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A TECHNICAL REPORT ON
STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
UNDERTAKEN AT:
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY WATER WORKS.
FROM JUNE TO NOVEMBER, 2015.
PRESENTED BY
IMODAGBE MOHAMMED-KAMIL EHIME
U11WR1045
SUBMITTED TO:
THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, KADUNA STATE,
NIGERIA.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
B.ENG, WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING.
JANUARY, 2016.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this report was solely written by me and it is in accordance to the
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CERTIFICATION
Faculty of Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, has written this technical report as
part of the requirements for the award of B.ENG in Water Resources and Environmental
Engineering.
__________
___________
___________
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DEDICATION
I dedicate this SIWES report to Almighty Allah, for his unlimited blessings throughout my
industrial training programme and for giving me the wisdom and understanding in all areas
during my training.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I will like to use this opportunity to say a very big thank you to everybody who has assisted
me in diverse ways and ensured I had a successful industrial training. Special thanks go to my
family members especially my parents Dr and Mrs. E.M Shuaibu Imodagbe, for their
immeasurable support, you all have been a major part of my success. Thank you for your
unending prayers, the support you granted me morally, financially and otherwise, May God
bless you all abundantly. I cannot forget to mention my university base supervisor, Prof. C.A
Okuofu, for his guidance and assistance, sparing his time energy and effort to supervise and
advise me in my educational pursuits, and all the entire lecturers and staff of Water Resources
and Environmental Engineering for their academic and moral support. May God reward you
abundantly. A special thanks to all the staff of the Ahmadu Bello Univeristy water work. My
training based supervisor Mal Zubairu, the lab technician Mal Sadiq, and the overall Engineer
in charge Mr Ismaila. Thank you all for accepting me. It was really nice working with you all.
Above all I appreciate God for giving me the grace to be alive. I will live to profess your
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Declaration.................................................................................................... ii
Certification.................................................................................................. iii
Dedication.................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgement....................................................................................... v
Chapter One.......................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Preamble............................................................................................. 1
1.1.2 Siwes And Its Importance...................................................................1
1.1.3 Aims And Objectives Of Siwes............................................................2
1.1.4 The Roles Of Siwes Participants..........................................................2
1.1.4.1 The Role Of Federal Government........................................................2
1.1.4.2 The Roles of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF)....................................2
1.1.4.3 The Roles of the Institutions...............................................................3
1.1.4.4 Roles of the Employers.......................................................................3
1.1.4.5 Roles of Students................................................................................ 3
1.1.5 Motivation For Selection Of Institution Of Attachment........................4
CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................... 5
DESCRIPTION AND BRIEF HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT.....................................5
2.1.1 Brief History Of Ahmadu Bello University Water Works......................5
2.1.2 Description Of Ahmadu Bello University Water Works.......................5
2.1.3 Training Methodology In Abu Water Works.........................................6
chapter three......................................................................................................... 7
ACTIVITIES AND EXPERIENCES: AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY WATER WORKS....7
3.1.1 Introduction;...................................................................................... 7
3.1.2 Intake Works...................................................................................... 7
3.1.3 Treatment Works................................................................................8
3.1.3.2 Coagulation......................................................................................... 8
3.1.3.4 Sedimentation................................................................................... 10
3.1.3.5 Filtration............................................................................................ 11
3.1.3.8.1 Determination of turbidity..............................................................12
3.1.3.10 Back Washing Process.....................................................................16
3.1.4.1 Distribution Of Water Supply To Student Hostels...............................20
3.1.4.2 Booster Station.................................................................................. 21
3.1.4.3 Some Pipes And Fittings Used In Connections...................................21
chapter four......................................................................................................... 23
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EXPERIENCE GAINED FROM PLACE OF ATTACHMENT AND APPLICATION TO
FUTURE CAREER............................................................................................... 23
4.1.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 23
4.1.2 Experiences gained...........................................................................23
4.1.3 Applications in future career............................................................23
chapter five......................................................................................................... 24
LIMITATIONS, DIFFICULTIES, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...............24
5.1.2 Limitations Of The Program.............................................................24
5.1.3 Difficulties Faced By Students..........................................................24
5.1.4 Recommendation............................................................................. 25
5.1.5 Conclusion....................................................................................... 26
5.1.6 References....................................................................................... 27
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 PREAMBLE
The Industrial Training Fund (ITF), a well-known organization in Nigeria was
established by the then federal military government back in 1971 under the federal ministry
of information. The Industrial Training Fund plays a vital role in the training process of
students in all disciplines as it furnishes them with practical knowledge in the field while still
in school.
