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Coordinates: 03h32m55.8442s,092729.

744

EpsilonEridani
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

EpsilonEridani(Eridani,abbreviatedEpsilonEri,Eri),
EpsilonEridani
alsonamedRan,[18]isastarinthesouthernconstellationof
Eridanus,atadeclinationof9.46southofthecelestialequator.
ThisallowsittobevisiblefrommostofEarth'ssurface.Ata
distanceof10.5lightyears(3.2parsecs)fromtheSun,ithasan
apparentmagnitudeof3.73.Itisthethirdclosestindividualstar
orstarsystemvisibletotheunaidedeyeandisthesecond
closeststarknowntohostaplanet.

Thestarisestimatedtobelessthanabillionyearsold.Because
ofitsrelativeyouth,EpsilonEridanihasahigherlevelof
magneticactivitythanthepresentdaySun,withastellarwind
30timesasstrong.Itsrotationperiodis11.2daysattheequator.
EpsilonEridaniissmallerandlessmassivethantheSun,and
hasacomparativelylowerlevelofelementsheavierthan
helium.[19]ItisamainsequencestarofspectralclassK2,which

meansthatenergygeneratedatthecorethroughnuclearfusion
AstarchartoftheEridanusconstellationshowingtheposition
ofhydrogenisemittedfromthesurfaceatatemperatureof
ofEridani(circled)
about5,000K(8,500F),givingitanorangehue.
Observationdata
EpsilonEridani'sdesignationwasestablishedin1603byJohann EpochJ2000.0EquinoxJ2000.0
Bayer.ItmaybeamemberoftheUrsaMajorMovingGroupof
starsthatshareasimilarmotionthroughtheMilkyWay, Constellation Eridanus
implyingthesestarssharedacommonorigininanopencluster. Rightascension 03h32m55.84496s[1]
Itsnearestneighbour,thebinarystarsystemLuyten7268,will
haveacloseencounterwithEpsilonEridaniinapproximately Declination 092729.7312[1]
31,500yearswhentheywillbeseparatedbyabout0.93ly Apparentmagnitude (V) 3.736[2]
(0.29pc).[20]
Characteristics
ThemotionofEpsilonEridanialongthelineofsighttoEarth, Spectraltype K2V[3]
knownastheradialvelocity,hasbeenregularlyobservedfor
morethantwentyyears.Periodicchangesinitsvalueyielded Apparentmagnitude (B) 4.61[4]
evidenceofagiantplanetorbitingthestar,makingitoneofthe Apparentmagnitude (V) 3.73[4]
closeststarsystemswithacandidateexoplanet.[21]Thedetection
ofthisorbitingplanetaryobject,EpsilonEridanib,was Apparentmagnitude (J) 2.2280.298[5]
announcedin1987.[22][23]Apreliminaryorbitwaspublishedin Apparentmagnitude (H) 1.8800.276[5]
2000,basedonsixindependentdatasetsfromfourdifferent
Apparentmagnitude (K) 1.7760.286[5]
telescopes.[21]Observationsindicatethatthisplanetorbitswitha
periodofabout7yearsatameanseparationof3.4astronomical UBcolorindex +0.571[2]
units(AU).[note1][24]Thediscoveryoftheplanethasbeen BVcolorindex
controversialbecauseoftheamountofbackgroundnoiseinthe +0.887[2]

radialvelocitydata,particularlyintheearlyobservation,[25]but Variabletype BYDra[4][6]


manyastronomersnowregardtheplanetasconfirmed.In2016 Astrometry
itwasgiventhealternativenameAEgir[sic].
TheEpsilonEridanisystemalsoincludestwobeltsofrocky Radialvelocity (Rv) +15.50.9[7]km/s
asteroids:atabout3AUand20AUfromthestar.Theorbital
structurecouldbemaintainedbyahypotheticalsecondplanet, Propermotion () RA:975.17[1]mas/yr
whichifconfirmedwouldbeEpsilonEridanic.[26]Epsilon Dec.:19.49[1]mas/yr
Eridanihostsanextensiveouterdebrisdiskofremnant
Parallax () 311.370.1[8]mas
planetesimalsleftoverfromthesystem'sformation.[27]
Distance 10.4750.003ly
AsoneofthenearestSunlikestarswithaplanet,[28]Epsilon (3.2120.001pc)
Eridanihasbeenthetargetofseveralobservationsinthesearch Absolutemagnitude (MV) 6.19[9]
forextraterrestrialintelligence.EpsilonEridaniappearsin
sciencefictionstoriesandhasbeensuggestedasadestination Details
forinterstellartravel.[29]FromEpsilonEridani,theSunwould
Mass 0.820.02[10][11]M
appearasa2.4magnitudestarinSerpens.[note2]
Radius 0.7350.005[12]R

