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Finite Element Method 1

Basics of
Fi it El
Finite Elementt A
Analysis
l i

Dr. Rajesh K. N.
Associate Professor in Civil Engineering
Govt College of Engineering Kannur
Govt.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


OUTLINE

Objectives and methods of engineering


analysis
What
Wh t is
i FEA?
Advantages of FEA
Process of formulation
Variational and Galerkin approaches

Shape functions

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Objectives of Engineering Analysis
To predict:
displacements
stresses
natural frequencies and modes of vibration
buckling loads and mode shapes
temperature distribution
crack growth
g
velocity, pressure and temperature distribution in fluids
non-linear
non linear effects
electric and magnetic fields
etc. etc.!

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Methods of Engineering Analysis

Analytical
A l ti l methods
th d
Experimental methods
Numerical methods

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Approximate Methods and Exact Methods

Approximate method
h d provides
d approximate solution
l to
the exact problem, and

Exact method provides exact solution to a highly


approximate problem!

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What is finite element method?
A numerical
i l technique
t h i

to obtain approximate solutions

to a wide variety of engineering problems

where the variables are related by means of

algebraic, differential and integral equations.

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Pioneers of FEM

R Courant

M J Turner

J J Argyris

R W Clough

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FE Models

Discretisation of finite domains

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FE Models

FEM with rigid boundary Fractal FEM

Discretisation of semi-infinite
semi infinite
domains

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FE Models

Discretisation of singularity
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What does Finite Element Analysis do?

Provides numerical solution to field p


problems

Determination of spatial distribution of one or more dependent


variables

How does it work?

Actual variation can be complex


complex, but approximated as simple (like
a polynomial), in FEA

A field problem is described mathematically as a differential or


integral equation

FEA is a numerical tool to solve such equations

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Finite elements can be visualised as small
pieces of a structure

Elements are connected at NODES

Assemblage of elements is called MESH

FE mesh is represented by a system of algebraic equations

Unknowns are the values of field variable at the nodes (also their
derivatives, sometimes)

Once the nodal values are known, the distribution within an


element can be found, from the assumed (polynomial) variation

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Field variables and forcing vectors in various applications
Application Field variable Forcing vector

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Advantages of FEA
FEA is applicable to ANY field
problem: Heat transfer, stress analysis,
magnetic fields etc.

No geometric restriction: The analysis


domain can have any shape

No restriction on boundary conditions


and loading Infinite elements

No restriction on material properties


like isotropy

Different types of components can be


combined: bar, beam, plate, cable, shaft
etc.

Accuracy of the results can be easily


improved
d by
b using more elements
l

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Process of formulation
Real life
problem:
Physical
phenomenon Mathematical
model:
d l
Differential
equations
Solution:
?

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Solution of Differential Equations

ODE DE
O E,PD AnalyticalMethod

Numerical
N i l
Method

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The problem
E.g.: Axial deformation of bar: 1D Boundary value problem

f ( x ) + df ( x )
f ( x)
q(x) F q ( x)

dx
A(x), E(x)
{ f ( x) + df ( x)} + q ( x) dx f ( x) = 0
Bar with a distributed load q along
i llength
its h andd a concentrated
d force
f F df
= q
at the free end dx
du
f ( x ) = A( x ) ( x ) ( x ) = E ( x ) ( x) =
dx
d du
EA ( x ) + q ( x ) = 0; 0< x < L
dx dx
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The mathematical model should include boundary conditions

Boundary conditions

du ( L) 2 boundary
b d conditions
di i
u ( x = 0) = 0; EA( L) =F
dx in this case

n boundary conditions to solve an nth order differential equation

Two types of BCs: ESSENTIAL and NATURAL boundary


conditions

20
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For a general BVP in which the highest derivative
present is of the order 2p,

The boundary conditions with order from 0 to p-1


are essential,

The boundary conditions with order from p to 2p-1


are natural

EBC: E.g., Displacements = 0 (Support conditions)


NBC:
NBC EE.g., Applied
A li d forces
f

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The Solution:

Approximate Numerical Methods

Variational Method Weighted Residual


((Rayleigh-Ritz
y g Method)) Methods

Least square method Galerkin Method

Collocation Method

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Weighted residual methods
WR methods work on BVP directly and try to
minimise some measure of error in the solution

Variational method
BVP is first expressed in an equivalent variational
form. The approximate solution is constructed from
the variational statement

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Least Square Method

Solve
S l the
h ffollowing
ll i differential
diff i l equation
i

d 2u
2 = sin ( x ) ,0 x < 1
dx

with boundary conditions


u ( 0 ) = 0, u (1) = 0

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Solution by
y Least Square
q Method

An error (residual) function is defined as:


d 2u
E ( x ) = 2 sin ( x )
dx
Required to minimise a weighted residual function:

wE ( x ) dx
where w is a weighting function.

If the error function itself is chosen as the weighting


function, the method is called Least Square
q Method.

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That is, for Least Square Method,

w = E ( x)

Hence it is required to minimise the weighted residual


function :

E ( x ) dx
2

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Let the solution be represented as a polynomial:

u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2

Applying boundary conditions: [u(0) = 0 and u(1) = 0]

a0 = 0; a1 = a2

u ( x ) = a2 ( x + x 2 )

du d 2u
= a2 ( 1 + 2 x ) andd 2
= 2 a2
dx dx

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The error (residual) function is:
d 2u
E ( x ) = 2 ssin ( x ) = 2a2 ssin ( x )
dx
Required to minimise the weighted residual function:

R = E 2 ( x ) dx


a1
( E
2
)
( x ) dx = 0 and
d

a2
( E 2
)
( x ) dx = 0
Only the second condition is relevant here, since there is
only one coefficient a2 to be found.

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a2
( ) E
E ( x ) dx = 0 a2 Edx = 0
2
E
= 2
a2
1
2 2a2 sin ( x ) dx = 0
0

1
a2 =

H
Hence the
h approximate
i solution
l i iis:

u ( x ) = a2 ( x + x )= ( )
1
2
x x 2

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1
The exact solution is: u ( x) = sin ( x )
2

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2
Residual from Least Square Method is: E ( x) = sin ( x )

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Collocation Method
In this method, residual is forced to zero at a few points
(called collocation points) in the domain.