The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was established in 1973. It is a
programme that is specially organized by the federal government through various tertiary
institutions, to expose students to the basic skills involving their individual fields and make
them keep abreast of their future career pursuit. The scheme is a requirement in tertiary
institutions in fulfillment of the related certificate that will be awarded by the institution.
practices in an organization.
d. Promoting student familiarity with work method and techniques in handling equipment
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1.1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES
a. To facilitate an understanding between the theoretical and the practical aspect of the
course of study.
b. To make transition and connections between student and employer easier and can
Industrial Training Fund, the participating institution, Employers at institutions and students.
nine (9) months being awarded, for contractors to take students on attachment.
c. To make adequate funds available to the federal ministry of industry to fund the
scheme.
each institution.
d. To provide logistic material necessary to administer the scheme.
e. To compile list of employers and available training places for industrial attachment and
forward such lists to the coordinating agencies (NBTE, NUC, and NCCE).
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a. To establish SIWES coordinating unit headed by SIWES coordinators with supporting
staff.
b. To prepare and submit master and placement list to the respective coordinating
agencies.
c. To place students on attachment with employers.
d. To appoint full time industrial coordinators/supervisors to operate the scheme at
industrial level.
e. To write comprehensive report including problems and successes. To ensure payment of
outstanding allowances.
f. To organize orientation programs for students to prepare them for industrial training
water resources and environmental engineering and my interest in water distribution systems.
CHAPTER TWO
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DESCRIPTION AND BRIEF HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT
70s. The design was made in Phases. Phase 1 consists of dam construction with an active
impounding capacity of 2.6 million meters. A treatment plant, a water storage tower and pipe
line network. Similarly, a booster station was constructed to boost water to residential areas
on the campus. This phase was expected to be completed in 1990 but was partially
completed. The contract to complete the phase 1 project was awarded by the Kaduna water
works.
Construction of Phase 2 of the project was proposed to commence in 1990, and was awarded
by the Federal Ministry of Water Resources under the supervision of Upper Niger River
Basin Authority. It consists of expansion of the existing scheme to about twice its capacity.
Involved in the collection of Raw water, the Water Works has an Impounding Reservoir with
a dam embankment which is the major source of water to the University, a spillway and an
intake control tower. Water collected in the reservoir is transported through the spillway by
two 15 suction pipes. Which is then transported to the water works station by pumps.
At the water works station, water from the Intake first of all comes in contact with an aeration
chamber, which increases the oxygen content of the water. This is then sent to a coagulation
tank where substances are added for the dissolved solids to settle. This then goes to the
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sedimentation tanks where the clear water is obtained and filtered in a filteration chamber.
The water is then channeled to a tank where disinfecting is carried out to the water, the water
Ahmadu Bello University water supply was designed to cover the population of 20,000
people as such the little water obtained is rationed to students and staff living on the campus.
From the water works water is pumped to various parts of the university.
For distances far from the water works, a booster station was designed to increase the
pressure of water to the various areas in the university. Large capacity tanks are also available
to these various areas in order to store and balance the supply of water, so as to increase the
availability of water. There are also boreholes in student hostels to tackle the demand of water
various activities. Assignments are given to attachment students in order to further familiarize
During maintenance work which requires going out of the laboratory, attachment students are
Trainees are grouped into various units such as Laboratory and Plumbing sections. This
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CHAPTER THREE
WATER WORKS.
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION;
At the Ahmadu Bello University Water Works, I was deployed to various sections of the
water works for each a week. At each section I worked under constant supervision. Most of
the work I carried out in the water works will be discussed in detail in this chapter as I
discuss and illustrate (with diagrams) the working format of the water works from the
Reservoir down to the end users (hostels and residential houses in the university).
the low lift pumps and then conveyed to the treatment facility. The abstraction point is
located at a point of minimal turbulence in the dam, so as to reduce the amount of impurities
such as debris and also the turbidity of the raw water to be treated. The basic function of the
intake structure is to withdraw water from the source over predetermined pool levels and then
discharge this water into the withdrawal conduit (the intake conduit) through which it flows
up to the water treatment plant. The intake house consists of three sections, the intake well,
control section and the pump house. The pump house is where the low lift pumps are
installed to lift the water from the source and convey it to the treatment plant. In the intake
house, 2 low lift pumps are used for normal operation with the third at standby. Each pump
has a capacity of 190m3/hr. There are two 10 Asbestos cement pipes from the intake to the
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water treatment plant covering a distance of 1.2km. The intake house was visited severally
where the capacity of the pumps and size of the pumps where noted.
pressure is utilized to spray the water into the air. This movement of water in the air mixes the
water and increases its oxygen content as it converts iron II to iron III, and as a result reduces
the odour of the water. The Aeration chamber consists of a 10 steel pipe with some nozzles
connected on them. The rising mains from the intake pump house are connected directly to it
to enable the raw water to leave the nozzles with high pressure.
