Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Iloilo City
In Partial Fulfillment
Bachelor of Tourism
by:
March 2012
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City
Framework of the Study, (2) Statement of the Problem and the Hypotheses,
(3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of Terms, and (5) Delimitation of
the Study.
presents the reasons for choosing the problem and the theoretical framework
Part Two, Statement of the Problem and the Hypothesis, identifies the
main and specific problems that the research hoped to answer as well as the
hypothesis tested.
Part Three, Significance of the Study, cites the benefits that may be
Part Five, Delimitation of the Study, specifies the scope and coverage
of the study.
development. Poor school performance not only results in having a low self-
esteem, but also causes negative behaviours among students. There are
stress.
our society. Many scholars in the field of behavioural science have carried out
extensive research on stress and its outcomes and concluded that the topic
needed more attention (Rees and Redfern, 2000; Ellison, 2004; Ongori and Ag
olla, 2008; Agolla, 2009). Stress in academic institutions can have both
positive and negative consequences if not well managed (Smith, 2002; Tweed
et al., 2004; Steven son and Harper, 2006). Academic institutions have
two set up (Elfering et al. , 2005; Chang and Lu, 2007). It is important to the
society that students should learn and acquire the necessary knowledge and
skills that will in turn make them contribute positively to the development of
academic stress resulting from taking and studying for exams, grade
time (Abouserie, 1994; Archer & Lamnin, 1985; Britton & Tesser, 1991; Kohn
environment conducive for better learning, with the focus on the students'
and values that they want to fulfil at the university, which is only possible if
the students' expectations, goals, and values are integrated with that of the
stressors and the coping mechanisms of these students. This will help the
likely to pose challenge to the individual students, their colleagues, and the
institution as a whole.
With this concern, the researcher is interested to identify the different
Variable
Personal Details
Stressors
Gender
Annual
Family
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City
formulated
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City
Curriculum Planners. The findings will help them properly plan the
offering of the different subjects that will not become stressors to students.
will help them provide supportive home environment that will be helpful in
environment conducive for better learning, with the focus on the students'
personal needs.
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City
on the different stressors they are facing. This will also inform them how they
as a basis for their own study and provide useful information that they may
use.
Definition of Terms
For a reason of clarity and precision, the following terms used in this
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/tourism, 2011).
course.
the study, studying at West Visayas State University, College Of Business and
West Visayas State University, Iloilo city this academic year 2011-2012.
The study will use the survey and correlation techniques of the
gathering the data needed will be the questionnaire. The questionnaire will
questions identifying the level of stress. Part III will be questions identifying
CHAPTER 2
This chapter deals with the review of literature related to the present
study. This is divided into six parts: (1) Conceptual Literature, (2) Definition of
Stress, (3) Sources of Stress, (4) Coping Mechanisms of Stress, and (5)
Summary.
Conceptual Literature
such as anxiety and anger. Others view stress as the response to these
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City
heart rate and muscle tensionas well as emotional and behavioral changes.
The circumstances that cause stress are called stressors. Stressors vary in
severity and duration. For example, the responsibility of caring for a sick
traffic jam may cause mild, short-term stress. Some events, such as the
death of a loved one, are stressful for everyone. But in other situations,
one person may not be stressful for another. For example, a student who is
unprepared for a chemistry test and anticipates a bad grade may feel stress,
person must appraise the situation as threatening and lack the coping
emotional demands placed on them on a daily basis. While others are under a
constant state of stress, students can face particularly difficult daily episodes
academic environment.
Coping with stress means using thoughts and actions to deal with
stressful situations and lower our stress levels. Many people have a
they can personally influence what happens to them. They usually make
importantly, they choose the appropriate strategies to cope with the stressors
they confront. Conversely, people who cope poorly with stress tend to have
personal characteristics.
Stress
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City
perspective, the stress response was nonspecific; that is, the type of stressor
experienced did not affect the pattern of response. In other words, a wide
Selye reasoned that the first stage, Alarm Reaction, involved the
the challenges the entire system was confronting, and according to Selye,
could not sustain it forever. Once energy had been depleted, the organism
stressors broke down and the body became susceptible to tissue damage and
perhaps even death. In Selyes terminology, the Alarm Reaction Stage was
comparable to the acute stress response described above and the Exhaustion
2007; Malach-Pines and Keinan, 2007) have defined stress as the perception
cope up with.
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City
Sources of Stress
Interpersonal
These types of conflicts take away the cohesiveness that would be otherwise
seen in a group situation and thus, cause stress amongst the members of the
group.
to which the stress is felt depends upon the role played by each participant.