Luminosity 0.34[13]L
Contents
Surfacegravity (logg) 4.300.08[10]cgs
1 Nomenclature
2 Observationalhistory Temperature 5,0845.9[14]K
2.1 Cataloguing Metallicity[Fe/H] 0.130.04[15]dex
2.2 Detectionofproximity
2.3 Circumstellardiscoveries Rotation 11.2days[16]
2.4 SETIandproposedexploration
3 Properties Rotationalvelocity 2.40.5[16]km/s
3.1 Magneticactivity (vsini)
3.2 Kinematics Age 400800[17]Myr
4 Planetarysystem
4.1 Dustdisk Otherdesignations
4.2 Possibleplanets
4.2.1 Planetb Ran,18Eridani,BD09697,
4.2.2 Planetc GCTP742.00,GJ144,HD22049,
4.2.3 Potentialhabitability HIP16537,HR1084,LHS1557,
5 Seealso SAO130564,WDS033300928. [4]
6 Notesandreferences
6.1 Notes Databasereferences
6.2 References SIMBAD Thestar(http://simbad.
7 Externallinks ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim
id?Ident=HD+22049)
planetb(http://simbad.
Nomenclature ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim
id?Ident=*+eps+Eri+b)
Eridani(LatinisedtoEpsilonEridani)isthesystem'sBayer
designation(seebelow).Despitebeingarelativelybrightstar,it planetc(http://simbad.u
wasnotgivenapropernamebyearlyastronomers.However,it strasbg.fr/simbad/simi
doeshavenumerousothercataloguedesignations.Uponits d?Ident=*+eps+Eri+c)
discovery,theplanetwasdesignatedEpsilonEridanib,
followingtheusualdesignationsystemforextrasolarplanets.
TheplanetanditshoststarwereselectedbytheInternationalAstronomicalUnion(IAU)aspartofacompetition
forgivingpropernamestoexoplanetsandtheirhoststars,forsomesystemsthatdidnotalreadyhaveproper
names.[30][31]Theprocessinvolvednominationsbyeducationalgroupsandpublicvotingfortheproposed
names.[32]InDecember2015,theIAUannouncedthewinningnameswereRanforthestarandAEgirforthe
planet.[33]Thosenameshadbeensubmittedbythepupilsofthe8thGradeatMountainsideMiddleSchoolin
Colbert,Washington,UnitedStates.BothnamesderivefromNorsemythology:Rnisthegoddessoftheseaand
gir,herhusband,isthegodoftheocean.[34]

Thenamesatthatpointremainedunofficial,butin2016theIAUorganizedaWorkingGrouponStarNames
(WGSN)[35]tocatalogandstandardizepropernamesforstars.InitsfirstbulletinofJuly2016,[36]theWGSN
explicitlyrecognizedthenamesofexoplanetsandtheirhoststarsthatwereproducedbythecompetition.Epsilon
EridaniisnowlistedasRanintheIAUCatalogofStarNames.[18]Itisnotyetclearwhetherprofessional
astronomerswillgenerallyusethenewname,orcontinuetorefertothestarasEpsilonEridanibotharenow
equallyvalid.

Observationalhistory
Cataloguing

EpsilonEridanihasbeenknowntoastronomerssinceatleastthe2nd
centuryAD,whenClaudiusPtolemy(aGreekastronomerfromAlexandria,
Egypt)includeditinhiscatalogueofmorethan1000stars.Thecatalogue
waspublishedaspartofhisastronomicaltreatisetheAlmagest.The
constellationEridanuswasnamedbyPtolemy(Greek:,English:
River),andEpsilonEridaniwaslistedasitsthirteenthstar.Ptolemycalled
EpsilonEridani,Greekforaforegoingofthefour
(hereisthenumberfour).ThisreferstoagroupoffourstarsinEridanus:
,,and(10th13thinPtolemy'slist).isthemostwesternofthese,
andthusthefirstofthefourintheapparentdailymotionoftheskyfrom
easttowest.ModernscholarsofPtolemy'scataloguedesignateitsentryas
"P784"(inorderofappearance)and"Eri13".Ptolemydescribedthestar's
magnitudeas3.[37][38]

EpsilonEridaniwasincludedinseveralstarcataloguesofmedievalIslamic
astronomicaltreatises,whichwerebasedonPtolemy'scatalogue:inAl
Sufi'sBookofFixedStars,publishedin964,AlBiruni'sMas'udCanon,
publishedin1030,andUlughBeg'sZijiSultani,publishedin1437.Al
Above,thenorthernsectionofthe
Sufi'sestimateofEpsilonEridani'smagnitudewas3.AlBiruniquotes
Eridanusconstellationisdelineatedin
magnitudesfromPtolemyandAlSufi(however,forEpsilonEridanihe
green,whilstOrionisshowninblue.
quotesthevalue4forbothPtolemy'sandAlSufi'smagnitudes,whereas
Below,anenlargedviewoftheregion
originalvaluesofboththesemagnitudesare3).Itsnumberinorderof
inthewhiteboxshowsthelocationof
appearanceis786.[39]UlughBegcarriedoutnewmeasurementsofEpsilon EpsilonEridaniattheintersectionof
Eridani'scoordinatesinhisobservatoryatSamarkand,andquotes thetwolines.
magnitudesfromAlSufi(3forEpsilonEridani).Themoderndesignations
ofitsentryinUlughBeg'scatalogueare"U781"and"Eri13"(thelatteris
thesameasPtolemy'scataloguedesignation).[37][38]
In1598EpsilonEridaniwasincludedinTychoBrahe'sstarcatalogue,republishedin1627byJohannesKepleras
partofhisRudolphineTables.ThiscataloguewasbasedonTychoBrahe'sobservationsof15771597,including
thoseontheislandofHvenathisobservatoriesofUraniborgandStjerneborg.ThesequencenumberofEpsilon
EridaniintheconstellationEridanuswas10,anditwasdesignatedQuaeomnesquatuorantecedit,Latinforwhich
precedesallfourthemeaningisthesameasPtolemy'sdescription.Braheassigneditmagnitude3.[37][40]

EpsilonEridani'sBayerdesignationwasestablishedin1603aspartoftheUranometria,astarcatalogueproduced
byGermancelestialcartographerJohannBayer.HiscatalogueassignedlettersfromtheGreekalphabettogroups
ofstarsbelongingtothesamevisualmagnitudeclassineachconstellation,beginningwithalpha()forastarin
thebrightestclass.However,Bayermadenoattempttoarrangestarsbyrelativebrightnesswithineachclass.Thus,
althoughEpsilonisthefifthletterintheGreekalphabet,[41]thestaristhetenthbrightestinEridanus.[42]In
additiontotheletter,Bayerhadgivenitthenumber13(thesameasPtolemy'scataloguenumber,asweremany
ofBayer'snumbers)anddescribeditasDecimaseptima,Latinfortheseventeenth.[note3]BayerassignedEpsilon
Eridanimagnitude3.[43]

