SolutionProblem4.

22

(a) Asteamturbineinasmallelectricisdesignedtoaccept5000kg/hofsteamat60barsand
500Candexhauststeamat1bar.Assumingtheturbineisadiabaticreversible,computethe
exittemperatureandpowergeneratedbytheturbine.

Letusfocusfirstontheexittemperature.

Wedonthaveanyexplicitequationdirectlyrelatingexittemperaturetoanythingelse.Butweknow
thatifwecompletelydeterminetheexitstate(i.e.wehavetwostatevariablesforasinglecomponent
system)thenweshouldbeabletodeterminetemperaturefromthesteamtables(whicharesomehow
implicitequationsrelatingthedifferentstatevariablesincludingtemperature).

Theproblemboilsdowntodetermineanadditionalstatevariableontopofexitpressure.

Theturbineisadiabaticreversibleandonlyonestreamflowsthroughit.Thentheopensteadystate
entropybalancereducesto

0 or

Fromthesteamtables(saturationpressurepart)wereadthatat6MPasaturationtemperatureis
275.59C.Sinceinlettemperatureis500C,steamatinletofturbineissuperheated.

Fromthesteamtables(superheatedsteampart)wereaddirectly

6 , 500 6.8826 / .
Theoutletstateisnowdeterminedby

0.1

And

0.1 , 6 , 500 6.8826 / .

Fromthesteamtables(saturationpressurepart)wereadthatat0.1MPaand99.61C

0.1 , 99.61 7.3584 / .

0.1 , 99.61 1.3028 / .
Hence 0.1 , 99.61 0.1 , 0.1 , 99.61

Atatemperaturelowerthan99.61Cexitstreamwouldbecompressedliquidwithanevenlower
entropy.Atatemperaturehigherthan99.61Cexitstreamwouldbesuperheatedwithanevenhigher
entropy.Consequentlytheexitstreammustbeonthesaturationcurve:Toutlet=99.61C.

Wenowcanshifttothecalculationofwork.Fromtheenergybalanceofanadiabaticopensteadystate
systemwithonesinglestream:

Forinletenthalpythesteamtables(superheatedsteam)directlygive

6 , 500 3423.1 /
Foroutletenthalpymustbecalculatedasthesumofthecontributionofliquidandgas:

1
Steamtablesgive 0.1 , 99.61 2674.95 / and 0.1 , 99.61 417.5 /

Weneedtocalculatequalityas
0.1 , 99.61 0.1 , 99.61 6.8826 1.3028
0.921
0.1 , 99.61 0.1 , 99.61 7.3584 1.3028
(whichjustcomesfrom 1 then ))

Then

2497 /
Finally

5000 / 2497 3423 / 4.6 10 / 1300

Noteyoucanalsocalculatetheoutletenthalpyas

WhichconceptuallymeansthatyoustartwithacompletelyliquidsystematTsatandaccountforthe
energyyouneedtobringafractionqofthisliquidtothevaporphase).

b)iftheturbinewasadiabaticbutonly80%whatwouldbetheexittemperatureandtheentropy
generated?

Againwehavetocalculatefirsttheexitstate(i.e.todetermineanotherstatevariable)inorderto
determinetemperature.Thistimetheentropyvariationisnotknownaprioributwecancalculatethe
enthalpyvariationandthendeducetheenthalpyatoutlet.

Foranadiabaticturbine(evennotreversible)

Then

Fromthedefinitionofefficiencyofaturbine

Combiningyieldsto

Efficiencyisgivenintheproblemstatement,Hinletwasdeterminedinquestiona(reversibleandactual
turbineshavethesameinletstate), wascalculatedinquestiona.

Ityields

2682.7 /

Thisvalueislargerthantheenthalpyofthevaporphaseonthesaturationcurve
( 0.1 , 99.61 2674.95 / )sotheexitstreamissuperheatedsteamfortheactual
turbine.

Lookingatthesteamtables(surperheatedsteampart)weseethat

0.1 , 100 2675.8 /

0.1 , 150 2776.6 /

isinbetweenthosetwovaluessooutlettemperatureintheactualcaseisbetween100and
150C.Thevaluecanbeobtainedbylinearinterpolation:
. / . /
100 150 100 103.4
. / . /

Note:inanexamifyouarerunningoutoftimeandneedtothisvaluetoproceedfurtherintheproblem
resolution,youcouldobservethat isfairlycloseto 0.1 , 100 2675.8 / and
approximateToutletact~100C.Youwouldprobablygetsomecreditforthat.

Sincenowbothinletandoutletstatesaredeterminedwecanapplytheopensteadystateentropy
balancewithoneinletandoneoutlettoobtaintheentropygenerationrate:

Sincetheturbineisadiabatic 0and

Wehavealreadydetermined 6 , 500 6.8826 / . inquestiona.

Byinterpolationbetween(0.1MPa,100C)and(0.1MPa,150C)inthesuperheatedpartofthesteam
tableswecanobtain 0.1, 103.4 7.3783 / . .

Then 5000 7.3783 . 6.8826 . 2478.3 / .

c)Awaytoreducethepoweroutputoftheturbineinparta)isbyadjustingathrottlethatreducesinlet
pressuredownto30bars(3MPa).Computethesteamtemperaturetotheturbine,therateofentropy
generationandthepoweroutputoftheturbine.