Thus, this conflict can be invoked on one way or two way lines.
For example, person A may feel a sense of conflict with person B, but
person B may not even be aware of it. In another situation, both A and B may
Thus, stress may be felt depending upon how active a person is in the state
of conflict. Usually, the person who holds grudges feels a lot of stress and so
The extent of this feeling of stress also depends upon how involved a
The resolution of such a conflict starts with the step called 'originate'. It refers
problem behavior. However, what one person may perceive as a problem will
stress is inconsistent with that of Misra and McKean (2000) and Taylor and
Owusu-Banahene (2007).
Misra and Mckean found that although women are able to manage
their time more effectively than men, they express high stress and anxiety in
some plausible reasons to explain these differences as: women are more
concerned about their living and sleeping environment; they are often
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City
cooking and washing; and they often attend to family and marital demands at
home. However, among the part-time female students, these reasons do not
Rather, both male and female students on the part-time programme are
faced with similar stressors on the programme, for example, changes in sleep
and eating habit, having to combine job, schooling and family life, and having
to worry about their academic performance and the financial demands that
the programme places on them. A comparison of the mean score for the
stress level reported by the students shows that although female students
reported a higher level of stress than male students, this difference was
Intrapersonal
students holding jobs experience more stress than those without a job. The
purpose of this study was, therefore, to identify the sources and levels of
for this study. The Student Stress Survey Scale and the Overload Assessment
Test were adopted and adapted as the main instrument for the study. It was
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City
"combining job and schooling" were the three most common sources of stress
reported by the students. Again, the students are reported that they
201003).
Academic Stress
Academic stress among students have long been researched on, and
with other students, failures, lack of pocket money (Fairbrother and Warn,
halls, (Ongori, 2007; Awino and Ag olla, 2008), semester system, and
Erkutlu and Chafra (2006) for instance opines that, when these events
less able to cope up, thus resulting in stress related health problems. The
pressure to perform well in the examination or test and time allocated makes
Polychronopoulou and Divaris, 2005; Misra and Mc Kean, 2000). This is likely
to affect the social relations both within the University and outside
(Fairbrother and Warn, 2004) since there is conflict with the social aspect of
ones life. This not the only affect the social relations within or outside the
University, but this goes to affect the individual person's life in terms of
administrator know how to monitor and control the stress factors that are
responsible for the students stress. scholars (Ornelas and Kleiner, 2003;
Jaramillo et al. , 2004; Verment and Steesma, 2005; Ongori, 2007; Topper,
2007; Ongori and Agolla, 2008; Agolla, 2009) for instance identified the
symptoms and the causes of stress in work environments as sitting for a long
is worth noting that in order to minimise the stress among students, the
enable them to detect in advance the symptoms and causes of the stress.
Agolla, 2008; Agolla, 2009) have long identified stress symptoms as lack of
energy, taking over the counter medication, high blood pressure, feeling
how the individual appraises the situation, and how resilient is the person.
from one student based on their previous encounter with situations and the
Stevenson and Harper, 2006) point out that, the perception of the individual
individual. Earlier study by Siegrist (1998) also indicated a close link between
high amounts of occupational stress and ill health. This means that
victims of stress. Our argument is that, students stress has not gained much
attention since most scholars were preoccupied with the conventional work
have not taken serious steps to find out the health of students, this could be
attributed to the fact that students who stay at the university is based on
short period, and therefore their stress have little direct impact on the
activities or operations of the institution. Another reason why little have been
done on students stress could be due to the fact that students' presence in
the institution have no direct relationship to the quality of education they get.
We argue that, unless the university put appropriate measures that take care
of well being of the students, the student's health may compromise the
quality of education they are supposed to get (Daniels and Harris, 2000;
Environmental Stress
The outcome associated with stress such as suicide, violence, and drug
abuse among others have been witnessed in the institution often, and are
worth paying attention to. Stress poses a great threat to quality of life for
students (Danna and Griffin, 1999; Dyck, 2001). Students interact amongst
unhappy students will reflect this in the process of the engagement that may
stress among students with jobs as depression, suicide, substance abuse and
stress by stating that stress has been related to physical and mental, health,
where many of them negative and uncomfortable as one try to repel or hide
compartments.
weakness.
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City
things desired.
wrongdoer.
These are some of the more positive mechanisms or methods that can
are more positive than others. Perhaps the worst kind is where we may attack
others. Arguably, all attacks on others are forms of coping with our own
internal troubles.
position.
harmless method that can be useful in the short term, it can still result in
significant internal damage and may end up coming out in other ways
distress.
things desired.
position.