In1690EpsilonEridaniwasincludedinthestarcatalogueofJohannesHevelius.Itssequencenumberin
constellationEridanuswas14,itsdesignationwasTertia(thethird),anditwasassignedmagnitude3or4(sources
differ).[37][44]ThestarcatalogueofEnglishastronomerJohnFlamsteed,publishedin1712,gaveEpsilonEridani
theFlamsteeddesignationof18Eridani,becauseitwastheeighteenthcataloguedstarintheconstellationof
Eridanusbyorderofincreasingrightascension.[4]In1818EpsilonEridaniwasincludedinFriedrichBessel's
catalogue,basedonJamesBradley'sobservationsfrom17501762,andatmagnitude4.[45]Italsoappearedin
NicolasLouisdeLacaille'scatalogueof398principalstars,whose307starversionwaspublishedin1755inthe
EphmridesdesMouvemensClestes,pourdixannes,17551765,[46]andwhosefullversionwaspublishedin
1757inAstronomiFundamenta,Paris.[47]Inits1831editionbyFrancisBaily,EpsilonEridanihasthenumber
50.[48]Lacailleassigneditmagnitude3.[46][47][48]

In1801EpsilonEridaniwasincludedinHistoireClesteFranaise,JosephJrmeLefranoisdeLalande's
catalogueofabout50,000stars,basedonhisobservationsof17911800,inwhichobservationsarearrangedin
timeorder.ItcontainsthreeobservationsofEpsilonEridani.[note4][49]In1847,aneweditionofLalande's
cataloguewaspublishedbyFrancisBaily,containingthemajorityofitsobservations,inwhichthestarswere
numberedinorderofrightascension.BecauseeveryobservationofeachstarwasnumberedandEpsilonEridani
wasobservedthreetimes,itgotthreenumbers:6581,6582and6583.[50](Todaynumbersfromthiscatalogueare
usedwiththeprefix"Lalande",or"Lal".[51])LalandeassignedEpsilonEridanimagnitude3.[49][50]Alsoin1801it
wasincludedinthecatalogueofJohannBode,inwhichabout17,000starsweregroupedinto102constellations
andnumbered(EpsilonEridanigotthenumber159intheconstellationEridanus).Bode'scataloguewasbasedon
observationsofvariousastronomers,includingBodehimself,butmostlyonLalande'sandLacaille's(forthe
southernsky).BodeassignedEpsilonEridanimagnitude3.[52]In1814GiuseppePiazzipublishedthesecond
editionofhisstarcatalogue(itsfirsteditionwaspublishedin1803),basedonobservationsduring17921813,in
whichmorethan7000starsweregroupedinto24hours(023).EpsilonEridaniisnumber89inhour3.Piazzi
assigneditmagnitude4.[53]In1918EpsilonEridaniappearedintheHenryDraperCataloguewiththedesignation
HD22049andapreliminaryspectralclassificationofK0.[54]

Detectionofproximity

Basedonobservationsbetween1800and1880,EpsilonEridaniwasfoundtohavealargepropermotionacrossthe
celestialsphere,whichwasestimatedatthreearcsecondsperyear(angularvelocity).[55]Thismovementimpliedit
wasrelativelyclosetotheSun,[56]makingitastarofinterestforthepurposeofstellarparallaxmeasurements.
ThisprocessinvolvesrecordingthepositionofEpsilonEridaniasEarthmovesaroundtheSun,whichallowsa
star'sdistancetobeestimated.[55]From1881to1883,AmericanastronomerWilliamL.Elkinusedaheliometerat
theRoyalObservatoryattheCapeofGoodHope,SouthAfrica,tocomparethepositionofEpsilonEridaniwith
twonearbystars.Fromtheseobservations,aparallaxof0.140.02arcsecondswascalculated.[57][58]By1917,
observershadrefinedtheirparallaxestimateto0.317arcseconds.[59]Themodernvalueof0.3109arcsecondsis
equivalenttoadistanceofabout10.50lightyears(3.22pc).[1]

Circumstellardiscoveries

BasedonapparentchangesinthepositionofEpsilonEridanibetween1938and1972,PetervandeKamp
proposedthatanunseencompanionwithanorbitalperiodof25yearswascausinggravitationalperturbationsinits
position.[60]Thisclaimwasrefutedin1993byWulffDieterHeintzandthefalsedetectionwasblamedona
systematicerrorinthephotographicplates.[61]

Launchedin1983,thespacetelescopeIRASdetectedinfraredemissionsfromstarsneartotheSun,[62]including
anexcessinfraredemissionfromEpsilonEridani.[63]Theobservationsindicatedadiskoffinegrainedcosmicdust
wasorbitingthestar[63]thisdebrisdiskhassincebeenextensivelystudied.Evidenceforaplanetarysystemwas
discoveredin1998bytheobservationofasymmetriesinthisdustring.Theclumpinginthedustdistributioncould
beexplainedbygravitationalinteractionswithaplanetorbitingjustinsidethedustring.[64]

In1987,thedetectionofanorbitingplanetaryobjectwasannouncedbyBruceCampbell,GordonWalkerand
StephensonYang.[22][23]From1980to2000,ateamofastronomersledbyArtieP.Hatzesmaderadialvelocity
observationsofEpsilonEridani,measuringtheDopplershiftofthestaralongthelineofsight.Theyfound
evidenceofaplanetorbitingthestarwithaperiodofaboutsevenyears.[21]Althoughthereisahighlevelofnoise
intheradialvelocitydataduetomagneticactivityinitsphotosphere,[65]anyperiodicitycausedbythismagnetic
activityisexpectedtoshowastrongcorrelationwithvariationsinemissionlinesofionizedcalcium(theCaIIH
andKlines).Becausenosuchcorrelationwasfound,aplanetarycompanionwasdeemedthemostlikelycause.[66]
ThisdiscoverywassupportedbyastrometricmeasurementsofEpsilonEridanimadebetween2001and2003with
theHubbleSpaceTelescope,whichshowedevidenceforgravitationalperturbationofEpsilonEridanibya
planet.[8]

