SlopeDeflection Method

Frames

Theory of StructuresII
M Shahid Mehmood
Department of Civil Engineering
Swedish College of Engineering & Technology, Wah Cantt
Analysis of Frames Without Sidesway

The slopedeflection method can also be used for the analysis of

frames.
frames
Axial deformations are neglected as they are very small.
Consider the frame shown.

P
C D E
Frame without
sidesway

A B
2
 Fi
Fixed
d joint
j i t A andd B can neither
ith rotate
t t or translate.
t l t
Joint C can rotate but cannot translate.
Joint D is free to rotate but its translation in any direction is
prevented by member AD and CD (inextensible member).
Joint E is free to rotate but its translation is prevented by member
DE and BE.

P
D
C D E
D E Frame without
sidesway

D E

A B
3
 Suppose
S th t we remove member
that b CD from
f th frame.
the f
P

D E
D Frame with
E sidesway

A B

Joints D and
d E cannot translate
l in the
h verticall direction.
d
But they can rotate and translate in the horizontal direction.
The lateral displacements of building frames are known as frames
with Sidesway.
4
 A
Andd without
ith t joint
j i t translations
t l ti are known
k as frames
f without
ith t
Sidesway.
For applying
pp y g SDE,, distinguish
g should be made between two types.
yp

Sidesway Degree of Freedom

ss = 2 j [2( f + h ) + r + m]
j = number of joints
f = number of fixed supports
h = number of hinged supports
r = number of roller supports
m = number of inextensible members

5
Sidesway Degree of Freedom

j=5
f=2 ss = 2 j [2( f + h ) + r + m]
h=1
r=0 ss = 2(5) [2(2 + 1) + 4] = 0
m=4
P
D
C D E
D E

D E

A B
6
Sidesway Degree of Freedom

j=4
f=2 ss = 2 j [2( f + h ) + r + m]
h=0
r=0 ss = 2(4) [2(2 ) + 3] = 1
m=3
P

D E
D Frame with
E sidesway

A B
7
 P
D E
D E

Axis of
symmetry
A B

Symmetric
y Frame Subjected
j to Symmetric
y Loadingg
No sidesway

8
Example 1

Determine the member end moments and reactions for the frame
shown by the slope
slopedeflection
deflection method.
method

2 k/ft
k/f

C E
I = 1,600 in4 D I = 1,600 in4

10 ft

I = 800 in4
I = 800 in4

40 k

10 ft
A B

E = 29
29,000
000 ksi
ki
30 ft 30 ft
9
Solution
1. Degrees of Freedom

Joints C,
C D and E are free to rotate.
rotate
We will eliminate the rotation of the simple support at end E by
usingg the modified slopedeflection
p equations
q for member DE.
2 k/ft

C E
I = 1,600 in4 D I = 1,600 in4

10 ft

00 in4
00 in4

40 k
I = 80
I = 80

10 ft
A B

E = 29,000 ksi
30 ft 30 ft 10
Solution
1. Degrees of Freedom

The analysis know involves two unknown joint rotations,

rotations C and
D.

2 k/ft

C E
I = 1,600 in4 D I = 1,600 in4

10 ft

00 in4
00 in4

40 k
I = 80
I = 80

10 ft
A B

E = 29,000 ksi
30 ft 30 ft 11
2. Fixed End Moments

Use the expressions on the inside back cover of the book

40(20)
FEM AC = = 100 k ft or + 100 k-ft
8
FEM CA = 100 k ft or 100 k-ft
k ft
FEM BD = FEM DB = 0
2(30 )
2
FEM CD = FEM DE = = 150 k ft or + 150 k-ft
12
FEM DC = FEM ED = 150 k ft or 150 k-ft

12
3. Slopedeflection Equations

I girder = 1,600 = 2(800) = 2 I

We write slopedeflection equations by applying Eq.

Eq 9 to
members AC, BD, and CD and Eq. 15 to member DE.