In some ways, most forms of coping include denial as the person avoids the
real issue.
how we behave.
distress.
in another.
position.
wrongdoer.
help us cope.
distress.
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City
compartments.
symptoms.
things desired.
Introjection: Bringing things from the outer world into the inner world.
position.
symptoms.
things desired.
position.
handle the conflict between the Id, the Ego and the Super ego. His daughter
Anna introduced the principle of inner mechanisms that defend the ego in
Anxiety and tension. Freud noted that a major drive for most people
is the reduction in tension, and that a major cause of tension was anxiety. He
typically based on fears of real and possible events, such as being bitten by
The most common way of reducing tension from Reality Anxiety is taking
oneself away from the situation, running away from the dog or simply
unconscious fear that the basic impulses of the ID (the primitive part of our
Moral Anxiety. This form of anxiety comes from the Superego in the
form of a fear of violating values and moral codes, and appears as feelings of
guilt or shame.
may be triggered. These are tactics which the Ego develops to help deal
with the Id and the Super Ego.All Defense Mechanisms share two common
properties :
Summary
emotional demands placed on them on a daily basis. While we all are under a
constant state of stress, students can face particularly difficult daily episodes
academic environment.
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City
various levels. As a student there are several ways to cope with the internal
and external stresses that are a part of the school setting.These mechanisms
characteristics.
CHAPTER 3
Chapter 3 consists of three (3) parts: (1) Purpose of the Study and Research
The purpose of this study is to find out the different stressors and the
The study will utilize the survey and correlation techniques of the
descriptive research method. This design does not only focus on the
description of the phenomenon but also seeks to find out the relationship
between and among the variables (Sevilla et al, 1992). According to Ardales
(2008), descriptive research is designed to study what is, and finds out what
researcher believes that this design will be appropriate for the proposed
Method
The Participants
The participants of this study are the tourism students of West Visayas
formula is used to determine the sample size. The researcher will used the
size is 180 and the margin error is 0.05 which is translated into formula.
The participants of the study are classified according to year level 1 st to 4th
follows:
As to year level, participants are grouped as 1 st year, 2nd year, 3rd year and 4th
Table 1
Distribution of Participant
Category f %
B. Year Level
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
C. Sex
Male
Female
D. Socioeconomic Status
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COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
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information about the respondent, such as year level and section, number of
check the number from one to five in five responses: Never, Seldom,
Sometimes, Often and Always to describe their stress level. Then the total
number of their answer will be summed up and will be divided to the number
of test items to get the mean and to determine their stress level.
following manner:
Response Score
Super Stress 12
Stress 34
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COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
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Unstressed 45
asked to
check the most accurate number that express their feelings in each item.
Then their answer will be summed up and will be divided to the number of
test items.
The mean scores will be obtained and will be interpreted in the following
manner:
Response Score
5 Completely True
4 Mostly True
3 Partly True
2 Rarely True
1 Not True
which will be translated into local dialect for better comprehension of the
A reliability test will be done using a test retest method. This involves
the same test twice to the same group of individuals after a certain time has
same or nearly the same score an individual taking the test several times. If
instrument will be administered between a one week span among six (6) (5%
of the sample size) students with the characteristics similar to that of the
target population but not included as the participants of the study. The
instrument.
Method
Permission to conduct the study will be secured from the office of the
University.
Informed consent will be secured from the participants and only those
who gave their consent will be taken as participants. The participants will be
participants.
The data that will be gathered for this study will be subjected to the
Manna Whitney U Test This will be used to find out the significant
differences between variables year level and section, year level, gender,
Abousiere, 1994
Agolla, 2009
Divinagracia, Ma. Donna B. et. al. (2002). Stress and Stress Coping
Mechanisms Bachelor of Secondary Education. Unpublished Thesis, University
of Negros Occidental Recoletos Bacolod City.
Topper, 2007
Ussery, 2007
activities.
using drugs.
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5. I enjoy my life. 1 2 3 4
5
too fast.
difficulty.
Please express freely how you cope stress by truthfully answering the items.
Encircle the number that most accurately reflects your feelings. Use this key
5 Completely True
4 Mostly True
3 Partly True
2 Rarely True
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1 Not True
A.
her mind.
what I wanted.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
3. Rediscovered what is 1 2 3 4
5 important in life.
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4. I changed something 1 2 3 4
5 about myself.
6. I prayed. 1 2 3 4 5