3.1.3.2 Coagulation
Coagulants(Alum) are mixed and dosed manually in the emergency mixing and dosing
chamber constructed besides the sedimentation tank. This is connected directly to the
flocculation chamber. The mixed chemical is allowed to drop into the raw water coming from
the aeration chamber. This type of coagulation has the disadvantage of being ineffective and
uneconomical.
3.1.3.3 Flocculation
In the channel that conveys the coagulated water to the sedimentation tanks there are some
baffle mixers constructed to provide vigorous mixing of the channels with water and the
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water then moves to the sedimentation tanks where it receives additional mixing, during this
process larger flocs are formed due to the combination of the vigorous and gentle mixing.
And this completes the flocculation processes. The process is very effective. Also hydrated
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3.1.3.4 Sedimentation
The flocculated water enters the sedimentation tanks and the flocs get settled in the tanks and
clean water is collected through decanting through to the filters. There are 5 sedimentation
tanks in good working conditions. About twice a month, the sedimentation tanks were
dislodged to reduce the dissolved solid content in the tanks. During the period of six months
about two tanks were washed at very separate times so as not to affect the total output of
water to send to the distribution system. Below is a picture showing the upper surface of the
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3.1.3.5 Filtration
There are 3 filter units at the water works. As taught, one had received rehabilitation in 2008
while the other one was rehabilitated on direct labor basis to improve on the water filtration
in the water works. During the six months program one of the units was emptied, washed
filled with pebbles and later opened for use. The filter maintenance is carried out using
3.1.3.6 Disinfection
The water works had been using liquefied chlorine gas as disinfectant but changed due to its
hazardous nature and danger to life of animals and plants within the water works environment
when it fails. As such calcium hypo chloride was introduced. (A mixture of chlorine powder
with lime in proportion of 60%chlorine and 40%lime). This is usually mixed and dosed at the
and is in good working condition. On careful survey it was noticed that the tank had not been
washed for quite a long time due to lack of big dewatering pump or mud pumps that will be
pH, turbidity etc. These properties were used to determine to a great extent the quantity and
concentration of different chemicals to be used to treat the water. Water treatment cannot be
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controlled effectively unless the operator has some means of checking and evaluating the
quality of water being treated and produced. And also, after treating the water, it was
monitored for the efficiency for human consumption. The principal importance of the quality
control laboratory is to monitor the quality of the water before, during and after the treatment
in order to ensure that it is safe for consumption. To ensure the safety of water consumption, a
check is required for the quality of water samples. At the laboratory, various physical and
chemical tests were carried. These physical tests include Turbidity, pH, conductivity, total
dissolved solids. Below Is a clear description of Turbidity for the physical parameters and Jar
Turbidity meter is commonly employed for turbidity analysis and measured in Nephelometric
turbidity unit.
APPARATUS
i. Turbidimeter machine.
ii. Beaker.
iii. Cotton
iv. Water sample (raw water, clarified water, filter and treated water).
v. Distilled water.
vi. Test tube.
PROCEDURE
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3.1.3.8.2 Jar Test
Jar test is a basic test that will be carried out in the laboratory in order to determine the
optimum dose for coagulation and determine the numbers of bags of alum to be used in daily
APPARATUS
PROCEDURES
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ii. The six beakers are filled with the raw water after taking the turbidity and PH of the
raw water.
iii. Each beaker is filled with a different amount of aluminum sulphate(alum) solution in
ascending order that is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 respectively.
iv. The beakers are then placed into the flocculating machine.
v. The paddles of the stirrer are dipped into the beaker.
vi. The flocculating machine is put on and the stirrer rotates at a flash-mixing speed of
250rpm representing the flash-mixing chamber and then at a slow mixing speed of
chamber.
vii. Once the stirring is complete, the stirrers are stopped and the beakers are left to settle
for 20 minute for the flux to settle representing the sedimentation process.
viii. The turbidity of the six beakers is measured with the turbidity meter and also the PH
chosen as the beaker for the dose, and subsequently the jar with the best PPM (part
per million) is determined. The PPM is very important because it helps in calculating
0
Initial raw water temperature-2.8 C
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JAR NO 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume of raw water (ml) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Alumdose
PPM= concentration of alum (%) 106
1000
0.1 25
= 1000 100 1,000,000=25 PPM
87.5
Q.D= 1,000,000 2.160,000
=189kg/hr
=4536 kg/day
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Each bags of alum is 50kg
4536
50 =90.72 bogs of alum per day
Stroke setting
10 stroke=1300L/hr
1 stroke=130L/hr
130 25
100
=32.5 kg/hr
189 kg /hr
Stroke= 32.5 kg /hr
effective distribution. There are 5 high lift pumps at the water works. 3 of the pumps have
silt content. When pumped, the water gets aerated, and eventually sent to the sedimentation
tank where the needed clear water will then be decanted. The bottom of the sedimentation
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tank houses high quantities of settled sand and silt. This is reduced by opening valves under
the sedimentation tanks for water the sand and silt to flow out of the sedimentation tank and
back to the reservoir through some uninhabited areas having big trees which are used as a
way of reducing the sand and silt going back into the dam. The back washing process
involves this reduction of silt from the sedimentation tank and all other tanks which are to be
relieved from their high silt content. This is propagated with the use of back washing pumps (
2 out of the 5 pumps installed) and involves opening some valves in order to enable the
The next page shows the water treatment process and movement of water from the
reservoir to the intake house for pumping to the water works main building where the
pumped water gushes out of the aeration chamber and flow to the coagulation tank. From the
coagulation tank where mixing with alum occurs, the water then flows through the
chamber and then flows to the filtration chamber. The filtered water is then channeled to the
clear water well, where it is disinfected and kept for pumping to the distribution system.