M nf =
2 EI
(2 n + f 3 ) + FEM nf (9)
L

3EI FEM hr
M rh = ( r ) + FEM rh (15a )
L 2

M hr = 0 (15b )

13
3. Slopedeflection Equations
2 EI
M AC = ( C ) + 100 = 0.1EI C + 100 (1)
20
2 EI
M CA = (2 C ) 100 = 0.2 EI C 100 (2)
20
2 EI
M BD = ( D ) = 0.1EI D (3)
20
2 EI
M DB = (2 D ) = 0.2 EI D (4)
20
2 E (2 I )
M CD = (2 C + D ) + 150 = 0.267 EI C + 0.133EI D + 150 (5)
30
2 E (2 I )
M DC = (2 D + C ) 150 = 0.133EI C + 0.267 EI D 150 (6)
30
3E (2 I )
M DE = ( D ) + 150 + 150 = 0.2 EI D + 225 (7 )
30 2
M ED = 0 ANS
14
4. Equilibrium Equations

Apply the moment equilibrium equation, M = 0, to the free

bodies of the jjoints C and D.

C
MCD MDC
D
MDE M CA + M CD = 0 (8)

MCA M DB + M DC + M DE = 0 (9)
MDB
2 k/ft

C E
I = 1,600 in4 D I = 1,600 in4

10 ft I = 800 in4
I = 800 in4

40 k

10 ft
A B
15
5. Joint Rotations

Substitution of the SDE into the equilibrium equations yields

0.467 EI C + 0.133EI D = 50 (10)

0.133EI C + 0.667 EI D = 75 (11)
Solve simultaneously,

EI C = 79.545 k - ft 2
EI D = 96.591 k - ft 2

16
6. Member End Moments

The member end moments can now be computed by substituting

the values of EIC and EID into the SDE ((1 7))

M AC = 92 k ft ANS
M CA = 115.9 k ft or 115.9 k - ft ANS
M BD = 9.7 k ft or 9.7 k - ft ANS
M DB = 19.3 k ft or 19.3 k - ft ANS
M CD = 115.9 k ft ANS
M DC = 186.4 k ft or 186.4 k - ft ANS
M DE = 205.7 k ft ANS

17
7. Equilibrium Check

M CA + M CD = 115.9 + 115.9 = 0 Checks

M DB + M DC + M DE = 19.3 186.4 + 205.7 = 0 Checks

8. Member End Shears

The member end shears, obtained by considering the equilibrium

of each member, are shown on next slide.

18
8. Member End Shears and Axial Forces

32.35 36.86
27.65 2 k/ft 2 k/ft
C 21.2 21.2 D 22.65 22.65
C D D E
21.2 115.9 186.4 205.7
1.45
115 9
115.9 27 65
27.65 32 35
32.35 19 3
19.3 36.86
36 86 23 14
23.14

27.65 69.21

115.9 19.3
21.2 1.45
C D

40 k

A 18.8 1.45 B

92 9.7
27.65 69.21

19
9. Support Reactions

2 k/ft
E 22.65
22 65 k
C
D

40 k 23.14 k

A B
18.8 k 1.45 k
92 kft 9.7 kft

27.65 k 69.21 k

20
Axial Force Diagram

22.65
21.2

27.65 69.21

21
Shear Force Diagram

36.86
27.65

32.35
32.35 23.14

21.2

18.8 1.45

22
Bending Moment Diagram

133.96
75.23
19
19.3
3

115.9
186.4 205.7

96

9.7
92

23
Example 2

Determine the member end moments and reactions for the frame
due to settlement of in.
in at support B,
B shown,
shown by the slope
slope
deflection method.

C E
I = 1,600 in4 D I = 1,600 in4

I = 800 in4
I = 800 in4

20 ft

A B

E = 29
29,000
000 ksi
ki
30 ft 30 ft
24
1. Degrees of Freedom

The analysis involves two unknown joint rotations, C and D.

C E
I = 1,600 in4 D I = 1,600 in4

I = 800 in4
I = 800 in4

20 ft

A B

E = 29
29,000
000 ksi
ki
30 ft 30 ft
25
2. Chord Rotations

Since the axial deformation of the member BD is neglected, the

in. settlement of support
pp B causes the jjoint D to displace
p
downward by the same amount. The inclined dashed lines in this
figure represents the chords (not the elastic curve) of members CD
and DE in the deformed position.
position

D
C E
in.
CD DE
D

A B
in.

