.1.6 with a proof load of 125% of rated capacity.
to which the boom is attached.
shop crane: a PALD characterized by a pair of laterally 12-2.5 Load Hook
spaced legs, an upright mast, pivoting boom with a
The shop crane shall be provided with a load hook
boom extension, and hook which is used to raise and
and/or chain at the end of the boom extension that is
remove automotive components for service.
capable of sustaining the proof loads of the unit. The
shop crane, hydraulic: a shop crane that is actuated by a load hook shall be provided with a latching mechanism.
hydraulic pump.
shop crane, pneumatic/hydraulic: a crane in which the
boom is actuated by a mechanism that utilizes a rela-
tively incompressible fluid, such as oil, as the force trans- The following are examples of safety markings and
mitting means, actuated by a pneumatic power source. messages.
39
Boom Boom extension

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Load
Actuating hook
handle
Hydraulic
unit
Base
Boom
Boom extension
Hydraulic
unit
Load hook
Base
(03) Fig. 12-1 Typical Shop Cranes
40
12-3.1 Safety Markings horizontal position until the load limiting device is acti-
Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series vated, at which time the jack must have been supporting
of standards. no less than 100% of its rated capacity and no more than
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions 125% of its rated capacity.
before operating this device. 12-4.1.4 Mobility Test. The shop crane, with rated
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity. load center of gravity 2.0 ft (610 mm) off the floor and
(c) Use only on hard level surface. boom in the horizontal position, shall be moved forward
(d) Before moving, lower the load to the lowest possi- in a direction parallel to the boom at a minimum of 1.5
ble point. ft/sec (457 mm/s) to 2.0 ft/sec (610 mm/s) across a 0.5
(e) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- in. (12.7 mm) high, 15 deg slope rise in the floor, and a
sonal injury and/or property damage. 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) drop to the floor, at an approach angle
that will bring only one caster or wheel at a time in
12-3.2 Safety Messages contact with the rise and drop. The shop crane shall
Additional safety messages include the following. traverse the rise and drop without loss of load or tip-
(a) Use only slings or chains with a rated capacity ping over.
greater than the weight of the load being lifted. 12-4.1.5 Stability Test. The shop crane, with rated
(b) Do not allow load to swing or drop violently while load center of gravity 2.0 ft (610 mm) below the hook
lowering or moving. and boom in the fully raised position, shall be moved
(c) No alterations shall be made to this product. forward in a direction parallel to the boom at 5.0 in./sec
(127 mm/s) to 7.0 in./sec (178 mm/s) against a 2.0 in.
12-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING (51 mm) high vertical rise 90 deg to the direction of
movement that will bring the front wheels or casters in
12-4.1 Proof Tests
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
contact with the vertical rise. The shop crane shall not
For each design or design change that may affect the lose the load or tip over. The test shall be repeated with
shop cranes ability to meet this Standard, sample shop the movement in the opposite direction.
cranes built to design specifications shall be proof tested.
To conform with this Standard, the shop crane shall
para. 12-2.4 shall be applied to the boom extension. The
perform to design specification and no functional dam-
load shall be lifted throughout the range of travel with
age shall occur, nor shall operational characteristics be
the load located on the hook at the end of the boom
detrimentally affected. The test below shall be per-
extension. For this test, any internal load limiting device
formed with the boom at the fully extended and fully
may be deactivated.
retracted positions.
the rated capacity shall be applied to the hook with the
boom in the horizontal position. The load shall not lower
more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) in the first minute, nor a
total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in 10 min.
12-4.1.2 Release Mechanism Test. A load not less PALD. The PALD shall be subjected to the manufactur-
than the rated capacity shall be applied to the hook with ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of
the boom at its maximum lifting height. The release use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
mechanism shall be operated to control the rate of nance.
descent to no more than 3.0 in./sec (76 mm/s).
NOTE: In normal use, a rate of descent greater than 3.0 in./sec
(76 mm/s) is expected. 12-5 ATTACHMENT AND ADAPTERS
(03) 12-4.1.3 Load Limiting Device Test. Shop cranes Slings and/or chains used in conjunction with a shop
equipped with internal load limiting devices shall be crane shall have a rated capacity greater than the weight
pumped against a measured load with the boom in the of the object being lifted.
41
Part 13
Swing Type Mobile Lifts
13-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND 13-2 DESIGN

