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Basics of
Fi it El
Finite Elementt A
Analysis
l i
Dr. Rajesh K. N.
Associate Professor in Civil Engineering
Govt College of Engineering Kannur
Govt.
Shape functions
Analytical
A l ti l methods
th d
Experimental methods
Numerical methods
Approximate method
h d provides
d approximate solution
l to
the exact problem, and
R Courant
M J Turner
J J Argyris
R W Clough
Discretisation of semi-infinite
semi infinite
domains
Discretisation of singularity
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
What does Finite Element Analysis do?
Unknowns are the values of field variable at the nodes (also their
derivatives, sometimes)
ODE DE
O E,PD AnalyticalMethod
Numerical
N i l
Method
f ( x ) + df ( x )
f ( x)
q(x) F q ( x)
dx
A(x), E(x)
{ f ( x) + df ( x)} + q ( x) dx f ( x) = 0
Bar with a distributed load q along
i llength
its h andd a concentrated
d force
f F df
= q
at the free end dx
du
f ( x ) = A( x ) ( x ) ( x ) = E ( x ) ( x) =
dx
d du
EA ( x ) + q ( x ) = 0; 0< x < L
dx dx
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
The mathematical model should include boundary conditions
Boundary conditions
du ( L) 2 boundary
b d conditions
di i
u ( x = 0) = 0; EA( L) =F
dx in this case
20
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
For a general BVP in which the highest derivative
present is of the order 2p,
Collocation Method
Variational method
BVP is first expressed in an equivalent variational
form. The approximate solution is constructed from
the variational statement
Solve
S l the
h ffollowing
ll i differential
diff i l equation
i
d 2u
2 = sin ( x ) ,0 x < 1
dx
wE ( x ) dx
where w is a weighting function.
w = E ( x)
E ( x ) dx
2
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
a0 = 0; a1 = a2
u ( x ) = a2 ( x + x 2 )
du d 2u
= a2 ( 1 + 2 x ) andd 2
= 2 a2
dx dx
R = E 2 ( x ) dx
a1
( E
2
)
( x ) dx = 0 and
d
a2
( E 2
)
( x ) dx = 0
Only the second condition is relevant here, since there is
only one coefficient a2 to be found.
1
a2 =
H
Hence the
h approximate
i solution
l i iis:
u ( x ) = a2 ( x + x )= ( )
1
2
x x 2
( x x ) E ( x )dx = 0
i ( x xi ) is dirac-delta function
( x xi ) = 0, for x xi
( x xi ) = , for x = xi
+
(x x ) = 1
i
( x x ) f ( x ) dx = f ( x )
i i
i.e., ( x xi ) E ( x )dx = 0 E ( xi ) = 0
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Solve the following
g differential equation
q
d 2u
2 = sin ( x ) ,0 x < 1
dx
with boundary conditions
u ( 0 ) = 0, u (1) = 0
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
We get u ( x ) = a2 ( x + x 2 )
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
du d 2u
= a2 ( 1 + 2 x ) andd 2
= 2 a2
dx dx
d 2u
E ( x ) = 2 sin ( x ) = 2a2 sin ( x )
dx
( 2 ) = 0 2a
E 1 2 sin ( x ) = 0
1
a2 =
2
u ( x ) = ( x x2 )
1
Hence the approximate
pp solution is:
2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
1
The exact solution is: u ( x ) = sin ( x )
2
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + a4 x 4
We get u ( x ) = ( a 2 a 3 a 4 ) x + a 2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + a 4 x 4
E ( 1 ) = 0 ( 2a + 3a + 3a ) 1 = 0
2 2 3 4
Approximate
solution
Domain
Boundary 1 residual
In the
h problems
bl d
discussed
d here,
h we chose
h triall functions
f that
h
satisfy ALL the boundary conditions
u
wi =
ai
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Solution by
y GalerkinMethod
Solution represented as a polynomial:
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
(II order
d polynomial
l i l approximation)
i ti )
Applying
pp y g boundary
y conditions: [u(0) = 0 and u(1) = 0]
We get u ( x ) = a2 ( x + x 2 )
d 2u
E ( x ) = 2 sin ( x ) = 2a2 sin ( x )
d
dx
u
R = wi E ( x )dx = 0 R= E ( x )dx = 0
ai
u u
Weight functions w1 ( x ) = ; w2 ( x ) = ; etc.
