FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEEERING

(JEK)

Short Report:
Simulation Effect of Switching Surge on the
Overhead Line (with and without Surge Arrestor)

Course Name HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING

Course Code MEK 10303

Name of
DR MD NOR RAMDON BIN BAHAROM
Lecturer

NORMALINA BINTI RASDI (HE100044)

MOHD KAMAL BIN MAT ZAIN (GE110118)

Name of
Student
WAN NORHASHIMAH BINTI WAN HUSIN (HE110223)

INTAN FAZLINA BINTI YAHYA (HE110169)

 1.0 Introduction

System Average Interruption Duration Index or SAIDI is commonly used as a reliability

indicator by electric power utilities and usually measured over the course of a year. SAIDI in
Peninsular Malaysia for 2012 was 60.46 minute/customer which showed a slightly better
performance compared to 69.11 minute/customer in 20011 [1]. SAIDI is calculated according
to IEEE Standard 1366-1998 as below:

where is the number of customers and is the annual outage time for location .

Over voltages is one of the circumstances that contribute to high or low value of SAIDI. The
level of surge and transient overvoltage has a strong effect to power system reliability as it
would cause damage, failure and abnormal state to the electrical equipment in the generation,
transmission and distribution. This condition will promote further on the annual outage time.

Overvoltage is divided into three categories as stated below:

1. Normal frequency either at 50Hz or 60Hz,
2. Switching Surge and
3. Lightning Surge [2].

Overvoltage during normal frequency occurred by a sudden changes on the load requirements
or by fault on transmission line due to Mother Nature such as fallen tree or vandalism.
Tracking and erosion also source to the over voltages at normal frequency by having a heavy
contaminant deposits on the surface which can increase the conduction properties of the
conductor. Lightning overvoltage is a natural phenomenon, while switching overvoltages
were originated in the system itself by the connection and disconnection of circuit breaker
contacts or due to initiation or interruption of faults [3].

Time range for switching overvoltage can be in the range of milliseconds to several second
due to load flow control that cause the overvoltages. Normally time range for lightning
overvoltages is up to microseconds only.
This various overvoltages generate voltage stress on the power system equipment. Power
system equipment must be able to withstand to the rated voltage (Vm) and also overvoltages.
Therefore it is essential for high voltage equipment undergo high voltage test during
development stage and prior to commissioning. There are four common types of high
voltage test namely High Voltage Alternative Current (HVAC) test, High Voltage Direct
Current (HVDC) test, Lightning Impulse test & Switching Impulse test. The magnitude and
type of test voltage varies with the rated voltage of particular equipment. The standard
methods of measurement of high-voltage and the basic techniques for application to all types
of equipment for high voltage test are laid down in the relevant national and international
standards. It is to achieve an acceptable level of reliability and dependability on the installed
equipment and overall power system.
 2.0 Objectives
Objective of the simulation are
1. To design the overhead line circuit using PSCAD/EMTDC software
2. To simulate and observe the effect of switching surge on the overhead line circuit
using PSCAD/EMTDC software
3. To apply the protection device into the circuit to mitigate the impact of switching
overvoltages
4. Able to analyse the observed data based on the behaviour circuit conditions
 3.0 Theory and Calculation

A switching surge is a short duration transient voltage produced in the system due to a sudden
opening or closing of a switch or circuit breaker due to an arcing at a fault in the system. The
surges are highly random in nature which can have unidirectional surge with or without
harmonic distortion and sustained Ferro-nonlinear as well as linear, oscillations. Switching
surge can be divided in two major categories:-
1. Continuous overvoltages which arise after switching operation and continue to exist
until special measures are taken to eliminate it
2. Short time overvoltages which exist only during the transient process after switching
operation [2].

The insulation designs are determined by switching overvoltages rather than lightning
overvoltages at the increasing of operating voltage of transmission line. The insulation level
required to withstand the overvoltages can have a significant influence on the cost of
transmission line. High accuracy on the estimation of the switching overvoltages is an
important aspect for the design of transmission line [4]

Fundamentally, there are two reasons on the switching surges. First, the air gap flashover
characteristics become saturated as the gap length increase. Second, the high speed of
reclosing operation which increases the crest value [5].