ILLUSTRATION 13-2.1 Operating Controls
13-1.1 Scope Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
This Part applies to pneumatic swing type mobile that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
lifts characterized by a pair of laterally spaced lifting and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
members that raise and lower in unison, and are so points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
arranged as to contact the vehicle at two points across of controls should be clear to the operator either by
its axis of symmetry on the bumper, bumper supports, position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. The
axle, or frame members for the purpose of raising the release system shall require intentional positive action
wheels of one end of a vehicle free of the ground. by the operator for release to prevent accidental low-
ering.
13-2.2 Travel Limit
Pneumatic is the only classification for which this Part
applies. Each lift shall be provided with a positive means to
prevent the load from being raised or moved beyond
13-1.3 Illustration the design limit of travel.
Figure 13-1 shows a typical swing type mobile lift 13-2.3 Overload Capacity
covered by this Part and is not intended to be all-
All lifts shall be designed to meet the requirements
inclusive.
of para. 13-2.4 as minimum overload capacity.
13-1.4 Definitions
13-2.4 Proof Load
base: the stationary portion of a lift to which lifting mem-
bers are attached. (a) Lifts not equipped with internal load limiting
dynamic restraint: a device used to prevent the lifting test of para. 13-4.1.5 with a proof load of 150% of rated
member from extending to its full stroke in an unre- capacity.
strained manner if the load is suddenly removed from (b) Lifts equipped with internal load limiting devices
the lift. shall, when the load limiting device is deactivated, be
lift, pneumatic: a lift that is actuated by a pneumatic capable of performing the proof load test of para. 13-
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
power source. 4.1.5 with a proof load of 125% of rated capacity.

Lifts shall be equipped with a device to prevent
air pressure.
13-2.6 Saddles
The saddles shall have raised protrusions, such as a
tang or rail, on the edges to act as a load restraint.

messages.
Fig. 13-1 Typical Swing-Type Mobile Lift of standards.
42
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions mm). The lifting member, saddles, and attachments shall
before operating this device. remain affixed to the lift assembly.
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity. 13-4.1.2 Load Sustaining Test. A load not less than
(c) Use only on hard level surface. the rated capacity shall be applied to the lifting member
(d) Load saddles equally. at approximately 100% of its lifting range with the sec-
(e) Lifting device only. Immediately after lifting, sup- ondary load holding means deactivated. The load shall
port the vehicle with appropriate means. not lower more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) in the first
(f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- minute, nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in 10 min.
sonal injury and/or property damage. 13-4.1.3 Secondary Load Holding Means to Test Pneu-
matic Lifts. Lifts shall be loaded to not less than rated
capacity and operated to raise the load. When the inter-
Additional safety messages include the following. nal air pressure is released, the secondary load holding
(a) Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by means shall automatically stop the lift and hold the load
the manufacturer shall be used. within a descent of 7.0 in. (178 mm).
(b) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by 13-4.1.4 Release Test. A load not less than the rated
the vehicle manufacturer. capacity shall be applied to the lifting member at approx-
(c) No alterations shall be made to this product. imately 100% of its lifting range. The release mechanism
shall be operated to control the rate of descent to no
more than 3.0 in./sec (76 mm/s).
13-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING NOTE: In normal use, a rate of descent greater than 3 in./sec (76
mm/s) is expected.
13-4.1 Proof Tests
For each design or design change that may affect the para. 13-2.4 shall be applied to the saddles. The load
lifts ability to meet this Standard, sample lifts built to shall be lifted, sustained, and lowered throughout the
design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform range of travel at full extension of all saddles. For this
with this Standard, the lifts shall perform to design speci- test, any load limiting device may be deactivated.
operational characteristics be detrimentally affected. 13-4.1.6 Durability Test. In the testing of all PALDs,
13-4.1.1 Instantaneous Load Loss Test. Pneumatic life of each product, and the cumulative effects of
lifts shall be loaded to rated capacity and the lifting repeated use and other potential changes in properties.
member raised to a height determined to provide the Durability tests shall be performed manually or mechan-
maximum momentum to the lifting member, should the ically at a cycling frequency that will not overheat the
load be removed. The load shall be removed in such a PALD. The PALD shall be subjected to the manufactur-
manner that the vertical height of the lifting member ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of
shall not change until the load is completely removed. use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
The lift shall not leave the ground more than 1.0 ft (305 nance.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
43
Part 14
Scissors Type Mobile Lifts
14-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND lift, hydraulic: a lift that is actuated by a hydraulic power
ILLUSTRATION source.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
14-1.1 Scope lift, pneumatic: a lift that is actuated by a pneumatic

This Part applies to pneumatic and hydraulic scissors power source.
type mobile lifts characterized by a pair of laterally
spaced lifting members that raise and lower in a scissors 14-2 DESIGN
action and are so arranged as to contact the vehicle at
two points across its axis of symmetry on the bumper, 14-2.1 Operating Controls
bumper supports, or frame members for the purpose of Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
raising the wheels of one end of a vehicle free of the that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
ground. and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
Pneumatic and hydraulic are the only classifications position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. The
for which this Part applies. release system shall require intentional positive action
by the operator for release to prevent accidental low-
14-1.3 Illustration
ering.
Figure 14-1 shows a typical scissors type mobile lift
covered by this Part and is not intended to be all- 14-2.2 Travel Limit
inclusive. Each lift shall be provided with a positive means to
14-1.4 Definitions prevent the load from being raised or moved beyond
the design limit of travel.
base: the stationary portion of a lift to which lifting mem-
bers are attached. 14-2.3 Overload Capacity
dynamic restraint: a device used to prevent the lifting All lifts shall be designed to meet the requirements
member from extending to its full stroke in an unre- of para. 14-2.4 as minimum overload capacity.
strained manner if the load is suddenly removed from
the lift. 14-2.4 Proof Load
(a) Lifts not equipped with internal load limiting
test of para. 14-4.1.6 with a proof load of 150% of rated
capacity.
(b) Lifts equipped with internal load limiting devices
shall, when the load limiting device is deactivated, be
capable of performing the proof load test of para. 14-4.1.6
with a proof load of 125% of rated capacity.