a1 a2
u
w2 ( x ) = only is relevant here, since there is only
a2 one coefficient a to be found
2
12
a2 =
3
H
Hence the
th approximate l ti iis: u ( x ) =
i t solution
12
3
(x x )
2
u ( x ) = a0 + a1x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4
Solution,
Variation of a function
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
a0 , a1 , a2 are unknown parameters
u ( x ) = ( a0 + a0 ) + ( a1 + a1 ) x + ( a2 + a2 ) x 2
u = u ( x ) u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
du d u du du = a + 2 a x
= = 1 2
dx dx dx dx
3. u 2 = u 2 ( x ) u 2 ( x )
5.
5 (u + v ) = u + v
= f ( x ) u ( x ) dx
x1
E ( x ) u ( x ) dx = 0
0
1
d 2u
0 dx 2 sin ( x ) u ( x ) dx = 0
d u du
1 1 1
du
2
d u
0
dx 2
u dx =
u +
dx 0 0 dx dx
dx = 0
Hence,
du du d ( ) du dx sin x udx = 0
u 1 1
u +u + ( )
dx x =1 dx x =0 0 dx dx 0
1 2 1
du du 1 du
u +u + dx sin ( x )udx = 0
dx x =1 dx x =0 0
2 dx 0
du du 1 1 du 2
u +u + sin ( x ) u dx = 0
dx x =1 dx x =0 0 2 dx
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Step 3: Apply essential boundary conditions
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
u ( 0 ) = 0; u (1) = 0;
u ( x ) = a2 ( x + x 2 )
u ( x ) = a2 ( x 2 x )
u ( 0 ) = 0; u (1) = 0;
ddu ddu
1 du
1 2
u +u + sin ( x ) u dx = 0
dx x =1 dx x =0 0 2 dx
0 0
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
If u ( 0 ) = 2 and u (1) = 3;
u ( x ) = 2 + ( 3 a2 ) x + a2 x 2
u ( x ) = a2 ( x 2 x )
u ( 0 ) = 0; u (1) = 0;
u = 0
1 1 du 2 1
dx i ( x )udx
d sin d =0
2 dx
0 0
1 2 1
1 du
I ( u ) = 0, where, I ( u ) = dx sin ( x )udx
0
2 dx 0
1 1 1
I ( u ) = a2 ( 1 + 2 x ) dx sin ( x )a2 ( x + x ) dx
2 2
0 2 0
a22 4a2
= + 3
6
I I
I ( u ) = 0 =0 = 0 only is relevant here, since
ai a2 there is only
y one coefficient
a2 in u
a2 4 12
+ 3 = 0 a2 = 3
3
12
u ( x ) = 3 ( x x2 )
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Galerkin Method for Axial Deformation
Problem
L
q(x) F
dx
A(x), E(x) d du
EA( x ) + q ( x ) = 0;
0 0< x < L
dx dx
du ( L) du
u ( x = 0) = 0; EA( L) = EA( x) =F
dx dx x=L
L L
d d
du
0 i dx
w ( x ) EA( x )
dx
dx + wi ( x ) q( x )dx = 0
0
U i integration
Using i t ti b by parts,
t
L L L
du dwi ( x ) du
wi ( x ) EA( x )
dx 0 0 dx
EA( x )
dx
d + q( x ) wi ( x )dx
dx
0
d =0
L L
du( L)
d ddu(0) ddw ddu
wi ( L) EA( L) wi (0) EA(0) EA( x ) i dx + q( x ) wi ( x )dx = 0
dx dx 0
dx dx 0
L L
dw du
wi ( L) F EA( x ) i dx + q( x ) wi ( x )dx = 0
0
dx dx 0
u dw1 ( x )
w1 ( x ) = =x w1 ( L) = L =1
a1 dx
cL3
LF EAa1L + =0
3
cL2 + 3F
a1 =
3EA
cL2 + 3F
u ( x) = x
3 EA
Linear approximate solution
u(0) = 0 a0 = 0
du
u ( x ) = a1 x + a2 x , 2
= 2a2 x + a1
dx
L L
dw
wi ( L) F EA( x ) i ( 2a2 x + a1 ) dx + q( x ) wi ( x )dx = 0
0
dx 0
u u
w1 ( x ) = =x w2 ( x ) = = x2
a1 a2