As mentioned, switching surges are originated by topological changes of the network due to
circuit breaker operation. If no protection measure provided, switching at unloaded line can
lead to dangerous overvoltages not only along the transmission line but also the connected
equipment. Suitable and effective protections are the key to minimize impact of overvoltages
on the transmission line. The conventional technology regards to overvoltages is having
closing resistor in the line of circuit breaker. However, data shown from operational
experience, reliability of breakers with closing resistor are lower than the standard circuit
breaker. At the same time, additional installation cost and the special maintenance
requirements makes the technology unattractive. As a result, installation of surge protective
devices at the both end of transmission line is outstanding alternative to replacement of
closing resistor.
The installation of surge protective devices is vital to protect the equipment from failing due
to lightning and switching surge. Several different type of surge arresters are available such
as gapped silicon carbide (SiC), gapped and non-gapped metal oxide (MO) and all perform in
a similar manner. Among the surge protective devices the most reliable, economic and the
latest are Metal Oxide Varistors (MOVs) [6].

MOV is voltage-dependent, resistors which is manufactured using a semiconducting metal-

oxide, ie. ZnO (Zinx Oxide), and the typical characteristic shown in Fig1. Mathematically,
the current voltage relationship can be formulated as

V =C I

Where V = Voltage C = Varistor voltage at 1 amp

I = actual working current = Tangent of angle of the curve deviating
from the horizontal
 Figure 1: Typical I-V characteristic of an MOV [7].

When the voltage across the device is low, the current through the surge suppressor is less
than 300A. When the voltage above a certain voltage, the surge suppressor tries clamping
the voltage to a fixed voltage and draining the current from the network. The current through
the surge suppressor can be high up to 4500A. Only transient and surge voltage that the MOV
can absorbs. MOV will be heated up and subjected to fail if the high voltage across it for a
long time.

For a normal supply voltage, the surge protective device will work almost like an open-
circuit. When a high voltage appears, it will draw a large current and will not allow the
voltage across itself to increase beyond a safe limit. Among applications area for MOV are
consumer electronic, domestic appliances, lighting, automotive electronic and
telecommunication.

MOV can be connected in series or parallel with the transmission line. If the MOV have
identical peak current ratings, the higher energy rating can be achieved. In the parallel
operation, MOV will act as series balancing impedance to force a degree sharing on current
which improved at the high current level.

According to IEC 71, Earth-Fault Factor (EFF) is the ratio of the highest R,M,S line-to
ground power-frequency voltage on a sound phase during a fault to ground (affecting one or
more phases at any point) to the R,M,S power-frequency voltage that would be obtained at
the selected location with the fault removed. EFF is related to the earthing condition as view
in the selection of fault occurred.
EFF= 3 EC
EC = Earth Coefficient Ratio
Table 1 contains a general classication of grounding, together with the associated class, fault
current, and transient voltage characteristics.

Table 1: Characteristic of Grounding

Calculation for Task 2

Simulation using PSCAD for case study, injecting a switching surge of 1050kV 250/2500s
on 1km 400kV single conductor overhead transmission line with an impedance of 400 and
connected at open remote end load 1M. For the task 2, assume that overhead transmission

Ro Xo
<1 <3
systems are solidly earthed and effective. From the Table 1, X1 and x1 , EFF

will not exceed 1.4.

Simulation on the circuit with line spanned 1km, 10km and 100km.

Calculation for Task 3

Below equation is used to determine the value of rated voltage level for modelled surge
arrestor.
 Usystem
. EFF
Arrestor rated voltage = 3

400
.1 .4
For 400kV system, arrestor rated voltage is 3 = 323.31V

Simulation on the circuit with line spanned 1km, 10km and 100km.

Calculation for Task 4

The value of rated voltage level for modelled surge arrestor above case study with different
EFF as per below :-

Usystem
. EFF
Arrestor rated voltage = 3

400
.1
At EFF 1, arrestor rated voltage is 3 = 230.94V

400
.1 .44
At EFF 1.44, arrestor rated voltage is 3 = 332.55V

400
.1 .20
At EFF 1.20, arrestor rated voltage is 3 = 277.13V

400
.1 .25
At EFF 1.25, arrestor rated voltage is 3 = 288.68V

400
.1 .29
At EFF 1.29, arrestor rated voltage is 3 = 297.91V

400
.1 .323
At EFF 1.323, arrestor rated voltage is 3 = 305.53 V

400
.1 .38
At EFF 1.38, arrestor rated voltage is 3 = 318.70V
 400
.1 .47
At EFF 1.47, arrestor rated voltage is 3 = 339.48V