B 26
2. Chord Rotations
3
CD = 4 = 0.00208
(12)(30)
3
DE = 4 = 0.00208
(12)(30)

D
C E
in.
CD DE
D

A B
in.

B 27
3. SlopeDeflection Equations
M AC = 0.1EI C (1)
M CA = 0.2 EI C (2)
M BD = 0.1EI D (3)
M DB = 0.2 EI D (4)
2 E (2 I )
M CD = (2 C + D 3( 0.00208))
30
= 0.267 EI C + 0.133EI D + 0.000832 EI (5)
2 E (2 I )
M DC = (2 D + C 3( 0.00208))
30
= 0.133EI C + 0.267 EI D + 0.000832 EI (6)
3E (2 I )
M DE = ( D 0.00208) = 0.2 EI D 0.000416 EI (7 )
30
M ED = 0 ANS
28
4. Equilibrium Equations

C
MCD MDC
D
MDE M CA + M CD = 0 (8)

MCA M DB + M DC + M DE = 0 (9)
MDB

D
C E
in.
CD DE
D

A B
in.

B 29
5. Joint Rotations

Substitution of the SDE into the equilibrium equations yields

0.467 EI C + 0.133EI D = 0.000832 EI

0.133EI C + 0.667 EI D = 0.000416 EI

0.467 EI C + 0.133EI D = 134 (10)

0.133EI C + 0.667 EI D = 67 (11)
Solve simultaneously,

EI C = 273.883 k - ft 2
EI D = 45.838 k - ft 2
30
6. Member End Moments

The member end moments can now be computed by substituting

the values of EIC and EID into the SDE.

M AC = 27.4 k ft or 27.4 k - ft ANS

M CA = 54.8 k ft or 54.8 k - ft ANS
M BD = 4.6 k ft or 4.6 k - ft ANS
M DB = 9.2 k ft or 9.2 k - ft ANS
M CD = 54.8 k ft ANS
M DC = 85.4 k ft ANS
M DE = 76.2 k ft or 76.2 k - ft ANS

31
7. Equilibrium Check

M CA + M CD = 54.8 + 54.8 = 0 Checks

M DB + M DC + M DE = 9.2 + 85.4 76.2 = 0 Checks

8. Member End Shears

The member end shears, obtained by considering the equilibrium

of each member, are shown on next slide.

32
8. Member End Shears and Axial Forces

4.67 2.54
4.67
C 4.11 4.11 4.8 4.8
D
C D D E
4.11 54.8 85.4 76.2
0.69
54 8
54.8 4 67
4.67 4 67
4.67 92
9.2 2.54
2 54 2 54
2.54

4.67 7.21

54.8 9.2
4.11 0.69
C D

A 4.11 0.69 B

27.4 4.6
4.67 7.21

33
9. Support Reactions

E 4.8
48
C
D

2.54

4.11 A B
0.69
27.4 4.6

4.67 7.21

34
Analysis of Frames With Sidesway

A frame will undergo sidesway if its joints are not restrained

against translation,
translation unless it is a symmetric frame subjected to
symmetric loading.
To developp the analysis
y of frames with sidesway, y consider the
rectangular frame shown.

w
C D

0 5h
0.5h

0.5h
A EI = constant B
35
 A qualitative deflected shape of the frame for an arbitrary loading
is shown below.
below
Fixed joints A and B are completely restrained against rotation and
translation.
The joints C and D are free to rotate and translate.
Joints C and D can translate only in the horizontal direction as the
columns
l AC and
d BD are assumed d to be
b inextensible.
i ibl

w
C D D
C D
C
0 5h
0.5h Rectangular frame
With sidesway
P AC BD

0.5h
A EI = constant B
36
 The girder CD is also assumed to be inextensible, the horizontal
displacement of joints C and D must be the same.
same

Thus,, the frame has three unknown jjoint displacements

p or degrees
g
of freedom, the rotation C and D of joints C and D, respectively,
and horizontal displacement of both joints C and D.