Assuming linearly varying axial load, q( x ) = cx
W get 2 equations
We i corresponding
di to w1 and
d w2
L L
LF EA 1 ( 2a2 x + a1 ) dx
dw
d + cxw1 ( x )dx
d = 0,
0 andd
0 dx 0
L L
LF EA ( 2a2 x + a1 ) dx + cx 2 dx = 0 and
0 0
L L
LF EA ( 2 x ) ( 2a2 x + a1 ) dx + cx 3dx = 0
0 0
cL4 4
EAa2 L3 + FL2 EAa1L2 = 0
4 3
7cL2 12 F cL
a1 = a2 =
12 EA
12EA 4 EA
7cL2 12 F cL 2
u ( x) = x x
12 EA 4 EA
Quadratic approximate solution
L
1 1
U = x x dv = x x A ( x ) dx
2V 20
L L 2
= E A( x )dx = EA( x ) dx
1 du du 1 du
2 0 dx dx 20 dx
L 2 L
1 du
= EA d dx c uxdx F ( L)
d Fu
0 dx
2 0
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x
u(0) = 0 a0 = 0
u ( x ) = a1 x
L3
EAa1 L c FL = 0
3
c ( L2 3) + F
a1 =
EA
c ( L2 3) + F
u ( x) = x Linear approximate
solution
l ti
EA
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Quadratic solution
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
u(0) = 0 a0 = 0
u ( x ) = a1 x + a2 x 2
L 2 L
1 du
= EA dx c uxdx Fu ( L )
0 dx
2 0
L L
2 0 0
cL3
EAa2 L2 + FL EALa1 = 0 and
3
cL4 4
EAa
EA 2 L3 + FL2 EAa
EA 1L2 = 0
4 3
7cL2 12 F cL 2
u ( x) = x x
12 EA 4 EA
Quadratic approximate solution
F cL2 cx 3
The exact solution to this problem is: u ( x) = x+ x
AE 2 AE 6 AE
2
d y
L 2
1
Bending
g strain energy
gy is: U = EI 2 dx
2 0 dx
L
Work done by external forces is: W= qydx
0
x
Appro imate solution
Approximate y ( ) 1
x = a sin
L
(Satisfies boundary conditions)
x
2
d2y
= a1 sin
i
L L
2
dx
2
x dx
L L
2
1
= EI a1 sin x
20 L L
dx
0
q 1 L
a sin
4L 3 1
4 EI L
a1 2q =0
2L
2L 3
qL4
a1 = 0.01307
EI
x
sin
qL4
y ( x ) = 0.01307
EI L
3 - Assembly:
A bl The
Th element
l t equations
ti for
f each
h element
l t in
i th
the FEM
mesh are assembled into a set of global equations that model the
properties of the entire system.
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
4 - Application of Boundary Conditions: Solution cannot be
obtained unless boundary conditions are applied. They reflect
the known values for certain primary unknowns. Imposing the
boundary conditions modifies the global equations.
5 - Solve
S l for
f Primary
Pi Unknowns:
U k Th modified
The difi d global
l b l equations
i
are solved for the primary unknowns at the nodes.
[K] {u} = {Fapp} + {Fth} + {Fpr} + {Fma} + {Fpl} + {Fcr} + {Fsw} + {Fld}
F1 x1 A x2 F2
u1 u2
q ( x)
Distributed load
Displacements
p
at the end
u1 A u2
@ x = x1 , u1 = a0 + a1 x1 u1 x2 u2 x1 u2 u1
a0 = a1 =
@ x = x2 , u2 = a0 + a1 x2 x2 x1 x2 x1
u ( x ) = N1u1 + N2u2
where N1 and N2 are the shape functions
u1
u ( x ) = [ N1 N2 ]
u2
u = [N] d
T
(Displacements in terms of shape functions)
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Hence,, the approximation
pp for an element is obtained by
y
rearranging the polynomial approximation.