Lifts shall be equipped with a device to prevent
air pressure.
14-2.6 Saddles
The saddles shall have raised protrusions, such as a
tang or rail, on the edges to act as a load restraint.
Means shall be incorporated to limit the outward lateral
Fig. 14-1 Typical Scissors-Type Mobile Lift adjustment of the saddles.
44
14-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES 14-4.1.2 Load Limiting Device Test. Lifts equipped (03)
with internal load limiting devices shall be raised against
a measured load until the load limiting device is acti-
messages.
vated, at which time the jack must have been supporting
14-3.1 Safety Markings no less than 100% of its rated capacity and no more than
Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series 125% of its rated capacity.
of standards. 14-4.1.3 Load Sustaining Test. A load not less than
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions the rated capacity shall be applied to the lifting member
before operating this device. at approximately 100% of its lifting range with the sec-
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity. ondary load holding means deactivated. The load shall
(c) Use only on hard level surface. not lower more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) in the first
(d) Load saddles equally. minute, nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in 10 min.
(e) Lifting device only. Immediately after lifting, sup-
port the vehicle with appropriate means. 14-4.1.4 Secondary Load Holding Means to Test Pneu-
(f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- matic Lifts. Lifts shall be loaded to not less than rated
sonal injury and/or property damage. capacity and operated to raise the load. When the inter-
nal air pressure is released, the secondary load holding
14-3.2 Safety Messages means shall automatically stop the lift and hold the load
Additional safety messages include the following. within a descent of 7.0 in. (178 mm).
(a) Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by
the manufacturer shall be used. 14-4.1.5 Release Test. A load not less than the rated
(b) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by capacity shall be applied to the lifting member at approx-
the vehicle manufacturer. imately 100% of its lifting range. The release mechanism
(c) No alterations shall be made to this product. shall be operated to control the rate of descent to no
more than 3.0 in./sec (76 mm/s).
14-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING (76 mm/s) is expected.
14-4.1 Proof Tests
For each design or design change that may affect the para. 14-2.4 shall be applied to the saddles. The load
lifts ability to meet this Standard, sample lifts built to shall be lifted, sustained, and lowered throughout the
design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform
range of travel at full extension of all saddles. For pur-
with this Standard, the lifts shall perform to design speci-
poses of this test, any internal load limiting device may
be deactivated.
operational characteristics be detrimentally affected.
14-4.1.1 Instantaneous Load Loss Test. Pneumatic 14-4.1.7 Durability Test. In the testing of all PALDs,
lifts shall be loaded to rated capacity and the lifting consideration shall be given to the anticipated useful
member raised to a height determined to provide the life of each product, and the cumulative effects of
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
maximum momentum to the lifting member, should the repeated use and other potential changes in properties.
load be removed. The load shall be removed in such a Durability tests shall be performed manually or mechan-
manner that the vertical height of the lifting member ically at a cycling frequency that will not overheat the
shall not change until the load is completely removed. PALD. The PALD shall be subjected to the manufactur-
The lift shall not leave the ground more than 1.0 ft (305 ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of
mm). The lifting member, saddles, and attachments shall use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
remain affixed to the lift assembly. nance.
45
Part 15
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Auxiliary Stands
15-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND base: that portion of the stand which rests on the ground
ILLUSTRATION and holds the adjustable column.
15-1.1 Scope freestanding: when initially positioned vertically, without
a load, able to stand in an upright position without the
This Part applies to self-contained auxiliary stands
application of external forces.
designed as a means of partial support for, and the
positioning of, vehicle components during their installa- locking device: the mechanism used to hold the column
tion/removal, but not for use in stabilizing or supporting in the selected height position.
vehicles. This Part does not apply to devices classified
as vehicle support stands (see Part 4), to units whose 15-2 DESIGN
rated capacity is more than 1500 lbm (680 kg), or to
devices classified as stabilizing stands. 15-2.1 Base
The base may be of any configuration that provides
15-1.2 Classification for a freestanding unit which is capable of being rocked
Mechanical is the only classification to which this Part to assist in the positioning of vehicle components. The
applies, excluding units with a tripod, square, or other upper portion of the base shall be designed to house
base design configuration (e.g., stabilizing stands). and guide the column.
15-1.3 Illustration 15-2.2 Column