400
.1 .52
At EFF 1.52, arrestor rated voltage is 3 = 351.03V

400
.1 .7
At EFF 1.7, arrestor rated voltage is 3 = 392.60V
 4.1 Discussion and Output
Task 2-2:

Voltage EFF=1.4

Switching Impulse Voltage and Overhead Line Receiving end Voltage

Switching Impulse Surge Voltage
2500

2000
1 km Receiving End Voltage
1500
Voltage (kV)
1000
10 km Receiving End Voltage
500

0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
100 km Receiving End Voltage
Time (s)

Figure 4.1

Switching Impulse Voltage and Overhead Line Receiving end Voltage

2200
Switching Impulse
2100 Surge Voltage
1 km Receiving End
Voltage
Voltage (kV) 2000
10 km Receiving End
1900 Voltage
100 km Receiving
1800 End Voltage
000000000
Time (s)

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.1and Figure 4.2 shows overhead line length effect the receiving end voltage:

a) As overhead line length increase, receiving end voltage suffers small decrease in magnitude.
b) The receiving end voltage also experience delay as the overhead line length increase.
Current at EFF=1.40

Overhead line length effect on Sending End Current

3

1 km Sending End Current 10 km Sending End Current

2

Current (A) 1

0
100 km Sending
0 0End Current
0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-1
Time (s)

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.3 shows overhead line length effect on sending end current.

a) Sending end current experience temporary increase in magnitude for short period of time then
the value drop to negative region and the slowly recover close to zero in magnitude.
b) As overhead line length increase, the current overshoot increase accordingly and requires
longer time to recover.

Overhead line length effect on Receiving End Current

0

0
1 km Receiving End Current 10 km Receiving End Current
0
Current (A)
0

0
100 km Receiving End Current
0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Time (s)

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.4 shows overhead line length effect on receiving end current.

a) Receiving end current experience sharp increase in magnitude for short period of time and
then slowly decrease in magnitude
b) As the overhead line length increase, there is time delay on the current behaviour and small
reduction in magnitude.
Task 4

Part 1:

Current at EFF = 1.40

No MO Surge Arrester Effect on Sending/Receving End Current

0.15

0.1
1 km Receiving End Current without Voltage Arrester

0.05
Current (mA)
0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-0.05
1 km Sending End Current without Voltage Arrester

-0.1
Time (s)

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.5 shows the surge effect on the sending and receiving end current when MO surge arrester is
not installed:

a) Sending end current prone to switching impulse compare to receiving end current.
b) Sending end current rise in magnitude sharply for short period of time and then decrease
almost instantaneously to negative region. It then slowly recovers to close to zero in
magnitude.
c) Receiving end current show very little response to the switching impulse.
 Voltage at EFF = 1.4

MO Surge Arrester Effect on 1 km Sending/Receiving End Voltage

2500
2000 1 km Receiving End Voltage without Voltage Arrester
1500
Voltage (kV) 1000
500
1 kmSending End Voltage without Voltage Arrester
0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Time (s)

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.6 shows the MO surge arrester effect on the sending and receiving end voltage when voltage
surge arrester is not installed:

a) Both sending end voltage and receiving end voltage susceptible to the switching impulse
voltage.
b) Both end voltage behave like the switching impulse voltage.

MO Surge Arrester effect on 1 km Overhead Line Length Sending End Current

4
31 km Overhead line with Voltage Arrester Sending End Current
2
Current (A)
1
01 km Sending End Current without Voltage Arrester
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-1
Time (s)

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.7 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the sending end current when MO surge
arrester is a variable:

a) When the surge arrester is installed, the sending end current prone to the switching impulse.
Sending end experience elevated current. Therefore it needs bigger cable to accommodate the
current behaviour. Thermal runaway should be considered.
b) When surge arrester is not installed, the sending end current not susceptible to the switching
impulse surge.
 MO Surge Arrester effect on 1 km Overhead line Length Receiving End Current
4

3
1 km Overhead line with Voltage Arrester Receiving End Current

2
Current (A)
1

0
1 km Receiving End Current without Voltage Arrester
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-1
Time (s)

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.8 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the receiving end current when voltage surge
arrester is a variable:

a) When the surge arrester is installed, the receiving end current prone to the switching impulse.
Receiving end experience elevated current. Therefore it needs bigger cable to accommodate
the current behaviour. Thermal runaway should be considered.
b) When surge arrester is not installed, the receiving end current not susceptible to the switching
impulse surge.