If we divide
di ide the problem into se
several
eral elements,
elements we can use the
same piecewise approximation function for each element.
x2 x x2 x N1 1
N1 ( x ) = = =
x2 x1 A x A
x x1 x x1 N2 1
N2 ( x ) = = =
x2 x1 A x A
N1
Note: 1
0
x1 x2
N1 ( x1 ) = 1, N1 ( x2 ) = 0,
N2 ( x1 ) = 0 N2 ( x2 ) = 1
N2
0 1
x1 x2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Strains, stresses and forces in terms of shape
p functions
u ( x ) u1
Strain vector, = = ( 1 1 2 2 ) = ( N1 N2 )
N u + N u
x x x u2
u
= [ L][ N ] d [ L] =
T
where, d = 1 ;
u2 x
N1 N2
= [ B] d
T where, [ ] [ ][ ]
B
T
= L N
T
=
x x
= E = E [ B] d = E [ L][ N ] d
T T
Stress vector,
A = EA = EA[ B] d = EA[ L][ N ] d
T T
Force vector,
vector
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
ELEMENT EQUATIONS USING GALERKIN APPROACH
d du
Governing differential equation ( ) + q ( x ) = 0;
EA x x1 < x < x2
dx dx
du ( x1 ) du ( x2 )
Boundary conditions EA = F1; EA = F2
dx dx
d du
Residual function E= ( ) + q ( x)
EA x
dx dx
d
x2
Weighted residual is forced du
to zero. i.e., x dx EA( x )
dx
+ q ( x )
wi ( x )dx = 0
1
In FEM,, weighting
g g functions are same as the shape
p functions
N1 , N2 ,
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
d
x2
d
du
x dx EA( x )
dx
N i ( x ) + q ( x ) N i ( x )
dx = 0
1
x2
d
x dx [ EAu ] N i + qN i dx = 0
1
Using
g integration
g by
ypparts,,
x2 x2
dN
N i EAu x2 i EAu dx + qqN i dx = 0
x
x1
1
dx x1
x2 x
2
dN
EAN i ( x2 ) u ( x2 ) EAN i ( x1 ) u ( x1 ) i EAu dx
d + qN i ddx = 0
x1
dx x1
( )
x2
F2 N i ( x2 ) + F1 N i ( x1 ) + qN i N iEAu dx = 0
x1
( )
x2
F2 N1 ( x2 ) + F1 N1 ( x1 ) + qN1 N1EAu dx = 0
x1
F N ( x ) + F N ( x ) + ( qN )
x2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 N 2EAu dx = 0
x1
We have, N1 ( x1 ) = 1, N1 ( x2 ) = 0,
N2 ( x1 ) = 0, N2 ( x2 ) = 1
( )
x2
F1 + qN1 N1EAu dx = 0
x1
( )
x2
F2 + qN 2 N 2EAu dx = 0
x1
x2
N1 N1 F1 0
x q N 2 N 2 EAu dx + F2 = 0
1
du N1 N2 u1
u ( x ) = = u1 + u2 = [ N1 N2 ]
dx x x u2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
N1 N1
x2
u1 F1 0
q EA [ N1 N 2 ] dx + =
x1 2
N N 2 u2 F2 0
x2 x2
[ N ] qdx [ B ] EA [ B ]T ddx + rp = 0
x1 x1
u1
where, d = not a function of x
u2
x2 x2
[ B ] EA [ B ]T dxd = [ N ] qdx + rp
x1
x1
[ k ] d = rq + rp
1 1 1
A
A 1 1 A
A2 A2 AE 1 1
[ k] = EA dx = AE dx = 1 1
0
1 A A 0
1 1 A
A A2 A2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
x2 x A x
x2 A
A A
A 1
rq = [ N ] qdx A2
= qdx = cxdx =
c
x1 0
x x x 6 2
0
1
A A
f q ( x ) = cx, and x1 = 0, x2 = A
for
F1
rq =
F2
AE 1 1 u1 cA 2 1 F1
[ k ] d = rq + rp = +
A 1 1 u2 6 2 F2
d du
Governing differential equation ( ) + q ( x ) = 0;
EA x x1 < x < x2
dx dx
du ( x1 ) du ( x2 )
Boundary conditions EA = F1; EA = F2
dx dx
Total p
potential energy
gy functional for the p
problem is:
x 2 x
1 2 du 2
= U W = EA( x ) dx q ( x ) u ( x ) dx Fi u ( xi )
2 x1 dx x1
u1
u ( x ) = [ N1 N2 ] = [ B]T d
u2
u1
x2 x2
= q [ N ] ddx + [ F1 F2 ] d
T
x1
2 x1 x1
x2