Figure 15-1 shows typical auxiliary stands and their A means shall be provided to prevent the inadvertent
components that are covered by this Part and is not separation of the column from the base. In the fully
intended to be all-inclusive. retracted position, the lower end of the column shall not
extend below the plane made where the base contacts the
15-1.4 Definitions ground.
auxiliary stands: self-contained devices designed to be
used as a means of partial support for vehicle compo- 15-2.3 Operating Controls
nents during their installation/removal, but not for use Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
in supporting vehicles. that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
Fig. 15-1 Typical Auxiliary Stands
46

ering.
15-2.4 Saddle
The saddle configuration shall be such as to aid in
the proper positioning and supporting of the load.
15-2.5 Proof Load

Auxiliary stands shall be capable of performing the
proof load test of para. 15-4.1.1 with a load of 110% of
rated capacity.
15-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES Fig. 15-2 Application of Load for Proof Load Test
messages.
to design specifications shall be tested. To conform with
15-3.1 Safety Markings this Standard, the stands shall perform to design specifi-
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series cations and no functional damage shall occur, nor shall
of standards. operational characteristics be detrimentally affected.
before operating this device. 15-4.1.1 Proof Load Test. A horizontally constrained
vertical load of 110% of rated capacity shall be applied
centrally to the saddle, with the column in both the fully
extended and the fully retracted positions, with the base
(d) Adequately support the vehicle before starting
resting on a hard level surface. The load shall be applied
repairs.
as shown in Fig. 15-2 for at least 10 min. A permanent
(e) Do not use to support or stabilize vehicle.
reduction in height, measured after the removal of the
(f) Center load on saddle.
load, at the point of load contact shall not exceed 0.125
(g) Failure to heed these markings may result in per-
in. (3.18 mm). A pre-load of no more than 100% of rated
capacity may be applied to establish initial overall
15-3.2 Safety Messages height.
Additional safety messages include the following. 15-4.1.2 Durability Test. In the testing of all PALDs,
(a) This stand is intended to provide partial support consideration shall be given to the anticipated useful
of vehicle components during removal and installation. life of each product, and the cumulative effects of
(b) No alterations shall be made to this product. repeated use and other potential changes in properties.
15-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING ically at a cycling frequency that will not overheat the
15-4.1 Proof Tests ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of
For each design or design change that may affect the use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
stands ability to meet this Standard, sample stands built nance.
47
Part 16
Automotive Ramps
16-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND 16-2.4 Locating Devices

ILLUSTRATIONS The platform of the ramp shall be equipped with a
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
16-1.1 Scope device or configuration so that the vehicle operator or

the observer will be able to ascertain that the wheel of
This Part applies to automotive ramps to be used in
the vehicle is in the correct location.
matched pairs to support one end (front or rear) of a
vehicle. They are not to be used to simultaneously sup- 16-2.5 Resistance to Roll-Off
port both ends or one side of a vehicle.
Each ramp shall have an inherent means of resisting
16-1.2 Classification roll-off of a vehicle from the ramp.
This Part applies to load sustaining devices, used in
matched pairs, upon which two front or rear wheels of 16-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES
a vehicle are driven to elevate either end of the vehicle.
16-1.3 Illustrations messages.
Figures 16-1, 16-2, and 16-3 show typical automotive 16-3.1 Safety Markings
ramps that are covered by this Part and are not intended
to be all-inclusive. Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
of standards.
16-1.4 Definitions (a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions
matched pair: similar height, length, and capacity. before operating this device.
platform: the top section of the ramp that locates and
supports the vehicle tire.
(d) Center load between the sides of the ramp.
ramp height: the maximum vertical distance between the (e) Use as a matched pair to support one end of a
platform and the base. vehicle.
ramp stability: a measure of resistance to tipping and (f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per-
lateral movement while driving on the ramps, driving sonal injury and/or property damage.
off the ramps, and while supporting the load.
16-2 DESIGN Additional safety messages include the following.

(a) Ramps are not to be used to simultaneously sup-
16-2.1 Base port both ends or one side of a vehicle.
The base may be of any configuration that provides (b) Maximum allowable tire width is (manufacturer
ramp stability under proof load and that resists parallel to specify for each set of ramps).
and lateral movement while a vehicle is being driven (c) Do not use other lifting equipment in conjunction
onto and off the ramps. with the ramps.
(d) Do not disconnect brakes, engine, transmission
16-2.2 Stability components, drive train, drive shaft, universal joints, or
The ramps shall be designed such that the width of wheels while the vehicle is on the ramps.
the base is equal to or greater than the height of the (e) Be sure the wheels to be driven on the ramps
ramp platform. The projected edges of the incline and are positioned straight forward in alignment with the
platform shall align with or be within the area of the ramps, and center the two ramps against the tires.
base. (f) Another person, standing clear from vehicle path,
should observe and guide the vehicle operator when
16-2.3 Surfacing ascending and descending the ramps.
The top surface of the inclined portion of the ramps (g) Never accelerate or apply brakes suddenly. Pro-
shall be constructed to provide slip resistance. ceed slowly and cautiously. Once the vehicle reaches
48
Fig. 16-1 Typical Automotive Ramps