AstrophysicistAliceC.QuillenandherstudentStephenThorndikeperformedcomputersimulationsofthe
structureofthedustdiskaroundEpsilonEridani.Theirmodelsuggestedthattheclumpingofthedustparticles
couldbeexplainedbythepresenceofasecondplanetinaneccentricorbit,whichtheyannouncedin2002.[67]

SETIandproposedexploration

In1960,physicistsPhilipMorrisonandGiuseppeCocconiproposedthatextraterrestrialcivilizationsmightbe
usingradiosignalsforcommunication.[68]ProjectOzma,ledbyastronomerFrankDrake,usedtheTatelTelescope
tosearchforsuchsignalsfromthenearbySunlikestarsEpsilonEridaniandTauCeti.Thesystemswereobserved
attheemissionfrequencyofneutralhydrogen,1,420MHz(21cm).Nosignalsofintelligentextraterrestrialorigin
weredetected.[69]Drakerepeatedtheexperimentin2010,withthesamenegativeresult.[68]Despitethislackof
success,EpsilonEridanimadeitswayintosciencefictionliteratureandtelevisionshowsformanyyearsfollowing
newsofDrake'sinitialexperiment.[70]

InHabitablePlanetsforMan,a1964RANDCorporationstudybyspacescientistStephenH.Dole,theprobability
ofahabitableplanetbeinginorbitaroundEpsilonEridaniwereestimatedat3.3%.Amongtheknownnearbystars,
itwaslistedwiththe14starsthatwerethoughtmostlikelytohaveahabitableplanet.[71]
WilliamI.McLaughlinproposedanewstrategyinthesearchforextraterrestrialintelligence(SETI)in1977.He
suggestedthatwidelyobservableeventssuchasnovaexplosionsmightbeusedbyintelligentextraterrestrialsto
synchronizethetransmissionandreceptionoftheirsignals.ThisideawastestedbytheNationalRadioAstronomy
Observatoryin1988,whichusedoutburstsofNovaCygni1975asthetimer.Fifteendaysofobservationshowed
noanomalousradiosignalscomingfromEpsilonEridani.[72]

BecauseoftheproximityandSunlikepropertiesofEpsilonEridani,in1985physicistandauthorRobertL.
Forwardconsideredthesystemasaplausibletargetforinterstellartravel.[73]Thefollowingyear,theBritish
InterplanetarySocietysuggestedEpsilonEridaniasoneofseveraltargetsinitsProjectDaedalusstudy.[74]The
systemhascontinuedtobeamongthetargetsofsuchproposals,suchasProjectIcarusin2011.[75]

Basedonitsnearbylocation,EpsilonEridaniwasamongthetargetstarsforProjectPhoenix,a1995microwave
surveyforsignalsfromextraterrestrialintelligence.[76]Theprojecthadcheckedabout800starsby2004,buthad
notyetdetectedanysignals.[77]

Properties
Atadistanceof10.50ly(3.22parsecs),EpsilonEridaniisthe13thnearest
knownstar(andninthnearestsolitarystarorstellarsystem)totheSunasof
2014.[9]Itsproximitymakesitoneofthemoststudiedstarsofitsspectral
type.[78]EpsilonEridaniislocatedinthenorthernpartoftheconstellation
Eridanus,about3eastoftheslightlybrighterstarDeltaEridani.Witha
declinationof9.46,EpsilonEridanicanbeviewedfrommuchofEarth's
surface,atsuitabletimesofyear.Onlytothenorthoflatitude80Nisit
permanentlyhiddenbelowthehorizon.[79]Theapparentmagnitudeof3.73
Illustrationoftherelativesizesof
canmakeitdifficulttoobservefromanurbanareawiththeunaidedeye,
EpsilonEridani(left)andtheSun
(right) becausethenightskiesovercitiesareobscuredbylightpollution.[80]

EpsilonEridanihasanestimatedmassof0.82solarmasses[10][11]anda
radiusof0.74solarradii.[12]Itshineswithaluminosityofonly0.34solarluminosities.[13]Theestimatedeffective
temperatureis5,084K.[14]WithastellarclassificationofK2V,itisthesecondnearestKtypemainsequencestar
(afterAlphaCentauriB).[9]Since1943thespectrumofEpsilonEridanihasservedasoneofthestableanchor
pointsbywhichotherstarsareclassified.[81]Itsmetallicity,thefractionofelementsheavierthanhelium,isslightly
lowerthantheSun's.InEpsilonEridani'schromosphere,aregionoftheouteratmospherejustabovethelight
emittingphotosphere,theabundanceofironisestimatedat74%oftheSun'svalue.[15]Theproportionoflithiumin
theatmosphereisfivetimeslessthanthatintheSun.[82]

EpsilonEridani'sKtypeclassificationindicatesthatthespectrumhasrelativelyweakabsorptionlinesfrom
absorptionbyhydrogen(Balmerlines)butstronglinesofneutralatomsandsinglyionizedcalcium(CaII).The
luminosityclassV(dwarf)isassignedtostarsthatareundergoingthermonuclearfusionofhydrogenintheircore.
ForaKtypemainsequencestar,thisfusionisdominatedbytheprotonprotonchainreaction,inwhichaseriesof
reactionseffectivelycombinesfourhydrogennucleitoformaheliumnucleus.Energyreleasedbyfusionis
transportedoutwardfromthecorethroughradiation,whichresultsinnonetmotionofthesurroundingplasma.
Outsideofthisregion,intheenvelope,energyiscarriedtothephotospherebyplasmaconvection,whereitthen
radiatesintospace.[83]