B B dx = [ k]
[ ] [ ]T
EA is the Element Stiffness Matrix
x1
1
A
A 1 1
[ k] = EA dx assuming x1 = 0; x2 = A
0
1 A A
A
1 1
A
A2 A2 AE 1 1
= AE dx = 1 1
0
1 1 A
A2 A2
x q [ N ] d dx + [ F1 F2 ] d
T
= r Tq d + r Tp d
1
x2 x A x
x2 A
A A
A A2
1
where, r = [ N ] qdx = c
q
x1
0
x x
qdx =
1 0
x
cxdx =
2
6
A A
F1
rp =
F2
= d [ k ] d r q r p
T1
2
1 1
= 0 [k ] d r q r p + [k ] d = 0
d
d 2 2
[k ] d = r q + r p
rq + rp is the Element Load Vector
AE 1 1 u1 cA 2 1 F1
[ k ] d = rq + rp = +
A 1 1 u2 6 2 F2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Same as obtained from GalerkinDr.RajeshKN
approach
Note: [ k ] d = rq + rp
[ k ] d = r d = [ k ]1 r
AE AE
1 AE AE
A A A A =0
Here,
1
Here [ k ] = which is non existent,, since AE AE
AE AE
A A
A A
Hence,
1. The above matrix equation can be solved only if boundary conditions
are applied.
applied
AE 1 1 0 cA 2 1 F1
= +
A 1 1 u2 6 2 F2
AE cA 2
u2 = + F2
A 3
cA 2
+ F2
cA 3
+ 3F2A
u2 = 3 =
AE 33AE
AE
A
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
x cA2 + 3F2
u ( x ) = N1u1 + N2u2 = u2 = x
A 3AE
x2 x qA
x2 A
A 2
rq = [ N ] qdx = qdx = assuming q ( x ) = q
x1 0
x x1 qA
A 2
qA
+ F2 qA2 + 2 F A
u2 = 2 = 2
AE 2 AE
A
x x1
u ( x ) = N1u1 + N2u2 = N2u2 = u2
A
x x1
qA 2
+ 2 F2 A
u ( x) = for constant q
A 2AE
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Problem 1:
Asteel = 1000 mm 2
Abronze = 2000 mm 2
Esteel = 200 GPa
Ebronze = 83 GPa
200 kN
200 mm 100 mm
U1 U2 U3
1 2
1 2 3
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
A1E1 1 1 1000 200 103 1 1 6
1 1
[ k ]1 = = = 10
A1 1 1 200 1 1 1 1
A2 E2 1 1 2000 83 103 1 1 6
1.66 1.66
[ k ]2 = 1 1 = = 10
A2 100 1 1 1.66 1.66
1 2 3
1 1 0 1
6
[ K ] = 100 1 1 + 1.66
.66 1.66
.66 2
0 1.66 1.66 3
U1 = 0 U2 U3 = 0
1 2
1 2 3
1 1 0 U1 = 0 R1
6 3
10 1 1 + 1.66 1.66 U 2 = 200 10
0 11.66 66 U 3 = 0 R3
66 11.66
U 2 = 0.0751 mm
A U 2
200 103 200 103
= ( U1 + U 2 ) = ( 0 + 0.0751)
200 200
= 75.1
75 1 N / mm2
1 U 2
2 = E2 { }2 = E2 [ B ]2 {u}2 = E2 [ 1 1]
T
A U 3
83 103 83 103
= ( U 2 + U 3 ) = ( 0.0751 + 0 )
100 100
= 62.33 N / mm2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Reactions:
0
R1 = 106 [1 1 0] 0.0751 = 75kN
0
0
R3 = 10 [ 0 1.66 1.66] 0.0751
6
= 125kN
0
1 1 u1 0
=
5
10
1 1 2
u 15000
1 1 u2 0
5 10 5
=
1 1 u3 0
Equations for the aluminium bar element:
1 1 u2 0
4 10 5
=
1 1 u3 0
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Assembly of element equations:
1 1 0 u1 0
5
10 1 10 9 u2 = 15000
0 9 9 u3 0
15000
u2 = = 0.015
0 015 in
10 105
0
0
R3 = 10 [ 0 9 9] 0.015
5
0 015 = 13500lbs
0
Stresses:
30 106 30 106
steel = ( u3 u2 ) = ( 0 0.015) = 15000 psi
30 30
107 107
al = ( u3 u2 ) = ( 0 0.015
0 015) = 6000 psii
30 30
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Assignment
g 1
Q 1:
Find the stresses and compressions in each section of the composite
member shown in the figure below. Use Es = 30 106 psi, Ea = 107 psi,
Eb = 15 106 psi, and the minimum number of linear elements.