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the top of the ramps, apply brakes only to prevent (k) If assembly is required, follow the assembly
overtravel. instructions provided.
(h) Place the vehicle in neutral. Release brakes; vehicle (l) No alterations shall be made to this product.
should not move. Set emergency brake. Place vehicle in
park (or in reverse gear for manual transmission). Chock
wheels on the ground. 16-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING
(i) Be sure that both tires are properly positioned on
16-4.1 Proof Tests
the ramps support platform. Using caution in position-
ing your body clear of danger, shake vehicle sideways For each design or design change that may affect the
and endways to be sure that vehicle and ramps are ramps ability to meet this Part, sample ramps built to
stable. Check that ramps have not become damaged or design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform
bent during loading. with this Part, the ramps shall perform to design specifi-
(j) Supplier may provide information to assist the user cations and no functional damage shall occur, nor shall
in the selection of appropriately rated ramps for different operational characteristics be detrimentally affected. A
gross vehicle weights. nominally 4.0 in. (102 mm) long by 6.0 in. (152 mm)
49
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Fig. 16-2 Typical Test Area for Off-Center Load Test
Fig. 16-3 Typical Test Area for Proof Load Test
wide platen shall be used in conjunction with the follow- platform (one at a time) and second to the outside edges
ing tests. of the inclined portion of the ramp (one at a time), as
NOTE: Material may be added to the platen to simulate a tire shown in Fig. 16-2, for a period of 10 min with the base
surface and prevent slippage of the platen.
resting on a hard level surface.
16-4.1.1 Off-Center Load Test. A horizontally con-
strained vertical load equal to rated capacity shall be 16-4.1.2 Proof Load Test. A horizontally constrained
applied using the platen, first to the outside edge of the vertical load of 150% of rated capacity shall be applied
50
for at least 10 min at the midpoint of the ramp incline repeated use and other potential changes in properties.
using the platen. The load shall then be applied for at Durability tests shall be performed manually or mechan-
least 10 min to the portion of the platform designed to ically at a cycling frequency that will not overheat the
receive the tire footprint. See Fig. 16-3. PALD. The PALD shall be subjected to the manufactur-
16-4.1.3 Durability Test. In the testing of all PALDs, ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of
consideration shall be given to the anticipated useful use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
life of each product, and the cumulative effects of nance.
51 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Part 17
High Reach Supplementary Stands
17-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND freestanding: when initially positioned vertically, without
ILLUSTRATION a load, able to stand in an upright position without the
application of external forces.
17-1.1 Scope
high reach supplementary stands: self-contained devices to
This Part applies to self-contained high reach supple- be used to add to the stability of a vehicle on an automo-
mentary stands designed to help prevent the tipping/ tive lift by helping to prevent the tipping/rocking of
rocking of a vehicle while the vehicle is engaged on the vehicle upon which work is being performed, but
an automotive lift. This Part does not apply to devices not to be used to support vehicles.
classified as vehicle support stands (see Part 4) or
devices classified as auxiliary stands (see Part 15). locking device: the mechanism used to hold the column
in the selected height position.
High reach supplementary stands with an adjustable 17-2 DESIGN
column is the classification for which this Part applies, 17-2.1 Base
excluding products with a convex base configuration
The base may be of any configuration that provides
(e.g., auxiliary stands).
the equivalent of three or more points of contact with
17-1.3 Illustration the ground. A circular, triangular, or polygonal base
shape (in plan view) is considered equivalent to the
Figure 17-1 shows typical high reach supplementary above. The upper portion of the base shall be designed
stands and their components that are covered by this
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
to house and guide the column.

Standard and is not intended to be all-inclusive.
17-2.2 Column
17-1.4 Definitions
A means shall be provided to prevent the inadvertent
base: that portion of the stand that rests on the ground separation of the column from the base. In the fully
and holds the adjustable column. retracted position, the lower end of the column shall not
column: that portion of the stand that can be extended extend below the plane made where the base contacts the
or retracted to vary the overall height. ground.
17-2.3 Locking Device
The locking device shall prevent adjustment of the
column height after the load has been applied. If the
column is supported by means of a locking pin, the pin
must be secured to the stand to prevent its loss.
release system shall require positive action by the opera-
tor for release to prevent accidental lowering.
17-2.5 Saddle
The saddle configuration shall be such as to aid in
Fig. 17-1 Typical High Reach Supplementary the proper centering, positioning, and stabilization of
Stands the load.
52
Fig. 17-2 Stability
17-2.6 Stability 17-3.1 Safety Markings