MO Surge Arrester effect on 1 km Overhead Line Sending/Receiving End Voltage

2500
12000
km Overhead line with Voltage Arrester Sending-end Voltage
1500
Voltage (kV) 1000
500
1 km Surge Voltage without Voltage Arrester
0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Time (s)

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.9 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the sending end voltage when MO surge
arrester is a variable:

a) Both sending end voltage and receiving end voltage susceptible to the switching impulse
voltage.
b) Both end voltage behave like the switching impulse voltage.
 MO Surge Arrester effect on 1 km Overhead Line Receiving End Voltage
2500

12000
km Overhead line with Voltage Arrester Receiving End Voltage
1500
Voltage (kV)
1000

500
1 km Receiving End Voltage without Voltage Arrester
0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Time (s)

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.10 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the receiving end voltage when MO surge
arrester is a variable:

a) Receiving end voltage susceptible and behave like switching impulse voltage without MO
surge arrester installed.
b) Receiving end voltage surge is constrained by the MO surge arrester
 Part 2

Current for EFF = 1.40

Overhead line Length Effect on Sending End Current with MO Surge Arrester installed.
4 1 km Overhead line with Voltage Arres ter S ending End Current

3
2
Current (A) 10 km Overhead line with Voltage Arres ter S ending End Current
1
0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-1 100 km Overhead line with Voltage Arres ter S ending End Current

Time (s)

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.11 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the sending end current when MO surge
arrester is installed:

a) Sending end current is susceptible and behaves like switching impulse voltage with MO surge
arrester installed.
b) As length of the transmission line increase, the peak of surge sending end current is distorted
and the peak magnitude is reduce accordingly.

Overhead line Length Effect on Receiving End Current with MO Surge Arrester installed.
4 1 km Overhead line with Voltage Arres ter Receiving End Current

3
2
Current (A) 10 km Overhead line with Voltage Arres ter Receiving End Current
1
0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-1 100 km Overhead line with Voltage Arres ter Receiving End Current

Time (s)

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.12 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the receiving end current when MO surge
arrester is installed:

a) Receiving end current is susceptible to and behaves like switching impulse voltage with MO
surge arrester installed.
 c) As length of the transmission line increase, there is time delay on the current surge behaviour
and small reduction in magnitude.

Overhead line Length Effect on Sending End Current with no MO Surge Arrester installed
1 km S ending End Current without Voltage Arres ter
3
2.5 10 km S ending End Current without Voltage Arres ter
2
1.5 100 km S ending End Current without Voltage Arres ter
Current (A) 1
0.5 1 km Receiving End Current without Voltage Arres ter
0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-0.5 10 km Receiving End Current without Voltage Arres ter
-1
100 km Receiving End Current without
Time (s)Voltage Arres ter

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.13 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the sending end current when no MO surge
arrester is installed:

a) Sending end current experience temporary increase in magnitude for short period of time then
the value rapidly drop to negative region and the slowly recover close to zero in magnitude.
b) As overhead line length increase, the current overshoot increase accordingly and requires
longer time to recover.

Overhead line Length Effect onReceiving

1 km Sending End without
End Current Current with
Voltage no MO Arrester installed.
Arres ter

0
10 km Receiving End Current without Voltage Arres ter
0

0 100 km Receiving End Current without Voltage Arres ter

Current (A)
0
1 km Receiving End Current without Voltage Arres ter
0

0 10 km Receiving End Current without Voltage Arres ter

0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
100 km Receiving End Current without
Time (s)Voltage Arres ter

Figure 4.14

Figure 4.14 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the receiving end current when no MO surge
arrester is installed:

a) Receiving end current is susceptible to and behaves like switching impulse voltage without
MO surge arrester installed.
 b) As length of the transmission line increase, there is time delay on the current surge behaviour
and small reduction in magnitude.

Voltage at EFF = 1.40

Overhead line Length Effect with MO surge Arrestor on Sending End Voltage
2500
1 km Overhead line with Voltage Arres ter S ending End Voltage
2000
1500
Voltage (kV) 10 km
1000 Overhead line with Voltage Arres ter S ending End Voltage

500
0
0 Overhead
100 km 0 0 with Voltage
line 0 0 ter0.01
Arres 0.01
S ending 0.01
End Voltage 0.01 0.01
Time (s)

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.15 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the sending end voltage when MO surge
arrester is installed:

a) Sending end voltage is susceptible to and behaves like the switching impulse voltage.