( x x ) E ( x )dx = 0
i ( x xi ) is dirac-delta function

( x xi ) = 0, for x xi
( x xi ) = , for x = xi
+

(x x ) = 1

i

( x x ) f ( x ) dx = f ( x )

i i

i.e., ( x xi ) E ( x )dx = 0 E ( xi ) = 0
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Solve the following
g differential equation
q

d 2u
2 = sin ( x ) ,0 x < 1
dx
with boundary conditions
u ( 0 ) = 0, u (1) = 0

Solution represented as a polynomial:

u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2

Applying boundary conditions: [u((0)) = 0 ( ) = 0]


and u(1)

We get u ( x ) = a2 ( x + x 2 )
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du d 2u
= a2 ( 1 + 2 x ) andd 2
= 2 a2
dx dx

d 2u
E ( x ) = 2 sin ( x ) = 2a2 sin ( x )
dx

Let x1= 1/2 be a collocation point.

( 2 ) = 0 2a
E 1 2 sin ( x ) = 0

1
a2 =
2
u ( x ) = ( x x2 )
1
Hence the approximate
pp solution is:
2
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1
The exact solution is: u ( x ) = sin ( x )
2

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Residual from one point collocation is: E ( x ) = 1 sin ( x )

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Solve the above p
problem with a IV order p
polynomial
y
approximation

Solution represented as a polynomial:

u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + a4 x 4

Applying boundary conditions: [u(0) = 0 and u(1) = 0]

We get u ( x ) = ( a 2 a 3 a 4 ) x + a 2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + a 4 x 4

Three coefficients to be found. Hence we should use


three point collocation
1 1 3
Let , , be the collocation points.
points
4 2 4
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d 2u
( )
2
d u =
E ( x ) = 2 sin ( x ) + + 2
2 2 a 2 6 a3 x 12 a 4 x
dx dx

E 1 ( 4 ) = 0 ( 2a + 1.5a + 0.75a ) 0.70711 = 0


2 3 4

E ( 1 ) = 0 ( 2a + 3a + 3a ) 1 = 0
2 2 3 4

E ( 3 ) = 0 ( 2a + 4.5a + 6.75a ) 0.70711 = 0


4 2 3 4

Solving, a2 = 0.085786, a3 = 0.78105, a4 = 0.39052

u ( x ) = 0.30474 x + 0.085786 x 2 0.78105 x 3 + 0.39052 x 4

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1
The exact solution is: u ( x) = sin ( x )
2

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Residual from 3-point collocation is:
d 2u
E ( x ) = 2 sin ( x )
dx
= ( 0.085786
0 085786 2 00.78105 39052 12 x 2 ) sin ( x )
78105 6 x + 00.390

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Domain residual & boundary
y residual
Boundary
residual
Actual solution
Boundary 2

Approximate
solution

Domain
Boundary 1 residual

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If the chosen approximate solution satisfies boundary
conditions, there is no boundary residual.

But it may be difficult to find such a trial solution that


satisfies ALL the boundary conditions

In the
h problems
bl d
discussed
d here,
h we chose
h triall functions
f that
h
satisfy ALL the boundary conditions

Collocation method ensures domain residuals to be zero at


some points, but has no control on error at other points.

But least squares method tries to minimise error in an


average sense. i.e., it tries to minimise the domain residual at
ALL points.

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Galerkin Method

Solve the following differential equation


d 2u
2 = sin ( x ) ,0
0 x <1
dx
with boundary conditions
u ( 0 ) = 0, u (1) = 0

In Galerkin Method,, the weighting


g g function is taken as:

u
wi =
ai
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Solution by
y GalerkinMethod
Solution represented as a polynomial:

u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
(II order
d polynomial
l i l approximation)
i ti )

Applying
pp y g boundary
y conditions: [u(0) = 0 and u(1) = 0]

We get u ( x ) = a2 ( x + x 2 )

d 2u
E ( x ) = 2 sin ( x ) = 2a2 sin ( x )
d
dx

The weighted residual is: R = w ( x ) E ( x )dx

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It is required to find the coefficients ai by forcing the
weighted residual to zero.

u
R = wi E ( x )dx = 0 R= E ( x )dx = 0
ai

u u
Weight functions w1 ( x ) = ; w2 ( x ) = ; etc.
a1 a2

u
w2 ( x ) = only is relevant here, since there is only
a2 one coefficient a to be found
2

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u
w2 ( x ) = = x + x2
a2
1
R = ( x + x2 ) 2a2 sin ( x ) dx = 0
0

12
a2 =
3

H
Hence the
th approximate l ti iis: u ( x ) =
i t solution
12
3
(x x )
2

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1
The exact solution is: u ( x) = sin ( x )
2

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IV order p
polynomial
y approximation:
pp

u ( x ) = a0 + a1x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4

Solution,

u ( x ) = 0.31543x + 0.042492 x2 0.71585x3 + 0.35793x4

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Variational Method

Variation of a function
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
a0 , a1 , a2 are unknown parameters

A small change in these parameters results in:

u ( x ) = ( a0 + a0 ) + ( a1 + a1 ) x + ( a2 + a2 ) x 2

u = u ( x ) u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2

This is the variation of u by definition

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1. We have: u u u
= 1; = x; = x2;
a0 a1 a2
u u u
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 + a2
a0 a1 a2

2. Variation of the derivative of u is:

du d u du du = a + 2 a x
= = 1 2
dx dx dx dx

3. u 2 = u 2 ( x ) u 2 ( x )

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4.
4 u n = nu n 1 u h
where n is
i an iinteger
t

5.
5 (u + v ) = u + v

6. xu = x u, since is x not a function of a0 , a1 , a2


1 2 u2
7.
7 u u = u =
2 2
2
du d u du du = 1 du
. = 2 dx
8.
dx dx dx dx

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9.
9
x2 x2
f ( x ) u ( x ) dx = [ f ( x ) u ( x ) ] dx
x1 x1
x2

