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2062 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, VOL. 19, NO.

3, JUNE 2009

Micro Power Grid System With SMES and


Superconducting Cable Modules Cooled
by Liquid Hydrogen
Tomonori Nakayama, Tsuyoshi Yagai, Makoto Tsuda, and Takataro Hamajima

AbstractFor future power system, a micro power grid system,


which is mainly composed of several power modules, such as super-
conducting (SC) cable, superconducting magnetic energy storage
(SMES) system, hydrogen system, fuel cell (FC) system, renew-
able energy modules, and power converter modules, is expected.
In the grid system, hydrogen mainly produced by renewable en-
ergy is liquefied for cooling down of the SC cable and SMES, and
is stored in a tank for generation of the electric power through the
FC. Since the SMES has quick response to power fluctuation and
the fuel cell with the hydrogen can supply constant electric power
for longer time, the combination of the SMES and the FC can gen-
erate highly qualified electric power. The cable can simultaneously
transfer both electric power and hydrogen fuel with refrigerant en-
ergy. We investigate functions of various power modules and sim-
ulate the power balance of the micro grid to estimate the energy
recovery rate. It is found that the proposed micro grid can reduce
the energy transfer loss.
Index TermsEnergy transmission, liquid hydrogen, micro- Fig. 1. Schematic of DC micro grid system combined with liquid hydrogen
grid, renewable energy sources. and superconducting equipment. P : power from WT, P : power to general
load, cooling load and liquefying load of H , P : power to H O electrolyser,
P : power to/from SMES, P : Power from FC, E : Stored energy of
GH , m_ : mass flow of GH .
I. INTRODUCTION

has large capacity and can generate constant power for a long
H YDROGEN plays an important role, since it reacts with
oxygen to form water and to produce electric power
through fuel cell (FC) without exhausting and thereby
time. Therefore, the combination of SMES with
satisfy various electric power demands. In recent years, wind
can

it is friendly to global environment. Liquid hydrogen turbines and PV cells using renewable energy sources have been
storage system is one of the most promising systems among intensively developed because of global environmental protec-
other storage systems such as compressed gas hydrogen tion. However, since wind speed and solar radiation fluctuate
or storing in metal hydrides because of high volumetric density. quickly or largely, it is difficult to ensure a stable supply of
is available for a coolant of magnesium diboride power. The power system generated by stochastic renewable en-
and high temperature superconductors (HTS). It was found that ergies has been studied in [5], [6]. The micro grid with SMES
stability of BSCCO-type HTS coils in against disturbances and systems can compensate the fluctuation from the
is higher than that in the liquid helium [1]. The system com- renewable energy sources and can maintain the power quality
bined with and superconducting (SC) equipment allows [7], and hence the renewable energies are got rid of installation
SC machines to operate at high efficiency and the to store limit.
a large amount of energy in compact space [2][4]. In this paper, we propose DC micro grid system with SMES
While the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and , and investigate how the micro grid system absorbs
can instantaneously deliver large power, it has a weak point for a the electric power fluctuation from the wind turbine generator
long term operation. On the other hand, The FC and system system (WT) for the power quality. In addition, we study SMES
adequate capacity under general power supply from the wind
farm and general power demand in Japan.
Manuscript received August 19, 2008. First published June 05, 2009; current
version published July 15, 2009. This work was supported by the Japan Society II. DC MICRO GRID MODELING
for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).
The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Communication The schematic of -SC DC micro grid is shown in Fig. 1. It
Engineering, Graduate School, Tohoku University, 6-6-05 Aramakiaza is composed of the renewable energy power modules, the power
Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan (e-mail: tmnr-n@ecei. converter modules, the water electrolyser plants, the hydrogen
tohoku.ac.jp; gaiya@ecei.tohoku.ac.jp; tsuda@ecei.tohoku.ac.jp; hamajima@
ecei.tohoku.ac.jp). liquefier plants, storage thermal insulation tanks, ,
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TASC.2009.2018743 and the purified water tanks, the superconducting applications
1051-8223/$25.00 2009 IEEE
NAKAYAMA et al.: HEATER TRIGGERED SWITCH FOR HIGH-Tc POWER SUPPLY IN HELIUM CONDITIONS 2063