w
C D D
C D
C
0 5h
0.5h Rectangular frame
With sidesway
P AC BD

0.5h
A EI = constant B
37
 The displacement of joints C and D causes the chords of the
columns AC and BD to rotate,
rotate and these chord rotations can be
expressed in terms of the unknown displacements as

AC = BD = (21)
h
CD = 0

w
C D D
C D
C
0 5h
0.5h Rectangular frame
With sidesway
P AC BD

0.5h
A EI = constant B
38
 To relate the member end moments to the unknown joint
displacements C, D and we write the slopedeflection
displacements, slope deflection
equations for the three members of the frame. Applying Eq. 9

EI
2EI
2
M AC =
C + 3 + FEM AC (22a)
h h

EI
2EI
2
M CA = 2 C + 3 + FEM CA (22b)
h h

w
C D D
C D
C
0 5h
0.5h Rectangular frame
With sidesway
P AC BD

0.5h
A EI = constant B
39
 To relate the member end moments to the unknown joint
displacements C, D and we write the slopedeflection
displacements, slope deflection
equations for the three members of the frame. Applying Eq. 9

2 EI
M BD =
D + 3 (22c)
h h

2 EI
M DB = 2 D + 3 (22d)
h h

w
C D D
C D
C
0 5h
0.5h Rectangular frame
With sidesway
P AC BD

0.5h
A EI = constant B
40
 To relate the member end moments to the unknown joint
displacements C, D and we write the slopedeflection
displacements, slope deflection
equations for the three members of the frame. Applying Eq. 9

2EI
2 EI
M CD = (2C + D ) + FEM CD (22e)
L

2 EI
M DC = (2D + C ) + FEM DC (22f)
L

w
C D D
C D
C
0 5h
0.5h Rectangular frame
With sidesway
P AC BD

0.5h
A EI = constant B
41
 The three unknowns, C, D and , which must be determined by
solving three independent equations of equilibrium before the
values of the member end moments can be computed.
Two of the three equilibrium equations are obtained by
considering the moment equilibrium of joints C and D
M CA + M CD = 0 (23a)
M DB + M DC = 0 (23b)

C w D
MDC
MCD C D D
C D
MCA C
MDB

P AC BD

A EI = constant B
42
 The third equilibrium equation, commonly termed the SHEAR
EQUATION is based on the condition that the sum of all the
horizontal forces acting on the free body of the entire frame must
be zero.
The free body diagram of the frame, obtained by passing an
imaginary section just above the support level is shown in figure
below.
below
w
C D

Y P

X A B
SAC SBD
MAC MBD
43
 By applying the equilibrium equation FX = 0, we write

P S AC S BD = 0 (23c)

in which SAC and SBD are the shears at lower ends of the columns
AC and BD, respectively.

w
C D

Y P

X A B
SAC SBD
MAC MBD
44
 To express the third equilibrium equation in terms of column end
moments we consider the equilibrium of the free bodies of the
moments,
columns AC and BD as shown.
MCA MDB
SCA D SDB
C

0 5h
0.5h

0.5h
A SAC B SBD

MAC MBD

By summing moments about the top of each column, we obtain

the following
45
+ M AC
C =0

h
M AC S AC (h ) + P + M CA = 0
2 MCA MDB
SCA D SDB
M + M CA P C
S AC = AC + (24a)
h 2
0 5h
0.5h

0.5h
+ M BD
D =0 A SAC B SBD

M BD + M DB S DB (h ) = 0 MAC MBD
M BD + M DB
S BD = (24b)
h

46
 By substituting Eqs. 24a and 24b into Eq. 23c, we obtain the third
equilibrium equation in terms of member end moments
P S AC S BD = 0 (23c)

M AC + M CA P M BD + M DB
P + =0
h 2 h

which reduces to

Ph
M AC + M CA + M BD + M DB =0 (25)
2

With the three equilibrium equations (Eqs. 23a & 23b and 25 now
established,, we can p
proceed with the rest of analysis
y in the ususal
manner.
47
 By substituting the slopedeflection equations (Eqs. 22) into the
equilibrium equations,
equations we obtain the systems of equations that
can be solved for the unknown joint displacements C, D and .