Magneticactivity
EpsilonEridanihasahigherlevelofmagneticactivitythantheSun,and
thustheouterpartsofitsatmosphere(thechromosphereandcorona)are
moredynamic.TheaveragemagneticfieldstrengthofEpsilonEridani
acrosstheentiresurfaceis(1.650.30)102Tesla,[84]whichismore
thanfortytimesgreaterthanthe(540)105Tmagneticfieldstrengthin
theSun'sphotosphere.[85]Themagneticpropertiescanbemodeledby
assumingthatregionswithamagneticfluxofabout0.14Trandomlycover
approximately9%ofthephotosphere,whereastheremainderofthesurface
isfreeofmagneticfields.[86]TheoverallmagneticactivityofEpsilon
Eridanishowscoexisting2.95 0.03and12.7 0.3yearactivity
cycles.[82]Assumingthatitsradiusdoesnotchangeovertheseintervals,the Anexampleofaregionofmagnetic
longtermvariationinactivitylevelappearstoproduceatemperature activityonthesurfaceofastarin
variationof15K(432.7F),whichcorrespondstoavariationinvisual thiscasetheSun
magnitude(V)of0.014.[87]

ThemagneticfieldonthesurfaceofEpsilonEridanicausesvariationsinthehydrodynamicbehaviorofthe
photosphere.Thisresultsingreaterjitterduringmeasurementsofitsradialvelocity.Variationsof15ms1were
measuredovera20yearperiod,whichismuchhigherthanthemeasurementuncertaintyof3ms1.Thismakes
interpretationofperiodicitiesintheradialvelocityofEpsilonEridani,suchasthosecausedbyanorbitingplanet,
moredifficult.[65]

EpsilonEridaniisclassifiedasaBYDraconisvariablebecauseithasregionsofhighermagneticactivitythat
moveintoandoutofthelineofsightasitrotates.[6]Measurementofthisrotationalmodulationsuggeststhatits
equatorialregionrotateswithanaverageperiodof11.2days,[16]whichislessthanhalfoftherotationperiodofthe
Sun.ObservationshaveshownthatEpsilonEridanivariesasmuchas0.050inVmagnitudeduetostarspotsand
othershorttermmagneticactivity.[88]PhotometryhasalsoshownthatthesurfaceofEpsilonEridani,liketheSun,
isundergoingdifferentialrotationi.e.therotationperiodatequatordiffersfromthatathighlatitude.Themeasured
periodsrangefrom10.8to12.3days.[87][note5]TheaxialtiltofEpsilonEridanitowardthelineofsightfromEarth
ishighlyuncertain:estimatesrangefrom24to72.[16]

Thehighlevelsofchromosphericactivity,strongmagneticfield,andrelativelyfastrotationrateofEpsilonEridani
arecharacteristicofayoungstar.[89]TheageofEpsilonEridanihasbeenestimatedas440millionyears,butthis
remainssubjecttodebate.Mostageestimationmethodsplaceitintherangefrom200millionto800million
years.[90]However,thelowabundanceofheavyelementsinthechromosphereofEpsilonEridaniusuallyindicates
anolderstar,becausetheinterstellarmedium(outofwhichstarsform)issteadilyenrichedbyheavierelements
producedbyoldergenerationsofstars.[91]Thisanomalymightbecausedbyadiffusionprocessthathas
transportedsomeoftheheavierelementsoutofthephotosphereandintoaregionbelowEpsilonEridani's
convectionzone.[92]

TheXrayluminosityofEpsilonEridaniisabout21028ergs/s(21021W).ItismoreluminousinXraysthan
theSunatpeakactivity.ThesourceforthisstrongXrayemissionisEpsilonEridani'shotcorona.[93][94]Epsilon
Eridani'scoronaappearslargerandhotterthantheSun's,withatemperatureof3.4106K,measuredfrom
observationofthecorona'sultravioletandXrayemission.[95]

ThestellarwindemittedbyEpsilonEridaniexpandsuntilitcollideswiththesurroundinginterstellarmediumof
diffusegasanddust,resultinginabubbleofheatedhydrogengas(anastrosphere,theequivalentoftheheliosphere
thatsurroundstheSun).TheabsorptionspectrumfromthisgashasbeenmeasuredwiththeHubbleSpace
Telescope,allowingthepropertiesofthestellarwindtobeestimated.[95]EpsilonEridani'shotcoronaresultsina
masslossrateinEpsilonEridani'sstellarwindthatis30timeshigherthantheSun's.Thiswindisgeneratesthe
astrospherethatspansabout8,000au(0.039pc)andcontainsabowshockthatlies1,600au(0.0078pc)from
EpsilonEridani.AtitsestimateddistancefromEarth,thisastrospherespans42arcminutes,whichiswiderthanthe
apparentsizeofthefullMoon.[96]

Kinematics

EpsilonEridanihasahighpropermotion,moving0.976arcsecondsperyearinrightascension(thecelestial
equivalentoflongitude)and0.018arcsecondsperyearindeclination(celestiallatitude),foracombinedtotalof
0.962arcsecondsperyear.[1][note6]Thestarhasaradialvelocityof+15.5km/s(35,000mph)(awayfromthe
Sun).[7]ThespacevelocitycomponentsofEpsilonEridaniinthegalacticcoordinatesystemare(U,V,W)=
(3,+7,20)km/s,whichmeansthatitistravelingwithintheMilkyWayatameangalactocentricdistanceof
28.7kly(8.79kiloparsecs)fromthecorealonganorbitthathasaneccentricityof0.09.[98]Thevelocityand
headingofEpsilonEridaniindicatethatitmaybeamemberoftheUrsaMajorMovingGroup,whosemembers
shareacommonmotionthroughspace.Thisbehaviorsuggeststhatthemovinggrouporiginatedinanopencluster
thathassincediffused.[90][99]Theestimatedageofthisgroupis500100millionyears,[100]whichlieswithinthe
rangeoftheageestimatesforEpsilonEridani.