= f ( x ) u ( x ) dx
x1

where f is a function of x alone

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Problem:

Solve the following differential equation


d 2u
2 = sin ( x ) ,00 x < 1
dx
with boundary conditions
u ( 0 ) = 0, u (1) = 0

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Solution by Variational Method
d 2u
Step 1: Define, E ( x ) = 2 sin ( x )
dx
1

E ( x ) u ( x ) dx = 0
0

1
d 2u
0 dx 2 sin ( x ) u ( x ) dx = 0

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Step 2: Use integration by parts to reduce the order of highest
derivative

d u du
1 1 1
du
2
d u

0
dx 2
u dx =

u +
dx 0 0 dx dx
dx = 0

Hence,

du du d ( ) du dx sin x udx = 0
u 1 1
u +u + ( )
dx x =1 dx x =0 0 dx dx 0

1 2 1
du du 1 du
u +u + dx sin ( x )udx = 0
dx x =1 dx x =0 0
2 dx 0

du du 1 1 du 2
u +u + sin ( x ) u dx = 0
dx x =1 dx x =0 0 2 dx
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Step 3: Apply essential boundary conditions
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2

u ( 0 ) = 0; u (1) = 0;

u ( x ) = a2 ( x + x 2 )
u ( x ) = a2 ( x 2 x )

u ( 0 ) = 0; u (1) = 0;

ddu ddu
1 du
1 2

u +u + sin ( x ) u dx = 0
dx x =1 dx x =0 0 2 dx
0 0

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Note:

u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2

If u ( 0 ) = 2 and u (1) = 3;

u ( x ) = 2 + ( 3 a2 ) x + a2 x 2

u ( x ) = a2 ( x 2 x )

u ( 0 ) = 0; u (1) = 0;

Hence wherever EBC is specified,


Hence, specified

u = 0

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Step 4: Variational form:

1 1 du 2 1

dx i ( x )udx
d sin d =0
2 dx
0 0
1 2 1
1 du
I ( u ) = 0, where, I ( u ) = dx sin ( x )udx
0
2 dx 0

This I is equivalent to the Potential Energy


functional in structural mechanics problems

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Step 5:
For the chosen polynomial approximation, u ( x ) = a2 ( x + x 2 ) ,

1 1 1

I ( u ) = a2 ( 1 + 2 x ) dx sin ( x )a2 ( x + x ) dx
2 2

0 2 0
a22 4a2
= + 3
6
I I
I ( u ) = 0 =0 = 0 only is relevant here, since
ai a2 there is only
y one coefficient
a2 in u
a2 4 12
+ 3 = 0 a2 = 3
3
12
u ( x ) = 3 ( x x2 )

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Galerkin Method for Axial Deformation
Problem
L

q(x) F

dx
A(x), E(x) d du
EA( x ) + q ( x ) = 0;
0 0< x < L
dx dx

du ( L) du
u ( x = 0) = 0; EA( L) = EA( x) =F
dx dx x=L

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Forcing the weighted L
d du
residual to zero, 0 dx EA( x )
dx
+ q ( x )

wi ( x )dx = 0

L L
d d
du
0 i dx
w ( x ) EA( x )
dx
dx + wi ( x ) q( x )dx = 0
0

U i integration
Using i t ti b by parts,
t

L L L
du dwi ( x ) du
wi ( x ) EA( x )
dx 0 0 dx
EA( x )
dx
d + q( x ) wi ( x )dx
dx
0
d =0

L L
du( L)
d ddu(0) ddw ddu
wi ( L) EA( L) wi (0) EA(0) EA( x ) i dx + q( x ) wi ( x )dx = 0
dx dx 0
dx dx 0

L L
dw du
wi ( L) F EA( x ) i dx + q( x ) wi ( x )dx = 0
0
dx dx 0

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Linear solution u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x
u(0) = 0 a0 = 0
du
u ( x ) = a1 x, = a1
dx
L L
dw
d
wi ( L) F EA( x ) i a1dx + q( x ) wi ( x )dx = 0
0
dx 0

u dw1 ( x )
w1 ( x ) = =x w1 ( L) = L =1
a1 dx

Assuming linearly varying axial load, q( x ) = cx

Assuming constant EA, EA( x ) = EA

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L L
LF EAa1dx + cx 2 dx = 0
0 0

cL3
LF EAa1L + =0
3

cL2 + 3F
a1 =
3EA

cL2 + 3F
u ( x) = x
3 EA
Linear approximate solution

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Quadratic solution
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2

u(0) = 0 a0 = 0
du
u ( x ) = a1 x + a2 x , 2
= 2a2 x + a1
dx
L L
dw
wi ( L) F EA( x ) i ( 2a2 x + a1 ) dx + q( x ) wi ( x )dx = 0
0
dx 0

u u
w1 ( x ) = =x w2 ( x ) = = x2
a1 a2
Assuming linearly varying axial load, q( x ) = cx

Assuming constant EA, EA( x ) = EA


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L L

LF EA i ( 2a2 x + a1 ) dx + cxwi ( x )dx = 0


dw
0 dx 0

W get 2 equations
We i corresponding
di to w1 and
d w2

L L

LF EA 1 ( 2a2 x + a1 ) dx
dw
d + cxw1 ( x )dx
d = 0,
0 andd
0 dx 0
L L

LF EA 2 ( 2a2 x + a1 ) dx + cxw2 ( x )dx = 0


dw
0 dx 0

Substituting w1 and w2 and their derivatives,


L L

LF EA ( 2a2 x + a1 ) dx + cx 2 dx = 0 and
0 0
L L

LF EA ( 2 x ) ( 2a2 x + a1 ) dx + cx 3dx = 0
0 0

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cL3
EAa
EA 2 L2 + FL EAL
EALa1 = 0 and
3

cL4 4
EAa2 L3 + FL2 EAa1L2 = 0
4 3

7cL2 12 F cL
a1 = a2 =
12 EA
12EA 4 EA

7cL2 12 F cL 2
u ( x) = x x
12 EA 4 EA
Quadratic approximate solution

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Variational Method for Axial Deformation
Problem
F