The joint displacements thus obtained then can be back submitted

into the slopedeflection equations to determine the member end
moments from which end shears and axial forces of members and
moments,
the supports reactions can be computed, as discuss previously.

48
Example 3

Determine the member end moments and reactions for the frame
shown by the slope
slopedeflection
deflection method.
method

40 kN
C D

5m
7m
B

A EI = constant

3m 4m

49
1. Degrees of Freedom

The degrees of freedom are C, D. and .

40 kN
C D D
C C D

5m
7m AC BD

50
2. FixedEnd Moments

By using the fixed end moments expressions given inside the back
cover of the book,, we obtain

40(3)(4 )
2
FEM CD = = 39.2 kN.m or + 39.2 kN.m
(7 )2

40(3) (4 )
2
FEM DC = = 29.4 kN.m or 29.4 kN.m
(7 )2

FEM CD = FEM CA = FEM BD = FEM DB = 0

51
3. Chord Rotations

AC =
7

BD =
5
CD = 0

40 kN
C D D
C C D

5m
7m AC BD

A
52
4. SlopeDeflection Equations
2 EI
M AC = C 3 = 0.286 EI C + 0.122 EI (1)
7 7
2 EI
M CA = 2 C 3 = 0.571EI C + 0.122 EI (2)
7 7
2 EI
M BD = D 3 = 0.4 EI D + 0.24 EI (3)
5 5

2 EI
M DB = 2 D 3 = 0.8 EI D + 0.24 EI (4)
5 5
2 EI
M CD = (2 C + D ) + 39.2 = 0.571EI C + 0.286 EI D + 39.2 (5)
7
22EI
EI
M DC = ( C + 2 D ) 29.4 = 0.286 EI C + 0.571EI D 29.4 (6)
7
53
5. Equilibrium Equations

M CA + M CD = 0 (7)
M DB + M DC = 0 (8)

To establish the third equilibrium equation, we apply the force

equilibrium equation FX = 0 to the free body of the entire frame,
to obtain
40 kN
C D
S AC + S BD = 0

Y
B
SBD
A
X SAC MBD
MAC
54
5. Equilibrium Equations

To express the column end shears in terms of column end

moments,, we draw the free bodyy diagram
g of the two columns and
sum the moments about the top of each column:

S AC + S BD = 0 MCA MDB
SCA D SDB
M AC + M CA C
S AC =
7
5m
M + M DB
S BD = BD 7m
5
B SBD
M AC + M CA M BD + M DB
+ =0 A SAC MBD
7 5
MAC
5(M AC + M CA ) + 7(M BD + M DB ) = 0 (9)
55
6. Joints Displacements

To determine the unknown joint displacements C, D and , we

substitute the SDE ((1 to 6)) into the equilibrium
q equations
q ((7 to 9))
to obtain
1.142 EI C + 0.286 EI D + 0.122 EI = 39.2 (10)
0.286 EI C + 1.371EI D + 0.24 EI = 29.4 (11)
4.285 EI C + 8.4 EI D + 4.58 EI = 0 (12)
Solving Eqs. 10 to 12 simultaneously yields

EI C = 40.211 kN.m 2
EI D = 34.24 kN.m 2
EI = 25.177 kN.m 3
56
7. Member End Moments

By substituting the numerical values of EIC, EID, and EI into the

slopedeflection
p equations
q ((Eqs.
q 1 through
g 6),
), we obtain

M AC = 14.6 kN.m or 14.6 kN.m ANS

M CA = 26 kN.m or 26 kN.m ANS
M BD = 7.7 kN.m ANS
M DB = 21.3 kN.m ANS
M CD = 26 kN.m ANS
M DC = 21.3 kN.m or 21.3 kN.m ANS