Duringthepastmillionyears,threestarsarebelievedtohavecomewithin7ly(2.1pc)ofEpsilonEridani.The
mostrecentandclosestoftheseencounterswaswithKapteyn'sStar,whichapproachedtoadistanceofabout3ly
(0.92pc)roughly12,500yearsago.TwomoredistantencounterswerewithSiriusandRoss614.Noneofthese
encountersarethoughttohavebeencloseenoughtoaffectthecircumstellardiskorbitingEpsilonEridani.[101]

EpsilonEridanimadeitsclosestapproachtotheSunabout105,000yearsago,whentheywereseparatedby7ly
(2.1pc).[102]Baseduponasimulationofcloseencounterswithnearbystars,thebinarystarsystemLuyten7268,
whichincludesthevariablestarUVCeti,willencounterEpsilonEridaniinapproximately31,500yearsata
minimumdistanceofabout0.9ly(0.29parsecs).Theywillbelessthan1ly(0.3parsecs)apartforabout4,600
years.IfEpsilonEridanihasanOortcloud,Luyten7268couldgravitationallyperturbsomeofitscometswith
longorbitalperiods.[20]

Planetarysystem
TheEpsilonEridaniplanetarysystem[8][27][103][104]
Companion Semimajoraxis Orbitalperiod
Mass Eccentricity Inclination Radius
(inorderfromstar) (AU) (days)
Asteroidbelt 3AU
b(AEgir)(unconfirmed) 1.550.24MJ 3.383.50 2,5022,630 0.250.702
Asteroidbelt 20AU
c(unconfirmed) 0.1MJ 40? 102,270 0.3
Dustdisk 35100AU

Dustdisk
ObservationswiththeJamesClerkMaxwellTelescopeata
wavelengthof850mshowanextendedfluxofradiationout
toanangularradiusof35arcsecondsaroundEpsilonEridani.
Thepeakemissionoccursatanangularradiusof
18arcseconds,whichcorrespondstoaradiusofabout60AU.
Thehighestlevelofemissionoccursovertheradius3575AU
fromEpsilonEridaniandissubstantiallyreducedinside
30AU.Thisemissionisinterpretedascomingfromayoung
analogueoftheSolarSystem'sKuiperbelt:acompactdusty
diskstructuresurroundingEpsilonEridani.FromEarth,this
beltisviewedataninclinationofroughly25tothelineof
sight.[64]

Dustandpossiblywatericefromthisbeltmigratesinward
becauseofdragfromthestellarwindandaprocessbywhich
stellarradiationcausesdustgrainstoslowlyspiraltoward Submillimeterwavelengthimageofaringofdust
EpsilonEridani,knownasthePoyntingRobertsoneffect.[105] particlesaroundEpsilonEridani(abovecenter).
Atthesametime,thesedustparticlescanbedestroyedthrough Thebrightestareasindicatetheregionswiththe
mutualcollisions.Thetimescaleforallofthedustinthedisk highestconcentrationsofdust.
tobeclearedawaybytheseprocessesislessthanEpsilon
Eridani'sestimatedage.Hence,thecurrentdustdiskmusthave
beencreatedbycollisionsorothereffectsoflargerparent
bodies,andthediskrepresentsalatestageintheplanet
formationprocess.Itwouldhaverequiredcollisionsbetween
11Earthmasses'worthofparentbodiestohavemaintainedthe
diskinitscurrentstateoveritsestimatedage.[27]

Thediskcontainsanestimatedmassofdustequaltoasixthof
themassoftheMoon,withindividualdustgrainsexceeding
3.5minsizeatatemperatureofabout55K.Thisdustis
beinggeneratedbythecollisionofcomets,whichrangeupto
10to30kmindiameterandhaveacombinedmassof5to9
timesthatofEarth.Thisissimilartotheestimated10Earth Comparisonoftheplanetsanddebrisbeltsinthe
SolarSystemtotheEpsilonEridanisystem.Atthe
massesintheprimordialKuiperbelt.[106][107]However,the
topistheasteroidbeltandtheinnerplanetsofthe
diskaroundEpsilonEridanicontainslessthan2.21017kgof SolarSystem.Secondfromthetopistheproposed
carbonmonoxide.Thislowlevelsuggestsapaucityof innerasteroidbeltandplanetbofEpsilonEridani.
volatilebearingcometsandicyplanetesimalscomparedtothe Thelowerillustrationsshowthecorresponding
Kuiperbelt.[108] featuresforthetwostars'outersystems.

Theclumpystructureofthedustbeltmaybeexplainedby
gravitationalperturbationfromaplanet,dubbedEpsilonEridanib.Theclumpsinthedustoccuratorbitsthathave
anintegerresonancewiththeorbitofthesuspectedplanet.Forexample,theregionofthediskthatcompletestwo
orbitsforeverythreeorbitsofaplanetisina3:2orbitalresonance.[109]Incomputersimulationsthering
morphologycanbereproducedbythecaptureofdustparticlesin5:3and3:2orbitalresonanceswithaplanetthat
hasanorbitaleccentricityofabout0.3.[67]Alternatively,theclumpinessmayhavebeencausedbycollisions
betweenminorplanetsknownasplutinos.[110]