(U variational
(Use i ti l approach
h tto gett th
the di
discrete
t equations)
ti )
E ( x ) u ( x ) dx = 0
0
L
d du
0 dx EA dx T f u ( x ) dx = 0
x=L
du d ( u )
L
du
u ( x ) EA dx T + dx
EA dx T f u dx
d =0
x =0 0
du ( L ) du du du
L
u ( L ) EAL T + EA EA T fu dx = 0
dx 0 dx dx dx
du ( L )
L
1 du du du
u ( L ) EAL T + EA EA T fu dx = 0
dx 0 2 dx dx dx
I (u) = 0
L
( ) 2
Where, I ( u ) = EA u EA T f dx u ( L ) EAL [u ( L ) T ]
Tu fu
0 2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
For a linear 1D element, u ( x ) = N1u1 + N 2u2
1 1
x2 x x x1 N1 ( x ) =
, N2 ( x ) =
N1 ( x ) = , N2 ( x ) = L L
L L
u1 1 1 u1
u ( x ) = N1u1 + N 2u2 = [ N1 N2 ] = [ B] d =
T
u
u2 L L 2
1 1 1 u1 1 1 1 u1
= ( u1 u2 ) ( 1 1) = ( u1 u2 ) 2
L L
1 2
u L 1 1 2
u
1 u1
= ( u1 u2 ) [ k ]
2 u2
1 T
= d [k ] d
2
1 1
L
E
[k ] = 2 1 1 Adx
L 0
E T L u1
= [ 1 1] Adx
L 0 u2
= r1T d
u1
L L
f
Third term : ( fu ) dx = [ x2 x x x1 ] dx
0 0
L u2
1 u1
L
= f [ x2 x x x1 ] dx
d
L 0 u2
= r T2 d
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Fourth term : u ( L ) EAL [u ( L ) T ] = P.u ( L )
P = EAL [ u ( L ) T ]
1 T
I ( u ) = d [ k ] d r1T d r T2 d P.u ( L )
2
I 1 u1 T u1 T u1
=0 ( u1 u2 ) [ k ] r1 r 2 P.u ( L ) = 0
u1 u1 2 u2 u2 u2
u1 T 1 T 1
(1 0 ) [ k ] r1 r 2 = 0
u2 0 0
I u1 T 0 T 0
= 0 ( 0 1) [ k ] r1 r 2 = 0
u2 u2 1 1
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Combining the above 2 equations,
1 0 u1 1 0 1 0
0 1 [ k ] u 0 1 r 1 0 1 r 2 = 0
2
i.e., [ k ] d = r1 + r 2
0 10 20 30
u1 u2 u3 u4
Element 1
x1 = 0, x2 = 10, L = 10
1 1 E 1 1
L 10
E x
[k ] = 2 1 1 Adx =
100 1 1 0
6 dx
10
L 0
E 1 1 100 55E 1 1
= 60 =
100 1 1 20 100 1 1
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
E T 10
E T
r1 =
T
[ 1 1] Adx = 55
55E
[ 1 1]
L 0 L
Let f = 0 r T2d = 0
55E 1 1 u1 55E T 1
[ k ] d = r1 = 1
100 1 1 u2 10
1 1 1 u1 1
= T
10 1 1 u2 1
= 60
20
300
= 6 dx
x
Adx = 45
10 10 10 20
1 1 1 u2 1
[ k ] d = r1 = T
10 1 1 u3 1
El
Element
t3 30
35E 1 1 u3 35E T 1 0
[ k ] d = r1 = +
100 1 1 u4 10 1 400
0
1 1 1 3
u
1
= T + 400 10
10 1 1 u4 1
35E
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Global equation system:
0
1 1 0 0 1
u 1
1 1 + 1 1 0 u 1 1 0
1 = T
2 + 0
10 0 1 1 + 1 1 u3 1 1
400 10
0 0 1 1 4
u 1
35E
EBC: u ( 0 ) = u1 = 0
3 in2
1
24
A 1 1
= EA( x ) dx
0
1 A A
A