TABLE I TABLE II
PARAMETERS OF HTS SMES SPECIFICATION OF FC SYSTEM

such as SMES in the tank, and FC modules and the elec-


trical and chemical energies transportation system. The hybrid
energy transportation system is composed of the trans-
portation pipeline with the direct current superconducting cable
(DCSC cable). In this paper, the micro grid is independent of
the power utility, namely stand-alone system. In what follows, Fig. 2. Schematic of the dual energy transmission system composed of LH
we design a micro grid maintaining stable power supply for a pipeline with HTS cable.
high technical institute.

A. Wind Turbine Generator Systems where is the molar mass of ,


is the electrolyser voltage, is the
The renewable power such as WT is a kind of stochastic
Faraday constant and is input power to the electrolyser. The
power source which varies according to weather. In this study,
model of water electrolysers is based on descriptions in [10].
we assume that the rated power of wind farm is 60 MW and rated
The efficiency of the electrolyser is about 70%.
generator voltage is DC-690 V. We simulate the power balance
reacts with to produce water and electric power
considering the power fluctuation from an actual wind farm.
through FC. Moreover, it is possible to generate constant power
It is not required that the stochastic renewable energy sources
output for a long term as long as the is stored. The warm-up
should always supply to the power demand. The energy man-
period is shorten by starting operation, since a solid polymer
agement technology can control to store and to compensate the
membrane-type FC (PEFC) is able to operate under relatively
stochastic energy.
low temperature (15 to 85 ).
B. Energy Storage and Compensation Systems The output response of FC modules with rated power of 1 kW
is approximated by following equation [11]:
SMES has high response and large power output, since
SC coil stores energy in magnetic energy state. Recently, 5
MVA-10 MJ class SMES was developed for instantaneous
voltage dips [8]. Moreover, SC coil wound HTS for SMES at
boiling temperature (20 K) have been studied in [1][3],
[9]. SMES compensates instantaneous voltage dips and power
shortage during a period from start to rated power of the FC, or
recovers surplus energy from FC modules after FC is turned off. (3)
We assume SMES parameters in Table I. The SMES capacity
is changed from 0 to 500 MJ to survey the energy recovery rate where is number of operating FC units. The FC output is
in the micro grid. controlled through number of operating FC for the power bal-
The relationship between voltage and current of SMES is de- ance. In Table II, the FC system specification is shown [11],
scribed as follows: [12].

(1) C. Hybrid Energy Transmission System


We design detailed hybrid energy transmission system to
where is SMES coil inductance, is SMES coil voltage estimate the loss of transportation pipeline with the DCSC
and is current in SMES coils. cable and necessary as chemical energy in the micro
The chemical energy of is about 142 MJ/kg. It is pos- grid. Each element of the micro grid is connected with DCSC
sible to store huge energy, since volumetric density becomes cable that is laid in transmission pipeline (Fig. 2). The
large through compression and liquefaction of gas. The sur- cross-section of transmission pipeline with DCSC cable
plus electric power produces and through electrolysis is shown in Fig. 3. This pipeline has the multi layer insulator
of water. production rate (g/s) through electrolysis of (MLI) and liquid nitrogen channel as thermal shield.
water is described as follows: The transmission amount of is about 12.7 ton/day (equal
to about HHV) which corresponds to one
(2) thousand FC vehicles with rated power output 100 kW for over
2064 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, VOL. 19, NO. 3, JUNE 2009

Fig. 4. Control flow of micro grid for energy management. is number of


Fig. 3. Cross-section and radius build diagrams of LH transmission pipeline operated FC.
with HTS electrical power cable.

Temperature rise of : less than 5 K.