ObservationsfromNASA'sSpitzerSpaceTelescopesuggestthatEpsilonEridaniactuallyhastwoasteroidbelts
andacloudofexozodiacaldust.ThelatterisananalogofthezodiacaldustthatoccupiestheplaneoftheSolar
System.OnebeltsitsatapproximatelythesamepositionastheoneintheSolarSystem,orbitingatadistanceof
3.000.75AUfromEpsilonEridani,andconsistsofsilicategrainswithadiameterof3mandacombinedmass
ofabout1018kg.IftheplanetEpsilonEridanibexiststhenthisbeltisunlikelytohavehadasourceoutsidethe
orbitoftheplanet,sothedustmayhavebeencreatedbyfragmentationandcrateringoflargerbodiessuchas
asteroids.[111]Thesecond,denserbelt,mostlikelyalsopopulatedbyasteroids,liesbetweenthefirstbeltandthe
outercometdisk.ThestructureofthebeltsandthedustdisksuggeststhatmorethantwoplanetsintheEpsilon
Eridanisystemareneededtomaintainthisconfiguration.[27][112]

Inanalternativescenario,theexozodiacaldustmaybegeneratedinanouterbeltthatisorbitingbetween55and
90AUfromEpsilonEridaniandhasanassumedmassof103timesthemassofEarth.Thisdustisthen
transportedinwardpasttheorbitofEpsilonEridanib.Whencollisionsbetweenthedustgrainsaretakeninto
account,thedustwillreproducetheobservedinfraredspectrumandbrightness.Outsidetheradiusofice
sublimation,locatedbeyond10AUfromEpsilonEridaniwherethetemperaturesfallbelow100K,thebestfitto
theobservationsoccurswhenamixoficeandsilicatedustisassumed.Insidethisradius,thedustmustconsistof
silicategrainsthatlackvolatiles.[105]

TheinnerregionaroundEpsilonEridani,fromaradiusof2.5AUinward,appearstobeclearofdustdowntothe
detectionlimitofthe6.5mMMTtelescope.Grainsofdustinthisregionareefficientlyremovedbydragfromthe
stellarwind,whilethepresenceofaplanetarysystemmayalsohelpkeepthisareaclearofdebris.Still,thisdoes
notprecludethepossibilitythataninnerasteroidbeltmaybepresentwithacombinedmassnogreaterthanthe
asteroidbeltintheSolarSystem.[113]

Possibleplanets

AsoneofthenearestSunlikestars,EpsilonEridanihasbeenthetargetof
manyattemptstosearchforplanetarycompanions.[21][90]However,its
chromosphericactivityandvariabilitymeansthatfindingplanetswiththe
radialvelocitymethodisdifficult,becausethestellaractivitymaycreate
signalsthatmimicthepresenceofplanets.[114]Attemptsatdirectimaging
ofpotentialexoplanetshaveprovenunsuccessfultodate.[66][115]
Anartist'sillustrationshowingtwo
InfraredobservationhasshowntherearenobodiesofthreeormoreJupiter
asteroidbeltsandaplanetorbiting
massesinthissystem,outtoatleastadistanceof500AUfromthehost
EpsilonEridani
star.[90]PlanetswithsimilarmassesandtemperaturesasJupitershouldbe
detectablebySpitzeratdistancesbeyond80AU,butnonehasbeen
discoveredinthisrange.Planetsmorethan150%asmassiveasJupitercanberuledoutattheinneredgeofthe
debrisdiskat3035AU.[17]

Planetb

ReferredtoasEpsilonEridanib,thisplanetwasannouncedin2000,butthediscoveryhasremainedcontroversial.
Acomprehensivestudyin2008calledthedetection"tentative"anddescribedtheproposedplanetas"long
suspectedbutstillunconfirmed".[27]However,manyastronomersbelievedtheevidenceissufficientlycompelling
thattheyregardthediscoveryasconfirmed.[90][105][111][115]Asof2013,thediscoveryremainsindoubtbecausea
searchprogramatLaSillaObservatorydidnotconfirmitexists.[116]

Publishedsourcesremainindisagreementastotheproposedplanet'sbasicparameters.Valuesforitsorbitalperiod
rangefrom6.85to7.2years.[8]Estimatesofthesizeofitsellipticalorbitthesemimajoraxisrangefrom3.38
AUto3.50AU[103][104]andapproximationsofitsorbitaleccentricityrangefrom0.250.23to
0.7020.039.[8][104]

Thetruemassofthisplanetremainsunknown,butitcanbeestimated
basedonthedisplacementeffectoftheplanet'sgravityonEpsilonEridani.
OnlythecomponentofthedisplacementalongthelineofsighttoEarthis
known,whichyieldsavaluefortheformulamsini,wheremisthemassof
theplanetandiistheorbitalinclination.Estimatesforthevalueofmsini
rangefrom0.60Jupitermassesto1.06Jupitermasses,[103][104]whichsets
thelowerlimitforthemassoftheplanet(becausethesinefunctionhasa
Artist'simpressionoftheproposed maximumvalueof1).Bychoosingamassof0.78andanestimated
planetEpsilonEridaniborbiting inclinationof30,thisyieldsthefrequentlycitedvalueof1.550.24
withinazonethathasbeenclearedof Jupitermassesfortheplanet'smass.[8]
dust.Nearthebottomcenterisa
conjecturedmoon. Ofallthemeasuredparametersforthisplanet,thevaluefororbital
eccentricityisthemostuncertain.Thefrequentlycitedvalueof0.7for
EpsilonEridanib'seccentricityisinconsistentwiththepresenceofthe
proposedasteroidbeltatadistanceof3AU.Iftheeccentricitywasactuallythishigh,theplanetwouldpass
throughtheasteroidbeltandclearitoutwithinabouttenthousandyears.Ifthebelthasexistedforlongerthanthis
period,whichappearslikely,itimposesanupperlimitonEpsilonEridanib'seccentricityofabout0.10
0.15.[111][112]Ifthedustdiskisinsteadbeinggeneratedfromtheouterdebrisdisk,ratherthanfromcollisionsinan
asteroidbelt,thennoconstraintsontheplanet'sorbitaleccentricityareneededtoexplainthedustdistribution.[105]