57
8. Equilibrium Check

By substituting the numerical values of EIC, EID, and EI into the

slopedeflection
p equations
q ((Eqs.
q 1 through
g 6),
), we obtain

M CA + M CD = 26 + 26 = 0 Checks
M DB + M DC = 21.3 21.3 = 0 Checks

5(M AC + M CA ) + 7(M BD + M DB ) = 5( 14.6 26) + 7(7.7 + 21.3) = 0 Checks

58
9. Member End Shears and Axial Forces

40 kN 16.47
23.53
C 5.8 5.8 D
C D
5.8 26 21.3
5.8
26 23 53
23.53 16 47
16.47 21 3
21.3
23.53 16.47

26 21.3
5.8 5.8 D
C

5.8 B
A 5.8 7.7
14.6 16.47
23.53

59
10. Support Reactions

40 kN
C D

B
58
5.8
A
5.8 7.7
14.6 16.47

23.53

60
Frames with Inclined Legs

The analysis of frames with inclined legs is similar to that of the

rectangular frames considered previously.
previously

But when frames with inclined legs are subjected to sidesway, their
horizontal members also undergo chord rotations, which must be
included in the analysis.

Recall that the chord rotations of the horizontal members of

rectangular frames,
frames subjected to sideway,
sideway are zero.
zero

61
 Consider the frame with inclined legs shown in figure below.

In order to analyze this frame by the slopedeflection method, we

must relate the chord rotations of its three members to each other
or to an independent joint translation.

C D

L1
L1 2
1

B
L
A
62
 We subject the joint C of the frame to an arbitrary horizontal
displacement and draw a qualitative deflected shape of the
frame.
This is consistent with its supports conditions as well as with our
assumptions that the members of the frame are inextensible.
The deflected shape is shown below.
P D
C D

C
2
1

Deflected shape of the frame due to sidesway 63

 First imagine that the members BD and CD are disconnected at
joint D.
D
Since member AC is assumed to be inextensible, joint C can move
only in an arc about point A.
Translation of joint C is assumed to be small, we can consider the
arc to be a straight line perpendicular to member AC.
P D

C D
1
C
2
1

Deflected shape of the frame due to sidesway 64

 In order to move joint C horizontally by a distance , we must
displace it in a direction perpendicular to member AC by a distance
CC, so that the horizontal component of CC equals .
Although, joint C is free to rotate its rotation is ignored at this stage
of the analysis and the elastic curve AC of member AC is drawn
with the tangent at C parallel to the undeformed direction of the
member.
member
P D

C D
1
C
2
1

Deflected shape of the frame due to sidesway 65

 The member CD remains horizontal and translates as a rigid body
into the position C CD
D1 with the displacement DD1 equal to CC
CC as
shown.
Since horizontal member CD is assumed to be inextensible and the
translation of joint D is assumed to be small, the end D of this
member can be moved from its deformed position D1 only in the
vertical direction.
direction
P D

C D
1
C D1
2
1

Deflected shape of the frame due to sidesway 66

 Similarly, since member BD is also assumed to be inextensible, its
end D can be moved only in the direction perpendicular to the
member.
Therefore, to obtain the deformed position of the joint D, we move
the end D of member CD from its deformed position D1 in the
vertical direction and the end D of member BD in a direction
perpendicular to BD,
BD until the two ends meet at point D D, where
they are reconnected to obtain the displaced position D of joint D.
P D

C D
1
C D1
2
1

A 67
Deflected shape of the frame due to sidesway
 By assuming that joint D does not rotate, we draw the elastic
curves C
CD
D and BD BD, respectively,
respectively of member CD and BD,
BD to
complete the deflected shape of the entire frame.

The chord rotation of a member can be can be obtained by dividing

the relative displacement between the two ends of the member in
the direction perpendicular to the member,
member by the member
memberss
length.
P D

2 D
C D
1 1 2
C C2 C D1 D D2
1 1
2
C 1
D1

A 68
Deflected shape of the frame due to sidesway
 Chord rotations of the three members of the frame are given by

CC ' DD' D1 D'

AC = BD = CD = (26)
L1 L2 L

P D

C D
1
C CD D1

BD
AC
B

A 69
Deflected shape of the frame due to sidesway
 The three chord rotations can be expressed in terms of the joint
displacements by considering the displacement diagrams of
joints C and D as shown.
Since CC is perpendicular to AC, which is inclined at an angle 1
with the vertical, CC must make the same angle 1 with the
horizontal.