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
1 1 1
24
3 3E 1 1
3E
=
= 2 E 6 x dx
24 1 1 0 24 16 1 1
24 x P
x2 24
24 2
rq = [ N ] qdx = ( x 12) Pdx =
x1 0
x
P
24 2
24 x
24
24 3 17.016
rb = [ N ] bdv = 0.2836 6 x dx =
v 0
x 24 13.613
24
u ( 0 ) = u1 = 0 3
Eu2 = 63.613
63 613
16
16 63.613 5
u2 = = 1.131 10 in
3 30 10 6
u1 u2 u3
A (nodes need not be equidistant)
Shape functions from direct method
Assume a polynomial quadratic) displacement
di t ib ti over the
distribution th element
l t
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2
u1 1 x1 x12 a0
@ x = x1 , u1 = a0 + a1 x1 + a2 x12 2
u2 = 1 x2 x2 a1
@ x = x2 , u2 = a0 + a1 x2 + a2 x22 u 1 x
3 3 x32 a2
@ x = x3 , u3 = a0 + a1 x3 + a2 x32
i.e., d = [ A] a = a = [ A] d
1
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
1
a0 1 x1 u1
2
x
1
a1 = 1 x2
2
x
2 u2
a 1 x 2
u
2 3 x
3 3
a0
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 = 1 x x2 a1
a
2
2 1 u1
1 x1 x u1
= [ N N N ] u
1
2
= 1 x x 1 x2 x u2 2
1
2 2 3 2
1 x3 x u3 u
2
3 3
n o d e1 node2 node3
( x2 x ) ( x3 x ) ( x1 x ) ( x3 x )
N1 = N2 =
( x2 x1 ) ( x3 x1 ) ( x1 x2 ) ( x3 x2 )
N3 =
( x1 x )( x2 x )
( x1 x3 )( x2 x3 )
3x 2x 2 3 2x2 x3
N1 = 1 2 + 3 N2 = x + 2
A A A A
3x2 2x3 x2 x3
N3 = 2 3 N4 = + 2
A A A A
l 2l
( x2 x )( x3 x )( x4 x ) x x (l x)
= 3
3
N1 =
( x2 x1 )( x3 x1 )( x4 x1 ) l 2l
(l )
3 3
9 l 2l 9 2 2l 2
= 3 x x ( l x ) = 3 x lx + (l x )
2l 3 3 2l 9
3 2
9 x x 11 x
= + 9 +1
2 l l 2l
=
( x 2 )( x 3)( x 6 )
36
x x1 x x3 x x4 = x 0 . x 3 . x 6
N2 ( x ) = . .
x2 x1 x2 x3 x2 x4 20 23 26
x ( x 3)( x 6 )
=
8
x ( x 2 )( x 6 ) x ( x 2 )( x 3)
Similarly, N 3 ( x ) = N4 ( x ) =
9 72
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
u(x y) = N1u1 + N 2u2 + N 3u3 + N 4u4
u(x,
=
( x 2 )( x 3)( x 6 )
1 +
x ( x 3)( x 6 )
3
36 8
x ( x 2 )( x 6 ) x ( x 2 )( x 3)
+ ( 1) + 1
9 72
IIntroduction
t d ti - Boundary
B d V l
Value P bl
Problem - Approximate
A i t Solution
S l ti -
Variational and Weighted Residual Methods - Ritz and Galerkin
Formulations - Concepts of Piecewise Approximation and Finite
Elements
l - Displacement
l and
d Shape
h Functions - Weak
k Formulation
l -
Minimum Potential Energy - Generation of Stiffness Matrix and
Load Vector.
Basic
i concepts Steps
S involved
l d in FEM. Interpolation
l Polynomials
l l
- Linear elements Shape function