Planetc

ComputersimulationsofthedustydiskorbitingEpsilonEridanisuggest
thattheshapeofthediskmaybeexplainedbythepresenceofasecond
planet,tentativelydubbedEpsilonEridanic.Clumpinginthedustdiskmay
occurbecausedustparticlesarebeingtrappedinorbitsthathaveresonant
orbitalperiodswithaplanetinaneccentricorbit.ThepostulatedEpsilon
Eridanicwouldorbitatadistanceof40AU,withaneccentricityof0.3and
aperiodof280years.[67]Theinnercavityofthediskmaybeexplainedby
thepresenceofadditionalplanets.[90]Currentmodelsofplanetformation
cannoteasilyexplainhowaplanetcouldhavebeencreatedatthisdistance
fromEpsilonEridani.Thediskisexpectedtohavedissipatedlongbeforea Renderedillustrationofthe
giantplanetcouldhaveformed.Instead,theplanetmayhaveformedatan unconfirmedsecondplanetasseen
orbitaldistanceofabout10AUthenmigratedoutwardbecauseof fromahypotheticalmoon.The
gravitationalinteractionwiththediscorwithotherplanetsinthe distantEpsilonEridaniisvisibleon
system.[117] theleft,surroundedbyafaintdiskof
dustparticles.
Potentialhabitability

EpsilonEridaniisatargetforplanetfindingprogramsbecauseithaspropertiesthatallowanEarthlikeplanetto
form.AlthoughthissystemwasnotchosenasaprimarycandidateforthenowcanceledTerrestrialPlanetFinder,
itwasatargetstarforNASA'sproposedSpaceInterferometryMissiontosearchforEarthsizedplanets.[118]The
proximity,SunlikepropertiesandsuspectedplanetsofEpsilonEridanihavealsomadeitthesubjectofmultiple
studiesonwhetheraninterstellarprobecanbesenttoEpsilonEridani.[73][74][119]
TheorbitalradiusatwhichthestellarfluxfromEpsilonEridanimatchesthesolarconstantwheretheemission
matchestheSun'soutputattheorbitaldistanceoftheEarthis0.61astronomicalunits(AU).[120]Thatiswithin
themaximumhabitablezoneofaconjecturedEarthlikeplanetorbitingEpsilonEridani,whichcurrentlystretches
fromabout0.5to1.0AU.AsEpsilonEridaniagesoveraperiodof20billionyears,thenetluminositywill
increase,causingthiszonetoslowlyexpandoutwardtoabout0.61.4AU.[121]However,thepresenceofalarge
planetwithahighlyellipticalorbitinproximitytoEpsilonEridani'shabitablezonereducesthelikelihoodofa
terrestrialplanethavingastableorbitwithinthehabitablezone.[122]

AyoungstarsuchasEpsilonEridanicanproducelargeamountsofultravioletradiationthatmaybeharmfulto
life.TheorbitalradiuswheretheUVfluxmatchesthatontheearlyEarthliesatjustunder0.5AU.[25]Epsilon
Eridani'sproximity,Sunlikepropertiesandsuspectedplanetshavemadeitadestinationforinterstellartravelin
sciencefictionstories.[29]

FromEpsilonEridani,theSunwouldappearasa2.4magnitudestarinSerpens.[note2]

Seealso
EpsilonEridaniinfiction
Listofexoplanetaryhoststars
Listsofplanets
Listofneareststarsandbrowndwarfs

Notesandreferences
Notes

1.1AUisroughlythedistancebetweentheEarthandtheSun
2.FromEpsilonEridani,theSunwouldappearonthediametricallyoppositesideoftheskyatthecoordinates
RA=15h32m55.84496s,Dec=092729.7312,whichislocatednearAlphaSerpentis.Theabsolutemagnitudeofthe
Sunis4.83,[a]so,atadistanceof3.212parsecs,theSunwouldhaveanapparentmagnitude:
,[b]assumingnegligibleextinction(AV)foranearbystar.
Ref.:
a.Binney,JamesMerrifield,Michael(1998),GalacticAstronomy,PrincetonUniversityPress,p.56,ISBN0691
025657
b.Karttunen,Hannuetal.(2013),FundamentalAstronomy,SpringerScience&BusinessMedia,p.103,ISBN3
662032155
3.ThisisbecauseBayerdesignated21starsinthenorthernpartofEridanusbyprecedingalongthe'river'fromeastto
west,startingfrom(SuprapedemOrionisinflumine,prima,meaningabovethefootofOrionintheriver,thefirst)to
thetwentyfirst,(Vigesimaprima,thatisthetwentyfirst).EpsilonEridaniwastheseventeenthinthissequence.These
21starsare:,,,b,,,c,,,(twostars),d,A,,,,,,,,.
Ref.:Bayer,Johann(1603)."Uranometria:omniumasterismorumcontinensschemata,novamethododelineata,aereis
laminisexpressa".UranometriainLindaHallLibrary:link(http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/astro_atlas/id/
118).
4.1796September17(page246),1796December3(page248)and1797November13(page307)
5.TherotationperiodPatlatitudeisgivenby:

P=Peq/(1ksin)

wherePeqistheequatorialrotationperiodandkisthedifferentialrotationparameter.Thevalueofthisparameteris
estimatedtobeintherange:
0.03k0.10[16]

6.Thetotalpropermotioncanbecomputedfrom:

2=(cos)2+2

whereisthepropermotioninrightascension,isthepropermotionindeclination,andisthedeclination.[97]This
yields:

2=(975.17cos(9.458))2+19.492=925658.1

orequals962.11.

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