P D

2 D
C D
1 1 2
C C2 C D1 D D2
1 1
2
C 1
D1

A 70
Deflected shape of the frame due to sidesway
 Thus, from the displacement diagram of joint C (triangle CCC2), we
can see that

CC ' = (27)
cos 1

P D

2 D
C D
1 1 2
C C2 C D1 D D2
1 1
2
C 1
D1

A 71
Deflected shape of the frame due to sidesway
 Next, let us consider the displacement diagram of joint D (triangle
DD1D
D)). It has been shown that DD1 is equal in magnitude and
parallel to CC. Therefore,
DD2 = DD1 cos 1 =

Since DD is perpendicular to member BD, it makes an angle 2

with
i h the
h horizontal.
h i l

P D

2 D
C D
1 1 2
C C2 C D1 D D2
1 1
2
C 1
D1

A 72
Deflected shape of the frame due to sidesway
 \\

From the displacement diagram of joint D,

DD2
DD' = = (28)
cos 2 cos 2
and

D1 D' = DD1 sin 1 + DD' sin 2 = sin 1 + sin 2
cos 1 cos 2
D1 D' = (tan t 2 )
t 1 + tan (29)

P D

2 D
C D
1 1 2
C C2 C D1 D D2
1 1
2
C 1
D1

A 73
Deflected shape of the frame due to sidesway
 By substituting Eqs. 27 to 29 into Eq. 26, we obtain the chord
rotations of the three members in terms of .


AC = (30a)
L1 cos 1

BD = (30b)
L 2 cos 2

CD = (tan1 + tan 2 ) (30c)
L

P D
D

C D 2

1 1
C
C CD D1
2
1
BD
AC
B
Deflected shape of the frame due to sidesway 74
A
 These expressions can be used to write the slope deflection
equations thereby relating member end moments to the three
equations,
unknown joint displacements, C, D, and .

As in case of rectangular frames, the three equilibrium equations

necessary for the solution of unknown joint displacements can be
established by summing the moments acting on joints C and D and
by summing the horizontal forces acting on the entire frame.

For frames with inclined legs, it is usually more convenient to

establish the third equilibrium equation by summing the moments
of all the forces and couples acting on the entire frame about a
moment centre O, which is located at the intersection of the
longitudinal axes of the two inclined members, as shown in the
next slide.
75
 The location of the moment centre O can be determined by using
the conditions

a1 cos 1 = a2 cos 2 (31a)

a1 sin 1 + a2 sin 2 = L (31b)
a1 a2

1 D
2
C

A MBD
SAC SBD

76
MAC
 By solving Eqs. (31a & 31b) simultaneously for a1 and a2, we obtain

L
a1 = (32a)
cos 1 (tan 1 + tan 2 )
L
a2 = (32b)
cos 2 (tan 1 + tan 2 )

Once the equilibrium equations have been established, the

analysis can be completed in the usual manner, as discussed
previously.

77
Example 4

Determine the member end moments and reactions for the frame
shown by the slope
slopedeflection
deflection method.
method

C D
30 k

16 ft

A B

12 ft 20 ft
EI = constant
78
Solution

1. Degree of Freedom
C, D and

C D
30 k

16 ft

A B

12 ft 20 ft
EI = constant
79
2. Fixed End Moments

Since no external loads are applied to the members, the fixedend

moments are zero.