Overhead line Length Effect with MO Surge Arrestor on Receiving End Voltage
700.00
1 km Overhead line with Voltage Arres ter Receiving End Voltage
600.00
500.00
400.00
Voltage (kV) 10 km Overhead
300.00 line with Voltage Arres ter Receiving End Voltage

200.00
100.00
0.00
100 km Overhead line with Voltage Arres ter Receiving End Voltage
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Time (s)

Figure 4.16

Figure 4.16 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the receiving end voltage when MO surge
arrester is installed:

a) Receiving end voltage surge is constrained by the MO surge arrester

b) As length of the transmission line increase, there is time delay on the MO surge arrester
behaviour.
Overhead line Length Effect on Sending End Voltage with no MO Surge Arrestor installed

1 km S urge Voltage without Voltage Arres ter 10 km S urge Voltage without Voltage Arres ter
4000

Voltage (kV) 2000

0 without Voltage Arres ter

100 km S urge Voltage
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Time (s)

Figure 4.17

Figure 4.17 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the sending end voltage when MO surge
arrester is not installed:

a) Sending end voltage is susceptible to and behaves like the switching impulse voltage.

Overhead line Length effect with no MO Surge Arrestor on Receiving End Voltage
3000 1 km Receiving End Voltage without Voltage Arres ter

2000
Voltage (kV) 10 km Receiving End Voltage without Voltage Arres ter
1000

0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
100 km Receiving End Voltage without Voltage Arres ter
Time (s)

Figure 4.18

Figure 4.18 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the receiving end voltage when MO surge
arrester is not installed:

a) As overhead line length increase, receiving end voltage suffers small decrease in magnitude.
b) The receiving end voltage also experience delay as the overhead line length increase.
Overhead line Length and MO Surge Arrestor effect on Sending End Current

4 Overhead line with Voltage Arrester Sending End Current

1 km

3.5

3 Sending End Current without Voltage Arrester

1 km

2.5

102km Overhead line with Voltage Arrester Sending End Current

Current (A) 1.5

101km Sending End Current without Voltage Arrester

0.5

100
0 km Overhead line with Voltage Arrester Sending End Current
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

-0.5

100 km Sending End Current without Voltage Arrester

-1

Time (s)

Figure 4.19

Figure 4.19 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the sending end current when MO surge
arrester and overhead line length are variable:

a) MO Surge arrester is installed.

Sending end current is susceptible and behaves like switching impulse voltage with
voltage surge arrester installed.
As length of the transmission line increase, the peak of surge sending end current is
distorted and the peak magnitude is reduce accordingly.
b) MO Surge arrester is not installed
Sending end current experience temporary increase in magnitude for short period of
time then the value rapidly drop to negative region and the slowly recover close to
zero in magnitude.
As overhead line length increase, the current overshoot increase accordingly and
requires longer time to recover.
Overhead line Length and MO Surge Arrestor effect on Receiving End Current
4
3.5
1 km Overhead line with 1 km Receiving End Current
3 Voltage Arres ter Receiving End without Voltage Arres ter
2.5 Current

2 10 km Overhead line with 10 km Receiving End Current

Current (A) Voltage Arres ter Receiving End without Voltage Arres ter
1.5 Current
1 100 km Overhead line with 100 km Receiving End Current
0.5 Voltage Arres ter Receiving End without Voltage Arres ter
Current
0
-0.5
0

Time (s)

Figure 4.20

Figure 4.20 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the receiving end current when MO surge
arrester and overhead line length are variable:

a) Surge arrestor is installed

Receiving end current is susceptible to and behaves like switching impulse voltage
with voltage surge arrester installed.
As length of the transmission line increase, there is time delay on the current surge
behaviour and small reduction in magnitude.
b) Surge arrestor is not installed
When surge arrester is not installed, the receiving end current not susceptible to the
switching impulse surge.

Overhead line Length and MO Surge Arrester effect on Sending End Voltage
2500with s urge arres ter
1 km S urge Voltage 10 km S urge Voltage with s urge arres ter
2000
1500
Voltage
100 km(kV)
S urge 1000
Voltage with s urge arres ter 1 km S urge Voltage without s urge arres ter

500
0
10 km S urge Voltage0without s urge
0 arres ter 0 1000.01 0.01 without
km S urge Voltage 0.01 0.01
s urge arres ter

Time (s)

Figure 4.21

Figure 4.21 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the sending end voltage when MO surge
arrester and overhead line length are variable:
 a) Sending end voltage is susceptible to and behaves like the switching impulse voltage
regardless the presence of MO surge arrestor or overhead line length .
b) No delay or voltage magnitude reduction observed.