2 hours. The hydrogen for the transmission is mainly generated We calculate the total thermal income from MLI of 15 to 25
and liquefied by excessive nocturnal utility power. Power to mm in thickness. As a result, we obtain the total refrigerator
generate hydrogen and to liquefy hydrogen is estimated at 27.8 power of 589 kW, (This result leads to the loss rate
MW and 8.6 MW [13]. On the other hand, hydrogen in the grid ) and mass flow , and
is produced by the surplus renewable energy. The micro grid make an optimum radial build (Fig. 3).
is able to decrease number of transformers compared to the
conventional power system since the DCSC cable can transmit D. Other Modules
the electric power which is operated at low voltage and high Each module is interfaced to the DC bus through the power
current without loss. The DCSC cable is made by tapes converter. We assumed that AC-DC converter has the conver-
which has cross-section shape of . The critical sion efficiency of about 99%. DC-DC choppers have the con-
current of superconductor tapes is 350 A under 0.1 T version efficiency of 95 to 98%.
[14], and a total critical current of DCSC cable is 24.5 kA,
since it is possible to wind 72 tapes from radial build in Fig. 3. E. System Control Algorithm
When voltage to ground is 690 V, the DCSC cable rated power The control flow of energy management on micro grid is
is 16.9 MW. However, refrigeration power to cool pipeline is shown in Fig. 4. Since SMES has high responsible and roundtrip
requires. The thermal incomes on each refrigerant are described efficiencies, it is a first priority for operation. It is impossible to
as following one-dimensional heat-conduction and fraction loss operate SMES when stored energy in SMES reaches max-
equation: imum energy of SMES or minimum energy of SMES
which is zero. We define two thresholds that is upper line
value and lower line value . If stored energy of SMES
runs over these thresholds, I/O is suppressed. But when there is
rapid and large power fluctuation, the power fluctuation is ab-
(4) sorbed by SMES.

III. SIMULATION AND RESULTS


where is the thermal incomes to each refrigerant, A. SMES Capacity and Recovery Factor
(around 77 K) or 0.02 (around 20 K) is efficiency of cryo-
cooler, is the pipeline distance, We simulate the power flow and fuel flow by MATLAB/
is an equivalent thermal conductivity of each layer, is the Simulink. The stochastic wind power and the general
outer diameter of each layer, is outer side temperature (293 load are shown in Fig. 5. There are some periods during
K or boiling temperature), is refrigerant temperature , at around 3600 second, 14400 second and
( or boiling temperature), (kg/s) is the math flow of 39000 second to 59000 second. We study SMES capacity and
each refrigerant, is the friction coefficient of pipe, (m/s) is energy recovery factor within the voltage fluctuation range of
velocity of fluid and (m) is the hydraulic mean depth. 5%. We define the recovery factor as following:
In order to keep the SC cable stable and the refrigerant at
(5)
steady state, we assume the following restrictions:
Pressure drop of : less than 0.3 MPa.
Pressure drop of : less than 0.5 MPa. where is the ratio of the produced energy to the surplus
Velocity of refrigerants: less than 10 m/s. power from renewable energy. The ideal value of is 0.7 which
Temperature rise of : less than 1 K. equals to electrolysers efficiency. The calculation result is
NAKAYAMA et al.: HEATER TRIGGERED SWITCH FOR HIGH-Tc POWER SUPPLY IN HELIUM CONDITIONS 2065

respectively. FC compensates a large part of the power supply


during 1400015000 second compared with SMES. When FC
generates the power since it has slow response, when SMES
compensates the excessive power ,
namely, FC carries on a little generation for slow FC response,
SMES compensates the excessive power.

IV. CONCLUSION
DC micro grid combined with superconducting modules such
as cable and SMES, and liquid hydrogen can supply stable elec-
Fig. 5. Example output power of wind turbines generators from the wind farm tric power in order to balance the power demand with the power
and general load for 24 hours in Japan. supply. Since the dual energy transmission system has low loss
rate 1.3%, liquid hydrogen and SC equipments such as SMES
and DCSC cable are useful. It is not necessary to install SMES
more than some capacity on assumed the micro grid in this
paper. It is found this micro grid can be operated at stand-alone
system.

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