C D
30 k

16 ft

A B

12 ft 20 ft
EI = constant
80
3. Chord Rotations
5

CC ' 4 DD'
AC = = = 0.0625 BD = = = 0.0625
20 20 16 16
3

C ' C1 4
CD = = = 0.0375
20 20

5
3
C C1 D D
4
CD
3
C
4 5
BD

AC
A B
81
4. SlopeDeflection Equations
2 EI
M AC = ( C 3( 0.0625 )) = 0.1EI C + 0.0188EI (1)
20
2 EI
2EI
M CA = (2 C 3( 0.0625 )) = 0.2 EI C + 0.0188EI (2)
20
2 EI
2EI
M BD = ( D 3( 0.0625 )) = 0.125EI D + 0.0234 EI (3)
16

2 EI
2EI
M DB = (2 D 3( 0.0625 )) = 0.25EI D + 0.0234 EI (4)
16
2 EI
2EI
M CD = (2 C + D 3(0.0375 )) = 0.2 EI C + 0.1EI D 0.0113EI (5)
20

2 EI
2EI
M DC = (2 D + C 3(0.0375 )) = 0.2 EI D + 0.1EI C 0.0113EI (6)
20
82
5. Equilibrium Equations
B considering
By id i theth momentt equilibrium
ilib i off joints
j i t C and
d D,
D we
obtain the equilibrium equations

M CA + M CD = 0 (7)
M DB + M DC = 0 (8)

The third equilibrium equation is established by summing the

moments of all the forces and couples acting on the free body of
the entire frame about point O,O which is located at the intersection
of the longitudinal axes of the two columns as shown.

+ MO = 0 M AC S AC (53.33) + M BD S BD (42.67 ) + 30(26.67 ) = 0

83
 O

Freebody Diagram of the Entire Frame

33.33 ft
26.67 ft

30 k D
C

20 ft 16 ft
4
3
SAC A B
MAC SBD
MBD 84
+ MO = 0 M AC S AC (53.33) + M BD S BD (42.67 ) + 30(26.67 ) = 0

in which the shears at the lower ends of the columns can be

expressed
p in terms of column end moments as shown below.
MCA
MBD SDB

C D
SCA
20 ft 16 ft

B
A
SBD
MBD
MAC SAC

M AC + M CA M BD + M DB
S AC = S BD =
20 16 85
 by substituting these expressions into the third equilibrium
equation we obtain
equation,

1.67 M AC + 2.67 M CA + 1.67 M BD + 2.67 M DB = 800 (9)

6. Joint Displacements

Substitution of the slopedeflection equations Eqs. 1 to 6 into the

equilibrium
ilib i equations
ti E 7 to
Eqs. t 9 yields
i ld

0.4 EI C + 0.1EI D + 0.0075 EI = 0 (10)

0.1EI C + 0.45 EI D + 0.0121EI = 0 (11)
0.71EI C + 0.877 EI D + 0.183EI = 800 (12)
86
By solving Eqs. 10 through 12 simultaneously, we determine

EI C = 66.648 k - ft 2
EI D = 125.912 k - ft 2
EI = 5,233.6 k - ft 3

87
7. Member End Moments

By substituting the numerical values of EIC, EID, and EI into the

slopedeflection
p equations
q ((Eqs.
q 1 through
g 6),
), we obtain

M AC = 91.7 k - ft ANS
M CA = 85.1 k - ft ANS
M BD = 106.7 k - ft ANS
M DB = 91 k - ft ANS
M CD = 85.1 k - ft or 85.1 k - ft ANS
M DC = 91 k - ft or 91 k - ft ANS

88
 Backk substitution
B b tit ti off the
th numerical
i l values
l off member
b end
d
moments into the equilibrium equations yields
M CA + M CD = 85.1 85.1 = 0 Ch k
Checks
M DB + M DC = 91 91 = 0 Checks

1.67 M AC + 2.67 M CA + 1.67 M BD + 2.67 M DB = 1.67(91.7 ) + 2.67(85.1)

+ 1.67(106.7 ) + 2.67(91)
= 801.5 800 Checks

89
8. Member End Shears and Axial Forces
8.8 8.8
12.36 12.36
C 85.1 D
30 k
85.1 C D 12 36
12.36
85.1 91
91
17.62 8.84 8.8 8.8
85.1
88
8.8

C 91
8.84 12.36 D

A
B
91.7 8.84 12.36
17.62
106.7
Member End Moments, Shears and Axial Forces 8.8
90
9. Support Reactions

C D
30 k

A B
17.64 12.36

106.7
106 7
8.8 8.8
91.7

Member End Moments, Shears and Axial Forces

91
Thank You

93