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3.1.4 DISTRIBUTION WORKS
From the water works the water is pumped to the tower constructed near the senate building.
It is then distributed to the various location by gravity through 2 major pipe lines. Line 1 to
the residential area A and the second line to the other residential areas through booster
station located near Danfodio hostel. The same water serves the student hostels and academic
areas. The major problem encountered in the water supply scheme is most of the pipe lines
were laid about 32 years ago and have no washouts on them that will be used by the plumbers
to flush them whenever they carry out any maintenance work on the lines. Similarly, no air
valves installed on them as such the lines trap air inside them that in turn reduce air pressure
when pumping direct on the lines to a long distance and also this causes regular burst on the
pipe lines. Roots of trees grows near the pipe lines and also penetrate through the pipes
causing leakages. The table below shows the pipe types as used in the various locations in the
university.
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The table below shows pipes around the University which supply most of the major areas
around
of bore holes constructed and developed in Suleiman, Amina, Alex Ribadu and Akenzua
hostels. This helps in balancing the high need of water in this areas.
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A booster station was constructed near Danfodio hostel to boost water supply to residential
areas. It consists of 4 pumps, 3 of which are functioning. There are 2 storage reservoirs that
are used to store water for pumping. The booster is connected on two lines 10 and 8 Ac
pipes and steel pipes. Steel pipes are mostly situated in the dam to intake house and within
the water works. Asbestos Cement pipes has been reported to have bad health implications
and has been subjected to change. But due to the fact that round the university Asbestos
Cement pipe has been used, only a few has been changed to uPVC pipes. Size of steel pipes
is mostly 15 inches in diameter. Size of Asbestos cement pipes are about 15inches, 12, 10,8,6
and 3 inches in diameter. Most of the smaller pipes are used as service pipes to houses of end
users.
Various fittings and valves are used in connection with pipes and these include connectors,
joints, isolation valves, and other plumbing utilities in various sizes for different pipes.
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Below is an illustration of some of the distribution pipes, their diameters and their
various supply around the university faculties, some key locations and residential houses.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION.
In summary, the period of my industrial training was effective as it gave me the opportunity
iv. Maintenance and correctional processes carried out at a water treatment plant.
v. Water Distribution management and design requirements along with pipes, fittings,
vi. Effective use and planning of the volume of obtained at different seasons of the year
and managing this shortage and surplus with the demand from the surrounding
dependents
distribution system
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ii. Hydrology: For effective planning towards any and all water related projects using
CHAPTER FIVE
RECOMMENDATIONS
This final chapter shows the limitations, difficulties and recommendations I experienced and
have about the SIWES program. In order to educate, so as to reducing these limitations and
difficulties.
the program. When some do, students are taken as extra laborers.
iii. Schools where students emerge from seem to have no relations with well-known
organizations. This reduces the chances of students picking the appropriate places for
their training.
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iv. Lack of staff bus for students transportation to and/ or from work.
5.1.4 RECOMMENDATION
The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is quite an interesting
knowledge gained in the class. The following are some recommendations I will like the
scheme to consider.
program, as this will make them be informed about where and how to select a place of
attachment.
ii. The school should collaborate with industries and organizations to enhance proper
iii. Every organization in the country should be compelled to accept students for SIWES
training.
iv. The university should also encourage the staffs concerned with supervision of
students on SIWES training to carry out this responsibility during the period of the
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5.1.5 CONCLUSION
The importance of SIWES and the experience gained can never be overemphasized as it has
prepared me for the future. Though there were hitches during the period of the SIWES, it was
nevertheless a worthwhile experience and worthy of support and continuity because I did not
only gain but also my employers enjoyed my contribution to the growth and development of
the organization.
After engaging in industrial training for six months, it has afforded me an opportunity to
acquaint myself with professionals who had encouraged and developed my knowledge and
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5.1.6 REFERENCES
Edwin Windle Tylor; The examination of waters and water supplies
http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/water.treament.html
Kaduna state water board, method for the examination of drinking water
Pant water quality laboratory Zaria