The stands shall be designed so that the minimum Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
horizontal distance from the projected edge of the saddle of standards.
to the nearest edge of the base shall be at least 4% of (a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions
the maximum extended vertical height. See Fig. 17-2, in before operating this device.
which the horizontal dimension is shown as H and the (b) Do not exceed rated capacity.
vertical height as V. (c) Use only on hard level surface.
(d) Do not use the stand to support a vehicle.
17-2.7 Proof Load (e) Center load on saddle.
High reach supplemental stands shall be capable of (f) Use stands in pairs to stabilize the vehicle before
performing the proof load test of para. 17-4.1.1 with a starting repairs.
load of 150% of rated capacity. (g) Failure to heed these markings may result in per-
17-3 SAFTEY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES 17-3.2 Safety Messages
The following are examples of safety markings and Additional safety messages include the following: No
messages. alterations shall be made to this product.
53
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Fig. 17-3 Proof Load Test
17-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING in Fig. 17-3 for at least 10 min. A permanent reduction
in height, measured after the removal of the load, at the
17-4.1 Proof Tests
point of load contact shall not exceed 0.125 in. (3.18 mm).
For each design or design change that may affect the A pre-load of no more than 100% of rated capacity may
stands ability to meet this Standard, sample stands built be applied to establish initial overall height.
with this Standard, the stands shall perform to design
affected.
17-4.1.1 Proof Load Test. A static vertical load of ically at a cycling frequency that will not overheat the
150% of rated capacity shall be applied centrally to the PALD. The PALD shall be subjected to the manufactur-
saddle, with the column in both the fully extended and ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of
the fully retracted positions, with the base resting on a use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
hard level surface. The load shall be applied as shown nance.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
54
Part 18 (03)
Fork Lift Jacks
18-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND jack, fork lift: a self-contained device designed for lifting,
ILLUSTRATION but not sustaining, a partial vehicular load, consisting
of a frame with wheels supporting a mechanism that
18-1.1 Scope
actuates a pivoting lift arm equipped with a saddle that
This Part applies to hydraulic walking-beam type follows a path (arc) similar to that of the path (arc) of
jacks characterized by a lifting memeber that raises and the vehicle being lifted.
lowers in a scissors action and is so arranged as to contact primary saddle: saddle located on the lifting member.
vehicles with low road clearance, on frame members for
the purpose of raising the wheels of one end or one side secondary saddle: saddle not located on the lifting
of a vehicle free of the ground. Some jack designs may member.
incorporate an auxiliary saddle not located on the lift
member. 18-2 DESIGN
18-1.2 Classification Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
Hydraulic is the only classification for which this Part that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
applies. and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
18-1.3 Illustration of controls should be clear to the operator either by
Figure 18-1 shows typical fork lift jacks covered by position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. The
this Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive. release system shall require intentional positive action
18-1.4 Definitions ering.
base: the stationary portion of a jack to which lifting 18-2.2 Travel Limit
members are attached. Each jack shall be provided with a positive means to
integrated lift point: notch or other means integrated into prevent the load from being raised or moved beyond
the lift member intended as a lift point. the design limit of travel.
Release knob (Spring loaded)

(Twist counter-clockwise
and hold to lower jack) Quick release-locking pin
Fill plug Pump handle
Reservoir
Lift arm
Pump plunger shaft
Lift
point J-Clip (Slips around pump plunger
shaft to lock handle in UP
position so jack can be dollied)
Base
Front footpad Wheels
Fig. 18-1 Typical Fork Lift Jacks
55
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