Overhead line Length and MO

1 km Surge
Receiving Arrester
End Voltage effect
with s urge on Receiving End Voltage
arres ter

2500
10 km Receiving End Voltage with s urge arres ter
2000
1500 100 km Receiving End Voltage with s urge arres ter
Voltage (kV) 1000
1 km Receiving End Voltage without s urge arres ter
500
0 10 km Receiving End Voltage without s urge arres ter
0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Time
100 km Receiving End Voltage (s)s urge arres ter
without

Figure 4.22

Figure 4.22 shows the switching impulse surge effect on the receiving end voltage when MO surge
arrester and overhead line length are variable:

a) Surge arrestor is installed

Receiving end voltage surge is constrained by the surge voltage arrester
As length of the transmission line increase, there is time delay on the MO surge
arrester behaviour.
b) Surge arrestor is not installed
As overhead line length increase, receiving end voltage suffers small decrease in
magnitude.
The receiving end voltage also experience delay as the overhead line length increase.

Task 3
 EFF Effect on Receiving End Voltage for 1 km Overhead Line
900
EFF = 1.0 Receiving End Voltage EFF = 1.20 Receiving End Voltage
800

700
EFF = 1.25 Receiving End Voltage EFF = 1.29 Receiving End Voltage
600

500

EFF
Voltage = 1.323
(kV) 400Receiving End Voltage EFF = 1.38 Receiving End Voltage

300

200
EFF = 1.40 Receiving End Voltage EFF = 1.47 Receiving End Voltage
100

0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
EFF = 1.52 Receiving End Voltage EFF = 1.70 Receiving End Voltage
-100

Time (s)

Figure 4.23

Figure 4.23 shows that at 1 km overhead line, as EFF value increase the receiving end voltage surge
constrain loosen. If the voltage surge is constrain to a low value, lower rated equipment can be used in
power transmission system. Therefore would cut the cost down.
EFF Effect for 1 km Overhead Line length on Sending End Voltage
2500 EFF = 1.0 Sending End
Voltage
EFF = 1.2 Sending End
Voltage
2000 EFF = 1.25 Sending End
Voltage
EFF = 1.29 Sending End
Voltage
1500
EFF = 1.323 Sending End
Voltage
Voltage (kV)
EFF = 1.38 Sending End
1000 Voltage
EFF = 1.40 Sending End
Voltage
EFF = 1.47 Sending End
500 Voltage
EFF = 1.52 Sending End
Voltage
0 EFF = 1.7 Sending End
0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 Voltage

Time (s)

Figure 4.24

Figure 4.24 shows that at 1 km overhead line, sending end voltage surge is independent from EFF
value.
 EFF Effect for 1 km Overhead Line length on Sending End Current
4.5

3.5 EFF = 1.0

EFF = 1.2
3
EFF = 1.25
2.5 EFF = 1.29
EFF = 1.323
Current (A) 2
EFF = 1.38
1.5 EFF = 1.40
EFF = 1.47
1 EFF = 1.52
EFF = 1.7
0.5

0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-0.5

Time (s)

Figure 4.25

Figure 4.25 shows that at 1 km, as EFF value increase, sending end surge current decrease in presence
of switching impulse voltage.
EFF Effect for 1 km Overhead Line length on Receiving End Current
4.50E+00

4.00E+00

3.50E+00 EFF = 1.0

EFF = 1.2
3.00E+00
EFF = 1.25
2.50E+00 EFF = 1.29
EFF = 1.323
Axis Title 2.00E+00
EFF = 1.38
1.50E+00 EFF = 1.40
EFF = 1.47
1.00E+00
EFF = 1.52
5.00E-01 EFF = 1.7
0.00E+00
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-5.00E-01

Axis Title

Figure 4.26

Figure 4.26 shows that at 1 km, as EFF value increase receiving end surge current decrease in the
presence of switching impulse voltage. At 1 km overhead line, sending end and receiving end is
almost identical.
EFF Effect for 10 km Overhead Line length on Sending End Current
4.5