Axial strain energy is:

L
1 1
U = x x dv = x x A ( x ) dx
2V 20
L L 2

= E A( x )dx = EA( x ) dx
1 du du 1 du
2 0 dx dx 20 dx

Work done by external forces is:


L
W= q ( x ) u ( x ) dx + F u ( x )
0
i i

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Hence the total potential energy functional for axial
deformation is:
L 2 L
= U W = EA( x ) dx q ( x ) u ( x ) dx Fi u ( xi )
1 du
20 dx 0

Assume linearly varying axial load, q( x ) = cx

Assume constant EA,, EA( x ) = EA

Hence total potential energy functional for the given


problem is:

L 2 L
1 du
= EA d dx c uxdx F ( L)
d Fu
0 dx
2 0

Essential Boundary Condition: u(0) = 0


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Linear solution

u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x
u(0) = 0 a0 = 0
u ( x ) = a1 x

Substituting this into the potential energy functional,


L L
1
= EA a12dx c a1 x 2 dx Fa1L
2 0 0
3
1 L
= EAa12 L ca1 Fa1L
2 3

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From p
principle
p of minimum p
potential energy,
gy
=0
ai

H
Here, =0
a1
1 L3

EAa1 L ca1 Fa1L = 0
2
a1 2 3

L3
EAa1 L c FL = 0
3
c ( L2 3) + F
a1 =
EA
c ( L2 3) + F
u ( x) = x Linear approximate
solution
l ti
EA
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Quadratic solution

u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
u(0) = 0 a0 = 0
u ( x ) = a1 x + a2 x 2

Substituting this into the potential energy functional,

L 2 L
1 du
= EA dx c uxdx Fu ( L )
0 dx
2 0

L L

= EA ( a1 + 2a2 x ) dx c ( a1 x + a2 x 2 ) xdx Fa1 L Fa2 L2


1 2

2 0 0

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= ca2 L4 + ( 2 EAa22 ca1 ) L3 + EAa1a2 L2 + EAa12 L F ( a2 L2 + a1 L )
1 1 1
4 3 2

From principle of minimum potential energy,


=0
ai

Here, =0 =0
a1 a2

cL3
EAa2 L2 + FL EALa1 = 0 and
3

cL4 4
EAa
EA 2 L3 + FL2 EAa
EA 1L2 = 0
4 3

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


7cL2 12 F cL
L
a1 = a2 =
12 EA 4 EA

7cL2 12 F cL 2
u ( x) = x x
12 EA 4 EA
Quadratic approximate solution

F cL2 cx 3
The exact solution to this problem is: u ( x) = x+ x
AE 2 AE 6 AE

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


c=1, EA=1, L=2, F=10

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Variational Method for Beam Problem
q

2
d y
L 2
1
Bending
g strain energy
gy is: U = EI 2 dx
2 0 dx
L
Work done by external forces is: W= qydx
0

Hence the total potential energy functional is:


2
d y
L 2 L
1
= U W = EI 2 dx
d qydx
d
2 0 dx 0
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Essential boundary
y conditions: y ((0)) = 0,, y ( L) = 0

x
Appro imate solution
Approximate y ( ) 1
x = a sin
L
(Satisfies boundary conditions)

x
2
d2y
= a1 sin
i

L L
2
dx

Substituting into the potential energy functional,

2
x dx
L L

2
1
= EI a1 sin x
20 L L
dx
0
q 1 L
a sin

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


4 EI L
= a 2q a1
2

4L 3 1

From principle of minimum potential energy,


=0
a1

4 EI L
a1 2q =0
2L
2L 3

qL4
a1 = 0.01307
EI

x
sin
qL4
y ( x ) = 0.01307
EI L

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


In
I the
th above
b problems,
bl di
displacement
l t was approximated
i t d ffor
the entire domain.

Instead of the above, a solution by dividing the domain into


several sub-domains (elements) and approximating
displacement within each sub-domain
sub domain (piecewise approximation
ensuring continuity) is possible.

This method leads to finite element method.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


General Procedure in
Finite Element Method

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


General Procedure in Finite Element Method

1 - Discretization: The problem domain is discretized into a


collection of simple shapes, or elements.

2 - Develop Element Equations: Developed using the physics of


the problem, and typically Galerkins Method or variational
principles.

3 - Assembly:
A bl The
Th element
l t equations
ti for
f each
h element
l t in
i th
the FEM
mesh are assembled into a set of global equations that model the
properties of the entire system.
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
4 - Application of Boundary Conditions: Solution cannot be
obtained unless boundary conditions are applied. They reflect
the known values for certain primary unknowns. Imposing the
boundary conditions modifies the global equations.

5 - Solve
S l for
f Primary
Pi Unknowns:
U k Th modified
The difi d global
l b l equations
i
are solved for the primary unknowns at the nodes.

6 - Calculate Derived Variables: Calculated using the nodal


values of the primary variables.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Process of formulation
Real life
problem:
Physical
phenomenon Mathematical
model:
d l
Differential
equations
Solution:
Finite element
equations
q

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Governing
g Equation
q for Solid Mechanics Problems
Basic equation for a static analysis is as follows:

[K] {u} = {Fapp} + {Fth} + {Fpr} + {Fma} + {Fpl} + {Fcr} + {Fsw} + {Fld}

[K] = total stiffness matrix


{u} = nodal displacement vector
{ app} = applied
{F li d nodal
d l force
f l d vector
load
{Fth} = applied element thermal load vector
{Fpr} = applied element pressure load vector
{Fma} = applied element body force vector
{{Fpl} = element p
plastic strain load vector
{Fcr} = element creep strain load vector
{Fsw} = element swelling strain load vector
{Fld} = element large deflection load vector
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Finite Element Solution for Axial Deformation
Problem