18-2.3 Overload Capacity design or design change that may affect the jacks ability
All jacks shall be designed to meet the requirements to meet this Standard, sample jacks built to design speci-
of para. 18-2.4 as minimum overload capacity. fications shall be proof tested. To conform with this
Standard, the jacks shall perform to design specifications
18-2.4 Proof Load and no functional damage shall occur, nor shall opera-
(a) Jacks not equipped with internal load limiting tional characteristics be detrimentally affected.
devices shall be capable of performing the proof load 18-4.1.1 Load Limiting Device Test. Jacks equipped
test of para. 18.4.1.5 with a proof load of 150% of rated with internal load limiting devices shall be raised against
capacity. a measured load until the load limiting device is activ-
(b) Jacks equipped with internal load limiting devices ited. The measured load shall be no less than 100% of
shall, when the load limiting device is deactivated, be rated capacity nor more than 125% of rated capacity.
capable of performing the proof load test of para. 18-
4.1.5 with a proof load of 125% of rated capacity.
the rated capacity shall be applied to the lifting member
18-2.5 Saddles at approximately 100% of its lifting range. The load shall
Primary saddles shall have raised protrusions, such not lower more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) in the first
as a tang, on the surface to act as a load restraint, and/ minute, nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in 10 min.
or incorporate means intended to engage an edge on 18-4.1.3 Release Test. A load not less than the jacks
the load to be lifted. Auxiliary saddles may be separately rated capacity shall be applied centrally to the saddle
rated, if so equipped. and the test performed at three points:
(a) lift arm horizontal1
18-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES (b) full extension
The following are examples of safety markings and (c) a position measured midway between points (a)
messages. and (b).
18-3.1 Safety Markings (25.4 mm/s) is expected.
If so equipped, secondary saddles shall be separately 18-4.1.4 Proof Load Test. A proof load test as defined
identified. Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI in para. 18-2.4 shall be applied to the saddle. The load
Z535 series of standards. shall be lifted, sustained, and lowered throughout the
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions range of travel. For purposes of this test, any internal
before operating this device. load limiting device may be deactivated.
(c) Use only on hard level surfaces. 18-4.1.5 Off-Center Load Test. A vertical load equal
(d) Lifting device only. Immediately after lifting, sup- to the rated capacity shall be applied and sustained by
port the vehicle with appropriate means. means of a 1 in. (25.4 mm) square block through the
(e) Position this jack perpendicular to the vehicle such entire lifting range and maintained for 10 min. on each
that the load is balanced by the remaining two wheels outermost edge at full extension prior to lowering.
in contact with surface. 18-4.1.6 Durability Test. In the testing of all PALDs,
(f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- consideration shall be given to the anticipated useful
sonal injury and/or property damage. life of each product, and the cumulative effects of
18-3.2 Safety Mesages Durability tests shall be perfomed manually or mechani-
Additional safety messages include the following: cally at a cycling frequency that will not overheat the
(a) Ensure cylinder does not contact vehicle during PALD. The PALD shall be subjected to the manufactur-
lifting. ers recommended and expected use, and frequency of
(b) Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by use, employing no more than recommended mainte-
the manufacturer shall be used. nance.
(c) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by
the vehicle manufacturer. 18-5 ATTACHMENTS AND ADAPTERS
(d) No alterations shall be made to this product. Only the attachments or adapters supplied by the
manufacturer or supplier for this equipment shall be
18-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING used.
18-4.1 Proof Tests 1
For jacks with arched or curved lifting arms, the measurement
Primary, integrated lift points and auxiliary saddles for determining when the lift arm is in the horizontal position
(if so equipped) shall be tested separately. For each shall be taken at the highest point of the lifting arms arch.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
56
ASME PALD-2003
MANDATORY APPENDIX I
REFERENCES
The following are safety standards and codes ANSI Z535.1-1991, Safety Color Code
(unless otherwise noted) referenced within this Stan- ANSI Z535.2-1991, Environmental and Facility Safety
dard. It is the intent of this Standard to refer to the Signs
standards and codes listed below in their latest editions ANSI Z535.3-1991, Criteria for Safety Symbols
when they are referenced within the Standard. ANSI Z535.4-1991, Product Safety Signs and Labels
ANSI Z535.5-1991, Accident Prevention Tags
ASTM B 117-95, Standard Practice for Operating Salt
Spray (Fog) Apparatus (not a safety standard)
57
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ASME PALD-2003
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A
METRIC UNITS CONVERSIONS
1 in. p 25.4 mm
1 lbm p 0.45 kg
1 lbf p 4.448 N
58
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ASME PALD-2003 INTERPRETATIONS
Replies to Technical Inquiries
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June 2001 May 2002
FOREWORD
This publication includes all of the replies issued between the indicated dates by the Secretary
of the ASME PALD Committee, Safety Standards for Portable Automotive Lifting Devices, to
inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of ASME PALD-1997 and previous edi-
tions.
These replies are taken verbatim from the original letters except for a few typographical
corrections and some minor editorial corrections made for the purpose of improved clarity.
The interpretations were prepared in accordance with th accredited ASME procedures. ASME
procedures provide for reconsideration of these interpretations when or if additional information
is available that the inquirer believes might affect the interpretation. Further, persons aggrieved
by an interpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME committee or subcommittee. ASME does
not approve, certify, or endorse any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.
I-1
ASME PALD-2003 03-01, 03-02
Interpretation: 03-01
Subject: 1997 Edition including a addenda; Safety Markings

Date Issued: June 20, 2001
Question: What, if any, are the required safety markings on a PALD?

Our question relates to the required markings on the PALD versus what can be included in
the operators instruction manual. Section 1.3 states Examples of safety marking for specific
typs of PALDs are shown in para. 3.1 of each Part of this Standard. There is no mention as to
what markings, if any, are required. However, Section 2.2 states The instructions should convey
the safety markings and messages shown in Section 3 of the applicable Part of this Standard,
but need not be verbatim or limited to those listed.
Reply: The required markings are Rated Capacity (Section 1.1), Identification (Section 1.2), and
Safety Markings (Section 1.3). Sample wording for required safety markings may be found in
para. 3.1 of each Part of ASME PALD-1997.
Interpretation: 03-02
Subject: 1997 Edition; Service Jacks Design Qualification Testing

Date Issued: November 14, 2001
Question (1): Is it mandatory to start loading at lift point 1?

Reply (1): Yes.
Question (2): Is it mandatory to load the lift points sequentially?