T1=500CandP1=6MPa.

P2=3MPaT2isunknown

P3=0.1MPa,T3isunknown.

Othervariablescorrespondingtothesamelocationswillhavethesameindices.

Herewefirsthavetocalculateofoutlettemperatureofthethrottle(whichequaltotheinlet
temperatureoftheturbine).Againwehavenoequationdirectlyrelatingthistemperaturetoany
equation.Wethereforeagainhavetofindawaytocalculateanotherstatevariable(ontopofpressure)
attheoutletofthethrottle.

Theonlyequationweknowaboutthrottlingis 0

ThereforeH2=H1=3423.1kJ/kg.

NowweknowP2andH2.WeneedtofindT2fromthesteamtables.H2ishigherthanthevaporenthalpy
onthesaturationcurvefor3MPa.Streaminpoint2isthereforesuperheated.Lookingatthesteam
tablesH(3MPa,450C)=3344.8kJ/kgandH(3MPa,450C)=3457.2kJ/kgso450C<T2<500C.By
interpolationweobtainT2=484.4C.

Fortherateofentropygenerationwewillsupposeasusualthatthethrottleisadiabatic
(sincethereversibleisadiabaticS2=S3).

Fromquestiona 6 , 500 6.8826 / .

Weagainneedtointerpolatebetween450Cand500CtoobtainS2=7.1903KJ/(kg.K).

Finally 5000 7.1903 . 6.8826 . 1538.5 / .

Forthefinalquestionwehavetodoagainthecalculationdoneinquestiona)butwithadifferentinlet.

WehaveS2=S3=7.1903KJ/(kg.K)andP3=0.1MPa.

Thisfallsagainonthesaturationcurveandwehaveagaintocalculatequality.

q3=0.972

FromwhichweobtainH3=2612.1kJ/kg.

Andfinally
5000 / 2497 3423 / 4.1 10 / 1100

Problem4.23

Steamisusedinthefollowingadiabaticturbinesystemtogenerateelectricity.15%ofthemassflow
fromthefirstturbineisdivertedforotheruse.

a) Howmuchworkisgeneratedbythefirstturbinewhichis80%efficient?
b) Howmuchworkisgeneratedbythesecondturbinewhichis80%efficient?
c) Steamfortheturbinesisgeneratedbyaboiler.Howmuchheatmustbesuppliedtotheboiler
whichhas300kg/hrofflow?ThestreamenteringtheboilerisatT=170CandP=8MPa.The
streamexitingtheboilermatchesthestreamenteringthefirstturbine.

Solution

Theproblemisessentiallythesameasthepreviousone.

a) Wefirstneedtocalculatedeterminethestateofthestreamattheoutletofthereversible
turbineofreferenceturbine(theoneusedtocalculateefficiency).

Poutlet1=5MPa

Soutlet1rev=Sinlet1=S(550C,8MPa)

Fromthesteamtables(superheatedvapor)weread

S(550C,8MPa)=6.8799kJ/(kg.K)

At5MPathisspecificentropyvaluecorrespondstoatemperaturebetween450and500C(wedont
needtheactualvalueforthisproblem).Byinterpolation(operatedonentropyinsteadoftemperature)
weobtain:
. .
3317.2 3434.7 3317.2 3361.3 /
. .

550 , 8 3521.8 /

Wecanthencalculatetheworkproducedbythereversibleturbinefrom

or

160.5 / 48150 /

Nowtheactualwork

0.8 160.5 128 / 0.8 48150 38520 /

b) Wewillrepeatthesameoperationforthesecondturbinebutwemuststartbydeterminingthe
stateofthestreamattheinletofthesecondturbinewhichisthesameastheoutletstateofthe
firstturbine(actual).

TheonlyinformationgivenintheproblemstatementisPinlet2=Poutlet1=5MPa.
Justabovewehavecalculated whichisalsoequalto becausetheturbineisadiabatic.

Wecanthenrecalculate

3393 /
Stateatinletofturbine2isthenfullydeterminedandstillcorrespondstosuperheatedsteam.Fromthe
steamtableswecanobtainbyinterpolationonenthalpySinlet2=6.9228kJ/(kg.K).

ForthereversibleturbinePoutlet2=0.8MPaisgivenandwejustcalculatedSoutlet2rev=Sinlet2=6.9228kJ/(kg.K)
whichishigherthantheentropyofthesaturatedvapor.Theoutletstreamisthenstillsuperheated
steam.

Houtlet2rev=2932kJ/kgcanthenbeobtainedbyinterpolationonentropy.

Wethenhave 461 /

And 0.8 369 /

94095 /

c) Foraheatexchangertheopensteadystateenergybalancewithoneinletandoneoutletis

Houtletboiler=Hinlet1=3521.8kJ/kg

HinletboilercanbecalculatedfromthesteamtablessincebothTandPareknown(170C,8MPa).At8MPa
saturationtemperatureis295Csoat170Cthestreamincompressedliquid.

ThecorrespondingvalueHinletboiler=723kJ/kgcanbeobtainedbydoubleinterpolation(between160and
180Catboth5and10MPa,thenbetween5and10MPaat170C).

Thenitcomes 839571 kJ/h.