Point loads Coordinates of


at the end end points

F1 x1 A x2 F2

u1 u2
q ( x)
Distributed load
Displacements
p
at the end

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Shape functions
1 2

u1 A u2

Assume a polynomial (linear) displacement


distribution over the element
u ( x ) = a0 + a1x

@ x = x1 , u1 = a0 + a1 x1 u1 x2 u2 x1 u2 u1
a0 = a1 =
@ x = x2 , u2 = a0 + a1 x2 x2 x1 x2 x1

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Hence,
u1x2 u2 x1 u2 u1 x2 x x x1
u ( x) = + x or, u ( x) = u1 + u2
x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x1

u ( x ) = N1u1 + N2u2
where N1 and N2 are the shape functions

Putting in matrix form, x2 x x x1 u1


u ( x) =
x2 x1 x2 x1 u2

u1
u ( x ) = [ N1 N2 ]
u2
u = [N] d
T
(Displacements in terms of shape functions)
 
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Hence,, the approximation
pp for an element is obtained by
y
rearranging the polynomial approximation.

If we divide
di ide the problem into se
several
eral elements,
elements we can use the
same piecewise approximation function for each element.

The approximation function is in terms of the nodal values of


the field variable.

We get two advantages here:

Ensure continuity at element junctions (nodes)


Easy imposing of EBCs

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Shape functions Derivatives of shape functions

x2 x x2 x N1 1
N1 ( x ) = = =
x2 x1 A x A
x x1 x x1 N2 1
N2 ( x ) = = =
x2 x1 A x A

N1
Note: 1
0
x1 x2
N1 ( x1 ) = 1, N1 ( x2 ) = 0,
N2 ( x1 ) = 0 N2 ( x2 ) = 1
N2
0 1
x1 x2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Strains, stresses and forces in terms of shape
p functions
u ( x ) u1
Strain vector, = = ( 1 1 2 2 ) = ( N1 N2 )
N u + N u
 x x x u2
u
= [ L][ N ] d [ L] =
T
where, d = 1 ;
  u2 x

N1 N2
= [ B] d
T where, [ ] [ ][ ]
B
T
= L N
T
=
  x x

= E = E [ B] d = E [ L][ N ] d
T T
Stress vector,
   
A = EA = EA[ B] d = EA[ L][ N ] d
T T
Force vector,
vector
   
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
ELEMENT EQUATIONS USING GALERKIN APPROACH

d du
Governing differential equation ( ) + q ( x ) = 0;
EA x x1 < x < x2
dx dx
du ( x1 ) du ( x2 )
Boundary conditions EA = F1; EA = F2
dx dx

d du
Residual function E= ( ) + q ( x)
EA x
dx dx
d
x2
Weighted residual is forced du
to zero. i.e., x dx EA( x )
dx
+ q ( x )

wi ( x )dx = 0
1

In FEM,, weighting
g g functions are same as the shape
p functions
N1 , N2 ,
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
d
x2
d
du
x dx EA( x )
dx
N i ( x ) + q ( x ) N i ( x )

dx = 0
1

x2
d
x dx [ EAu ] N i + qN i dx = 0
1

Using
g integration
g by
ypparts,,
x2 x2
dN
N i EAu x2 i EAu dx + qqN i dx = 0
x

x1
1
dx x1

x2 x

2
dN
EAN i ( x2 ) u ( x2 ) EAN i ( x1 ) u ( x1 ) i EAu dx
d + qN i ddx = 0
x1
dx x1

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


du ( x1 ) du ( x2 )
EA = EAu ( x1 ) = F1; EA = EAu ( x2 ) = F2
dx dx

( )
x2

F2 N i ( x2 ) + F1 N i ( x1 ) + qN i N iEAu dx = 0
x1

We get 2 equations corresponding to N1 and N2

( )
x2

F2 N1 ( x2 ) + F1 N1 ( x1 ) + qN1 N1EAu dx = 0
x1

F N ( x ) + F N ( x ) + ( qN )
x2

2 2 2 1 2 1 2 N 2EAu dx = 0
x1

We have, N1 ( x1 ) = 1, N1 ( x2 ) = 0,
N2 ( x1 ) = 0, N2 ( x2 ) = 1

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Thus,

( )
x2

F1 + qN1 N1EAu dx = 0
x1

( )
x2

F2 + qN 2 N 2EAu dx = 0
x1

Writing the two integral equations in matrix form,

x2
N1 N1 F1 0
x q N 2 N 2 EAu dx + F2 = 0
1

du N1 N2 u1
u ( x ) = = u1 + u2 = [ N1 N2 ]
dx x x u2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
N1 N1
x2
u1 F1 0
q EA [ N1 N 2 ] dx + =
x1 2
N N 2 u2 F2 0

x2 x2

[ N ] qdx [ B ] EA [ B ]T ddx + rp = 0
x1 x1
  

u1
where, d = not a function of x
 u2
x2 x2

[ B ] EA [ B ]T dxd = [ N ] qdx + rp
x1
 x1 

[ k ] d = rq + rp
  

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


x2

[ k] = [ B] EA[ B]T dx is the Element Stiffness Matrix


x1

rq + rp is the Element Load Vector


 
d is the Element (Nodal) displacement

Vector
1
N1 A Let x1 = 0; x2 = A
[ B] = =
N2 1
A

1 1 1
A
A 1 1 A
A2 A2 AE 1 1
[ k] = EA dx = AE dx = 1 1
0
1 A A 0
1 1 A
A A2 A2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
x2 x A x
x2 A
A A
A 1
rq = [ N ] qdx A2
= qdx = cxdx =
c

 x1 0
x x x 6 2
0
1
A A

f q ( x ) = cx, and x1 = 0, x2 = A
for
F1
rq =
 F2

AE 1 1 u1 cA 2 1 F1
[ k ] d = rq + rp = +
   A 1 1 u2 6 2 F2

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


ELEMENT EQUATIONS USING VARIATIONAL APPROACH

d du
Governing differential equation ( ) + q ( x ) = 0;
EA x x1 < x < x2
dx dx
du ( x1 ) du ( x2 )
Boundary conditions EA = F1; EA = F2
dx dx