Reply (2): Yes. The standard specifies sequential loading of points 2 through 3 in a clockwise
direction.
Question (3): May the lift points be tested more than once on each unit?
Reply (3): Yes. The Standard specifies loading each lift point twice, once at the horizontal lift
arm position and again at 30% of the maximum lift height. Multiple loading is also addressed
by para. 10-4.1.6.
Question (4): If lugs 2 or 4 are loaded to rated capacity, and the rear wheel of the jack lifts off
the support, does this constitute failure of the jack?
Reply (4): The standard does not address this question directly. The standard does state in
para. 10-4.1, To conform with this Standard, the jacks shall perform to design specifications and
no functional damage shall occur, nor shall operational characteristics be detrimentally affected.
Paragraph 10-2.4 states, The saddle periphery, throughout the entire lifting range, shall not move
outside the imaginary perimeter established by lines connecting centerlines of the front and rear
wheels and/or caster pivot points (see Fig. 10-3).
I-2
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03-03 ASME PALD-2003
Intepretation: 03-03
Subject: 1997 Edition; Hydraulic Hand Jacks Proof Load Test

Date Issued: May 8, 2002
Question (1): In para. 1-4.1.1 of ASME PALD (Proof Load Test for Hydraulic Hand Jacks), it
specifies a proof load defined in para. 1-2.4 (incorrect reference; should be para. 1-2.3) be applied to
the jack, and the load shall not lower a maximum distance.
Is the lowered distance measured without establishing an initial height by applying an initial
load up to and including 100% rated capacity; or should that initial height be measured without
applying any load to the jack, and the final height be measured at the proof load (125% or 150%,
as applicable)?
Reply (1): The initial height is established upon reaching 100% of rated capacity at maximum
travel.
Question (2): In para. 10-4.1.2 of ASME PALD (Load Sustaining Test for Service Jacks), it
specifies a rated capacity load be applied to the jack, and the load shall not lower a maximum
distance. The lift arm is to be horizontal.
Is the lowered distance measured without establishing an initial height by applying an initial
load up to and including 100% rated capacity, or should the initial height be measured without
applying any load to the jack? If the former is the case, should the lift arm be readjusted to
horizontal following the initial loading?
Reply (2): The initial height is established upon reaching 100% of rated capacity with the lift
arm in the horizontal position.
I-3
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ASME PALD-2003

(Revision of ASME PALD-1997)

Copyright ASME International

ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Copyright ASME International

Copyright ASME International

D. A. Alexander, Alexander Professional Services

Copyright ASME International

GENERAL Units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units

Copyright ASME International

38 11-4.1.1.1 through 11-4.1.1.5 Reference to 11-4.1.1 revised

SAFETY STANDARD FOR PORTABLE AUTOMOTIVE LIFTING

SCOPE industrial use such as those within the scope of ASME

Copyright ASME International

General Requirements for All PALDs

1 PRODUCT MARKING AND IDENTIFICATION 3 OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND INSPECTION

1.2 Identification 3.1.1 Operation. The owner and/or operator shall

Copyright ASME International

SERVICE UNTIL REPAIRED. It is recommended that 4 QUALITY ASSURANCE

1-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND Saddle

Figures 1-1 through 1-4 show typical jacks covered by

1-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES

1-3.1 Safety Markings

1-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING

(03) Fig. 1-3 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Hand Jack

Fig. 1-4 Typical Multiple-Stage Hydraulic Hand Jack (03)

Fig. 2-1 Typical Hydraulic Transmission Jack (03)

2-3.1 Safety Markings 2-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING

(03) Fig. 2-2 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Transmission Jacks

Copyright ASME International

3-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND Rotational

(03) 3-1.3 Illustrations

3-2 DESIGN 3-2.2 Proof Load

3-2.3 Rotational Locking Device

3-2.4 Special Purpose Attachments/Adapters

3-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES

3-3.1 Safety Markings

3-3.2 Safety Messages

Actuating 3-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING

(03) 4-1.2 Classification 4-2.1 Base

4-1.4 Definitions 4-2.2 Column

Fig. 4-1 Typical Vehicle Support Stands

4-2.3 Locking Device 4-3.2 Safety Messages

Horizontal Dimensions and Vertical Heights for Stability Considerations

Copyright ASME International

Fig. 4-3 Application of Load for Off-Center Load Test

Fig. 4-4 Application of Load for Centered Load Test

Fig. 5-1 Typical Screw Jack

6-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION 6-2 DESIGN

Fig. 6-1 Typical Bumper Jack

Copyright ASME International

6-2.3 Travel Limit 6-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING

Copyright ASME International

7-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION 7-2 DESIGN

(03) Fig. 7-1 Typical Scissors Jack

7-2.4 Secondary Load Holding Means 7-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING

8-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION 8-2.2 Design Requirement

8-1.2 Classification The jack shall incorporate stops on the column to

8-1.4 Definitions 8-2.5 Pivotal Fasteners

8-2 DESIGN The jack shall have a corrosion-resistant finish, con-

covered by this Part; it is not intended to be all-inclusive.

9-2.4 Proof Load