3.5
EFF = 1.0
3 EFF = 1.2
EFF = 1.25
2.5 EFF = 1.29
EFF = 1.323
Current (A) 2
EFF = 1.38
EFF = 1.40
1.5
EFF = 1.47
1 EFF = 1.52
EFF = 1.7
0.5

0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-0.5

Time (s)

Figure 4.27

Figure 4.27 shows that at 10 km, as EFF value increase, sending end surge current decrease in the
presence of switching impulse voltage. When comparing result between 1 km and 10 km, the result is
almost identical.
EFF Effect for 10 km Overhead Line length on Receiving End Current
4.5

3.5
EFF = 1.0
3 EFF = 1.2
EFF = 1.25
2.5 EFF = 1.29
EFF = 1.323
Current (A) 2
EFF = 1.38
1.5 EFF = 1.40
EFF = 1.47
1 EFF = 1.52
EFF = 1.7
0.5

0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-0.5

Time (s)

Figure 4.28

Figure 4.28 shows that at 10 km, as EFF value increase, receiving end surge current decrease in the
presence of switching impulse voltage. At 10 km overhead line, sending end and receiving end is
almost identical.
EFF Effect for 10 km Overhead Line length on Receiving End Voltage

9.00E+02

8.00E+02

7.00E+02
EFF = 1.0
6.00E+02 EFF = 1.2
EFF = 1.25
5.00E+02 EFF = 1.29
EFF = 1.323
Voltage (kV) 4.00E+02
EFF = 1.38
EFF = 1.40
3.00E+02
EFF = 1.47
EFF = 1.52
2.00E+02
EFF = 1.7
1.00E+02

0.00E+00
0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01

-1.00E+02

Time (s)

Figure 4.29

Figure 4.29 shows that at 10 km overhead line, as EFF increase the receiving end voltage surge
constrain loosen. At 10 km overhead line, sending end and receiving end is almost identical. When
comparing result between 1 km and 10 km, the result is almost identical.
EFF Effect for 10 km Overhead Line length on Sending End Voltage
2500

2000
EFF = 1.0
EFF = 1.2
1500 EFF = 1.25
EFF = 1.29
Voltage (kV) EFF = 1.323
EFF = 1.38
1000
EFF = 1.40
EFF = 1.47
EFF = 1.52
500 EFF = 1.7

0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Time (s)

Figure 4.30

Figure 4.30 shows that at 10 km overhead line, sending end voltage surge is independent from EFF
value.
 EFF Effect for 100 km Overhead Line length on Sending End Current

3.5
EFF = 1.0
3
EFF = 1.2
2.5 EFF = 1.25
EFF = 1.29
2 EFF = 1.323
Current (A)
1.5 EFF = 1.38
EFF = 1.40
1 EFF = 1.47

0.5 EFF = 1.52

EFF = 1.7
0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-0.5

Time (s)

Figure 4.31

Figure 4.31 shows that at 100 km, as EFF value increase, sending end surge current decrease in the
presence of switching impulse voltage. Notice that, the sending end current is distorted at peak region.
When comparing result between 1 km and 100 km, other than the distortion, the sending end current
takes longer time to recover at 100 km as compare to 1 km.

.
 EFF Effect for 100 km Overhead Line length on Receiving End Current
4.5
4
EFF = 1.0 3.5 EFF = 1.2 EFF = 1.25 EFF = 1.29 EFF = 1.323
3
2.5
Current (A) 2
1.5
1
EFF = 1.38 0.5 EFF = 1.40 EFF = 1.47 EFF = 1.52 EFF = 1.7
0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-0.5

Time (s)

Figure 4.32

Figure 4.32 shows that at 100 km overhead line, time delay occur at receiving end current.

EFF Effect for 100 km Overhead Line length on Sending End Voltage
2500

2000
EFF = 1.0 EFF = 1.2 EFF = 1.25 EFF = 1.29 EFF = 1.323

1500
Voltage (kV)
1000

EFF = 1.38 500 EFF = 1.40 EFF = 1.47 EFF = 1.52 EFF = 1.7

0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Time (s)

Figure 4.33

Figure 4.33 shows that at 100 km overhead line, sending end voltage surge is independent from EFF
value.
 EFF Effect for 100 km Overhead Line length on Receiving End Voltage

900

800

700 EFF = 1.0

EFF = 1.2
600
EFF = 1.25
500 EFF = 1.29
EFF = 1.323
Voltage (kV) 400
EFF = 1.38
300 EFF = 1.40
EFF = 1.47
200
EFF = 1.52
100 EFF = 1.7

0
0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-100

Time (s)

Figure 4.34

Figure 4.34 shows that at 100 km overhead line length, receiving end voltage is close to 1km result.
The obvious different is time delay. There is no time delay in 1 km overhead length.