Total p
potential energy
gy functional for the p
problem is:

x 2 x
1 2 du 2

= U W = EA( x ) dx q ( x ) u ( x ) dx Fi u ( xi )
2 x1 dx x1

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


x x
1 2 2

= U W = EAu2dx qqudx F1u1 F2u2


2 x1 x1

u1
u ( x ) = [ N1 N2 ] = [ B]T d
u2 

d is the Element (Nodal) displacement Vector




u ( x ) = [ B] d [ B]T d = d T [ B][ B]T d


2 T T

   

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


x x
1 2 1 2

U = EAu2dx = EAd T [ B ][ B ]T ddx


2 x1 2 x1  
x2
1 T
= d EA [ B ]T [ B ] dxd
2  x1 

u1
x2 x2

W = qudx + F1u1 + F2u2 = qudx + [ F1 F2 ]


x1 x1 u2
x2

= q [ N ] ddx + [ F1 F2 ] d
T

x1
 

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


x2 x2
1 T
d d q [ N ] ddx
= U W = d EA [ B ][ B ] dx d [ F1 F2 ] d
T T

2  x1  x1  

x2

B B dx = [ k]
[ ] [ ]T
EA is the Element Stiffness Matrix
x1

1
A
A 1 1
[ k] = EA dx assuming x1 = 0; x2 = A
0
1 A A
A
1 1
A
A2 A2 AE 1 1
= AE dx = 1 1
0
1 1 A
A2 A2

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


x2

x q [ N ] d dx + [ F1 F2 ] d
T
= r Tq d + r Tp d
    
1

x2 x A x
x2 A
A A
A A2
1
where, r = [ N ] qdx = c
q
 x1
0

x x
qdx =
1 0
x
cxdx =
2
6
A A
F1
rp =
 F2

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


1 T
= U W = d [ k ] d r Tq d r Tp d
2     

= d [ k ] d r q r p
T1
 2   

1 1
= 0 [k ] d r q r p + [k ] d = 0
d
d 2    2 

[k ] d = r q + r p
  
rq + rp is the Element Load Vector
 
AE 1 1 u1 cA 2 1 F1
[ k ] d = rq + rp = +
   A 1 1 u2 6 2 F2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Same as obtained from GalerkinDr.RajeshKN
approach
Note: [ k ] d = rq + rp
  

[ k ] d = r d = [ k ]1 r
   

AE AE
1 AE AE
A A A A =0
Here,
1
Here [ k ] = which is non existent,, since AE AE
AE AE
A A
A A

Hence,
1. The above matrix equation can be solved only if boundary conditions
are applied.
applied

2. If boundary conditions are not applied, it represents a rigid body


motion.
ti N
No strains
t i or stresses
t will
ill b
be d
developed
l d iin rigid
i id body
b d motion.
ti

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Boundary condition can be: u1 = 0

AE 1 1 0 cA 2 1 F1
= +
A 1 1 u2 6 2 F2

Removing the row and column corresponding to Boundary condition,

AE cA 2
u2 = + F2
A 3
cA 2
+ F2
cA 3
+ 3F2A
u2 = 3 =
AE 33AE
AE
A
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
x cA2 + 3F2
u ( x ) = N1u1 + N2u2 = u2 = x
A 3AE

Solution is same as the linear


Variational/Galerkin
/ solution.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


For constant q,
q

x2 x qA
x2 A
A 2
rq = [ N ] qdx = qdx = assuming q ( x ) = q
 x1 0
x x1 qA
A 2
qA
+ F2 qA2 + 2 F A
u2 = 2 = 2
AE 2 AE
A
x x1
u ( x ) = N1u1 + N2u2 = N2u2 = u2
A
x x1
qA 2
+ 2 F2 A
u ( x) = for constant q
A 2AE
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Problem 1:

Asteel = 1000 mm 2
Abronze = 2000 mm 2
Esteel = 200 GPa
Ebronze = 83 GPa

200 kN

200 mm 100 mm

Consider two linear (2-noded)


(2 noded) elements

U1 U2 U3
1 2

1 2 3
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
A1E1 1 1 1000 200 103 1 1 6
1 1
[ k ]1 = = = 10
A1 1 1 200 1 1 1 1

A2 E2 1 1 2000 83 103 1 1 6
1.66 1.66
[ k ]2 = 1 1 = = 10
A2 100 1 1 1.66 1.66

1 2 3
1 1 0 1
6
[ K ] = 100 1 1 + 1.66
.66 1.66
.66 2
0 1.66 1.66 3

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Boundary
y Conditions:

U1 = 0 U2 U3 = 0
1 2

1 2 3

1 1 0 U1 = 0 R1
6 3
10 1 1 + 1.66 1.66 U 2 = 200 10

0 11.66 66 U 3 = 0 R3
66 11.66

U 2 = 0.0751 mm

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Stresses:
1 U1
1 = E1 { }1 = E1 [ B ]1 {u}1 = E1 [ 1 1]
T

A U 2
200 103 200 103
= ( U1 + U 2 ) = ( 0 + 0.0751)
200 200

= 75.1
75 1 N / mm2

1 U 2
2 = E2 { }2 = E2 [ B ]2 {u}2 = E2 [ 1 1]
T

A U 3
83 103 83 103
= ( U 2 + U 3 ) = ( 0.0751 + 0 )
100 100
= 62.33 N / mm2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Reactions:

0

R1 = 106 [1 1 0] 0.0751 = 75kN
0

0

R3 = 10 [ 0 1.66 1.66] 0.0751
6
= 125kN
0

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Problem 2:

Find the axial forces in a spring-bar assembly shown in figure. Assume


k=105 lbs/in,
lbs/in L= 30 in,in F= 15000 lbs
lbs, E for steel bar = 30x106 psi and
A= 0.5 in2, E for the aluminium bar = 107psi and A= 1.2 in2.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Equations for the spring element:

1 1 u1 0
=
5
10
1 1 2
u 15000

Equations for the steel bar element:

1 1 u2 0
5 10 5
=
1 1 u3 0
Equations for the aluminium bar element:

1 1 u2 0
4 10 5
=
1 1 u3 0
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Assembly of element equations:

1 1 0 u1 0
5
10 1 10 9 u2 = 15000

0 9 9 u3 0

Essential boundary conditions: u1 = 0, u3 = 0

15000
u2 = = 0.015
0 015 in
10 105

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Reactions: 0
= 1500lbs
R1 = 10 [1 1 0] 0.015
5

0

0

R3 = 10 [ 0 9 9] 0.015
5
0 015 = 13500lbs
0

Stresses:

30 106 30 106
steel = ( u3 u2 ) = ( 0 0.015) = 15000 psi
30 30

107 107
al = ( u3 u2 ) = ( 0 0.015
0 015) = 6000 psii
30 30
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Assignment
g 1
Q 1:
Find the stresses and compressions in each section of the composite
member shown in the figure below. Use Es = 30 106 psi, Ea = 107 psi,
Eb = 15 106 psi, and the minimum number of linear elements.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Assignment
g 1
Q 2:
The equation
q governing
g g the axial deformation of an elastic bar in the
presence of applied mechanical loads f and P and a temperature
change T is d
du
EA T = f for 0< x< L
dx dx

where is the thermal expansion coefficient,


coefficient E the modulus of
elasticity, and A the cross-sectional area. Using three linear finite
elements, determine the axial displacements in a non uniform rod of
length 30 in.,
in fixed at the left end and subjected to an axial force P =
400 lb and a temperature change of 60F.
1
A ( x ) = 6 x in
i 2, E = 30 10 6
lb in
i ,2 = 12 106 in 0 F
10

(U variational
(Use i ti l approach
h tto gett th
the di
discrete
t equations)
ti )

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


d du
Define, E ( x ) = EA T f
dx dx
L

E ( x ) u ( x ) dx = 0
0

L
d du
0 dx EA dx T f u ( x ) dx = 0

u ( 0) = 0 u ( 0) = 0 Since, wherever EBC is specified, u = 0

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Use integration
g by
ypparts to reduce the order of highest
g derivative:

x=L
du d ( u )
L
du
u ( x ) EA dx T + dx

EA dx T f u dx
d =0
x =0 0

du ( L ) du du du
L

u ( L ) EAL T + EA EA T fu dx = 0
dx 0 dx dx dx

du ( L )
L
1 du du du
u ( L ) EAL T + EA EA T fu dx = 0
dx 0 2 dx dx dx

I (u) = 0

L
( ) 2
Where, I ( u ) = EA u EA T f dx u ( L ) EAL [u ( L ) T ]
Tu fu
0 2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
For a linear 1D element, u ( x ) = N1u1 + N 2u2
1 1
x2 x x x1 N1 ( x ) =
, N2 ( x ) =
N1 ( x ) = , N2 ( x ) = L L
L L

u1 1 1 u1
u ( x ) = N1u1 + N 2u2 = [ N1 N2 ] = [ B] d =
T
u
u2  L L 2

u ( x ) = [ B] d [ B]T d = d T [ B][ B]T d


2 T T

   
1 1 1 u1 1 1 1 u1
= ( u1 u2 ) ( 1 1) = ( u1 u2 ) 2
L L
1 2
u L 1 1 2
u

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN



L
: EA ( u ) 2
E
L
1 1 1 u1
Firstt term
Fi t dx
d = ( u1 u2 ) 2 1 1 u Adx
0 2 20 L 2

1 u1
= ( u1 u2 ) [ k ]
2 u2

1 T
= d [k ] d
2 

1 1
L
E
[k ] = 2 1 1 Adx
L 0

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


1 1 u1
L L
S
Second
d term
t : ( EA T
Tu ) dx
d = E T u Adx
Ad
L
L 2
0 0

E T L u1
= [ 1 1] Adx
L 0 u2
= r1T d
 

u1
L L
f
Third term : ( fu ) dx = [ x2 x x x1 ] dx
0 0
L u2

1 u1
L
= f [ x2 x x x1 ] dx
d
L 0 u2

= r T2 d
 
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Fourth term : u ( L ) EAL [u ( L ) T ] = P.u ( L )

P = EAL [ u ( L ) T ]

1 T
I ( u ) = d [ k ] d r1T d r T2 d P.u ( L )
2     

I 1 u1 T u1 T u1
=0 ( u1 u2 ) [ k ] r1 r 2 P.u ( L ) = 0
u1 u1 2 u2  u2  u2

u1 T 1 T 1
(1 0 ) [ k ] r1 r 2 = 0
u2  0  0

I u1 T 0 T 0
= 0 ( 0 1) [ k ] r1 r 2 = 0
u2 u2  1  1
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Combining the above 2 equations,

1 0 u1 1 0 1 0
0 1 [ k ] u 0 1 r 1 0 1 r 2 = 0
2

i.e., [ k ] d = r1 + r 2
  

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


[ k ] d = r1 + r 2
Th
Three element
l t solution
l ti   

0 10 20 30

u1 u2 u3 u4

Element 1
x1 = 0, x2 = 10, L = 10

1 1 E 1 1
L 10
E x
[k ] = 2 1 1 Adx =
100 1 1 0
6 dx
10
L 0

E 1 1 100 55E 1 1
= 60 =
100 1 1 20 100 1 1
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
E T 10
E T
r1 =
T
[ 1 1] Adx = 55
55E
[ 1 1]
 L 0 L

Let f = 0 r T2d = 0
 

55E 1 1 u1 55E T 1
[ k ] d = r1 = 1
  100 1 1 u2 10

1 1 1 u1 1
= T
10 1 1 u2 1

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Element 2 x1 = 10, x2 = 20, L = 10
20

= 60
20
300
= 6 dx
x
Adx = 45
10 10 10 20

1 1 1 u2 1
[ k ] d = r1 = T
  10 1 1 u3 1

El
Element
t3 30

x1 = 20, x2 = 30, L = 10 Adx = 35


20

35E 1 1 u3 35E T 1 0
[ k ] d = r1 = +
 
100 1 1 u4 10 1 400

0
1 1 1 3
u
1
= T + 400 10
10 1 1 u4 1
35E
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Global equation system:
0
1 1 0 0 1
u 1
1 1 + 1 1 0 u 1 1 0
1 = T
2 + 0
10 0 1 1 + 1 1 u3 1 1
400 10
0 0 1 1 4
u 1
35E
EBC: u ( 0 ) = u1 = 0

Reduced equation system: 0


2 1 0 2
u
1
1 2 1 u3 =
0
10 400 10
0 1 1 u4 T +
35E
35E
Solving,

u2 = 7.238 103 in, u3 = 14.476 103 in, u4 = 21.714 103 in


Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Problem 3:
Uniformly tapering hanging bar with a point load P at middle.
middle Length =
24 in. Area varying linearly from 6 in2 at top to 3 in2at bottom.
t = 1 in E = 30 106 lb in 2 ,
P = 100 lb at midpoint = 0.2836 lb in 3
6 in2

One linear element solution 100 lb


x2 24 in
Element Stiffness Matrix [ k] = [ B] EA[ B]T dx
x1

3 in2
1
24
A 1 1
= EA( x ) dx
0
1 A A
A
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
1 1 1
24
3 3E 1 1
3E
=
= 2 E 6 x dx
24 1 1 0 24 16 1 1

24 x P
x2 24
24 2
rq = [ N ] qdx = ( x 12) Pdx =
 x1 0
x
P
24 2

24 x
24
24 3 17.016
rb = [ N ] bdv = 0.2836 6 x dx =
 v 0
x 24 13.613
24

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


3 1 1 u1 1 17.016
E = 50 +
16 1 1 u2
1 13.613

u ( 0 ) = u1 = 0 3
Eu2 = 63.613
63 613
16

16 63.613 5
u2 = = 1.131 10 in
3 30 10 6

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Shape functions for 3
3-noded
noded bar element
1 2 3

u1 u2 u3
A (nodes need not be equidistant)
Shape functions from direct method
Assume a polynomial quadratic) displacement
di t ib ti over the
distribution th element
l t
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2

u1 1 x1 x12 a0
@ x = x1 , u1 = a0 + a1 x1 + a2 x12 2
u2 = 1 x2 x2 a1
@ x = x2 , u2 = a0 + a1 x2 + a2 x22 u 1 x
3 3 x32 a2
@ x = x3 , u3 = a0 + a1 x3 + a2 x32
i.e., d = [ A] a = a = [ A] d
1

   
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
1
a0 1 x1 u1
2
x
1

a1 = 1 x2
2
x
2 u2
a 1 x 2
u
2 3 x
3 3
a0

u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 = 1 x x2 a1
a
2

2 1 u1
1 x1 x u1
= [ N N N ] u
1
2
= 1 x x 1 x2 x u2 2
1
2 2 3 2

1 x3 x u3 u
2
3 3

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


N1 N2 N3

n o d e1 node2 node3

Shape functions from Lagrange interpolation polynomials

( x2 x ) ( x3 x ) ( x1 x ) ( x3 x )
N1 = N2 =
( x2 x1 ) ( x3 x1 ) ( x1 x2 ) ( x3 x2 )

N3 =
( x1 x )( x2 x )
( x1 x3 )( x2 x3 )

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Shape functions for 4
4-noded
noded bar element
1 2 3 4 x2 = A
x1 = 0
u1 u2 u3 u4

Shape functions from direct method

3x 2x 2 3 2x2 x3
N1 = 1 2 + 3 N2 = x + 2
A A A A

3x2 2x3 x2 x3
N3 = 2 3 N4 = + 2
A A A A

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Shape functions from Lagrange interpolation polynomials

l 2l
( x2 x )( x3 x )( x4 x ) x x (l x)
= 3
3
N1 =
( x2 x1 )( x3 x1 )( x4 x1 ) l 2l
(l )
3 3

9 l 2l 9 2 2l 2
= 3 x x ( l x ) = 3 x lx + (l x )
2l 3 3 2l 9

3 2
9 x x 11 x
= + 9 +1
2 l l 2l

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Exercise x: Using Lagrange interpolation formula, write down trial
solution u(x) in terms of nodal variables for a 1D 44-node
node cubic element
with nodes at x1=0, x2=2, x3=3, and x4=6. Write the approximate
solution if nodal values of the field variable are u1=1, u2=3, u3=-1, and
u4=1.
=1
x x2 x x3 x x4 = x 2 . x 3 . x 6
N1 ( x ) = . .
x1 x2 x1 x3 x1 x4 02 03 06

=
( x 2 )( x 3)( x 6 )
36

x x1 x x3 x x4 = x 0 . x 3 . x 6
N2 ( x ) = . .
x2 x1 x2 x3 x2 x4 20 23 26

x ( x 3)( x 6 )
=
8
x ( x 2 )( x 6 ) x ( x 2 )( x 3)
Similarly, N 3 ( x ) = N4 ( x ) =
9 72
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
u(x y) = N1u1 + N 2u2 + N 3u3 + N 4u4
u(x,

=
( x 2 )( x 3)( x 6 )
1 +
x ( x 3)( x 6 )
3
36 8
x ( x 2 )( x 6 ) x ( x 2 )( x 3)
+ ( 1) + 1
9 72

= 1 + 7.1667 x 4.02778 x 2 + 0.47222 x 3

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


SUMMARY

IIntroduction
t d ti - Boundary
B d V l
Value P bl
Problem - Approximate
A i t Solution
S l ti -
Variational and Weighted Residual Methods - Ritz and Galerkin
Formulations - Concepts of Piecewise Approximation and Finite
Elements
l - Displacement
l and
d Shape
h Functions - Weak
k Formulation
l -
Minimum Potential Energy - Generation of Stiffness Matrix and
Load Vector.

Basic
i concepts Steps
S involved
l d in FEM. Interpolation
l Polynomials
l l
- Linear elements Shape function

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

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