1.
 5.0 Conclusion

EFF value provide the level of constrain to the receiving end voltage. Lowest EFF
value will provide highest level of constrain or protection level. Sending end voltage behavior
is independent from EFF value or length of overhead transmission. The length of the
overhead transmission line will determine the behavior of the sending end current and
receiving current. Short distance transmission lines will cause negligible effect to the sending
or receiving end current. But when dealing with long distance transmission line, current
distortion in sending end and delay in receiving end should be considered as both appear in
long transmission line that have MO surge arrester installed. In sending end, distortion of
peak current is observed and the current decay to negative region suggesting the current travel
to generator side.Whereas in receiving end, there is time delay of surge observed.

Without metal oxide surge arrestor, the switching overvoltage cause voltage surge at
receiving end. During the overvoltage, flashover could occur and damage the equipment.
Metal oxide arresters are one of efficient way to control switching overvoltage. It will limit
the overvoltage at receiving end. Unfortunately, surge current existed in sending end and
receiving end. Therefore it is important that metal oxide arrester have a good thermal
absorbing capability. The energy absorption capability of metal oxide resistors is especially
important for the thermal stability of the arresters in the system. As long as the arrester can
dissipate heat faster than it produce and not reaching critical point, the arrester can branch off
loaded energy as often as it required. The arresters in the system can work reliably and safe if
their energy absorption capability is greater than the energy strain expected in the system
operation. In case of multiple surges, one after another, the injected energy is cumulated in the
arrester and therefore an intermediary cool-down time can be ignored. But if the energy
reaches the guaranteed value, which is applied in the operating duty test, the arrester has to
have enough time to cool-down. The necessary cool-down time for the arrester depends on
the construction, the ambient temperature and the applied voltage.

Since the MO surge arrester limit the effect of surge voltage, the power transmission
system could afford to use lower rated equipment for same protection level. Flashover risk is
reduced. The overall effect will result in cost effective protection level to the power
transmission system.
 6.0 Personal Reflection

1. Surge arrestor is a first layer and cost efficient protection from switching surge to the

electrical equipment and power system Mohd Kamal B Mat Zain (GE110118)
2. There are evolutions on the surge arrestor in high voltage system from gapped SiC to

gap less MO and from porcelain housing to polymer housing. Surge arrestor is a

important apparatus to ensure availability and reliability of power system.

Normalina Bt Rasdi (HE100044)

3. EFF value determines level of protection or surge voltage constrain. The lowest value

will provide maximum protection from switching impulse hazard to the power

transmission system. Intan Fazlina binti Yahaya. (HE110169)

4. Length of the overhead transmission line reflects the sending end current and

receiving end current behaviour which are distortion in sending end current and delay

in receiving end current. Wan Norhashimah binti Wan Husin (HE110223)

 7.0 References
1. Suruhanjaya Tenaga, Performance and statistical information for electricity supply
industries in Malaysis, 2012.
2. IEEE Committee Report, Switching Surge: II Selection of typical waves for
insulation coordination, IEEE Trans ( Power Apparatus and System), 1966 ,
Page(s): 1091 - 1097 .
3. M. S. Naidu and V. Kamaraju, High Voltage Engineering, Second Edition,
McGraw-Hil, 1995.
4. A. I. Ibrahim and H.W. Dommel A Knowledge Base for Switching
Surge Transients, 1994 , Page(s): 514 - 520.
5. K. Hirasawa, K Hirata, S. Suganomata and S. Yamazaki, Switching
Surge and insulation coordination of EHV Power Circuit Breaker ,
1971 , Page(s): 682 - 692
6. C. A. Christodoulou, F. A. Assimakopoulou, I. F. Gonos and I. A.
Stathopulos, simulation of Metal Oxide Surge Aresstor
behaviour, 2008.
7. V. P. Rabde, Metal Oxide Varistors As Surge Suppressors, 1997 , Page(s): 315
319.
8. IEEE Guide for the Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical Utility Systems
Part I: Introduction.