Extra Reading

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 The bus voltage corresponding to the initial
values I0 of the bus currents I by V0 =Zbus I0.
The voltages V10 to VN0 are the effective open
circuit voltages, which can be measured by
voltmeter between the buses of the network and
the reference node.
When the bus currents are changed from their
initial values to new values I0 = I, the new bus
voltages are given by the superposition equation
= ( + I) = V0 + V =Zbus I0 +Zbus I
Where V represents the changes in the bus
voltages from their original values.

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Fig. 1(a) Original network with bus k and reference
node extracted. Voltage Vn at bus n is caused by
current I k entering the network.
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 Fig. shows a large scale system in schematic form
with a representive bus k extracted along with
the reference node of the system.
Consider the circuit not to be energized so that
the bus currents I0 and voltages V0 are zero.
Then into bus k a current of ik amp is injected
into the system from a current source connected
to the reference node.
The resulting voltage changes at the buses of the
network, indicated by the incremental quantities
V1 to Vn.

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Fig. 1(b) Thevenin equivalent circuit at node k.
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 Theresulting voltage changes at the buses of the
network, indicated by the incremental quantities
V1 to Vn are given by with the only nonzero
entry in the current vector equal to Ik in row k.

V1 Z11 Z12 Z1k Z1n 0

V Z Z 22 Z 2k
Z 2n 0
2
21 1.1
Vk Z 31 Z 32 Z 3k Z 3n I k

Vn Z n1 Z n2 Z nk Z nn 0

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 Whichare numerically equal to the entries in
column k of Zbus multiplied by the current Ik.

V1 Z1k
V Z
2 2 k I 1.2
k
Vk Z kk

Vn Z nk
Adding these voltage changes to the original
voltages at the buses according to bus k.
Vk = Vk0 + Zkk Ik 1.3
The circuit corresponding to this equation is
shown in fig. 1(b).
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 The circuit corresponding to this equation is
shown in fig. 1(b) from which it is evident that
the Thevenin impedance Zth at a representative
bus k of the system.
Zth = Zkk
Where Zth is the diagonal entry in row k and
column k of Zbus.

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 TheThevenin impedance between any two
buses j and k of the network.

Fig.
2 (a) current sources Ij at bus j and Ik
at bus k
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 Denoting the changes in the bus voltages resulting
from the combination of these two current injections
by V1 to Vn, in which the right hand vector is
numerically equal to the product of Ij and column j
added to the product of Ik and column k of the
system Zbus.
V1 Z11 Z1j Z1k Z1N 0 Z1j I j Z1k Ik



Vj Z j1 Z jj Z jk Z jN I j Z jjI j Z jkIk

Vk k1Z Zkj Zkk Z Z
kN Ik jk I j Z I
kk k


VN ZN1 ZNj ZNk ZNN 0 ZNjI j ZNkIk
1.4
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 Adding these voltage changes to the original
bus voltages according to
Vj = Vj0 + Zjj Ij + Zjk Ik 1.5
Vk = Vk0 + Zkj Ij + Zkk Ik 1.6
Adding and subtracting Zkj Ij in 1.5 and Zjk Ik
in 1.6
Vj = Vj0 + (Zjj - Zjk) Ij + Zjk (Ij + Ik) 1.5
Vk = Vk0 + Zkj (Ij + Ik)+ (Zkk - Zkj) Ik 1.6
Since Zbus is symmetrical, Zjk equals Zkj and
the circuit corresponding to these two
equations is shown in fig 2b which represents
the Thevenin equivalent.
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 TheThevenin impedance between any two
buses j and k of the network.

Fig.2(b) Thevenin equivalent circuit; (c)

short circuit connection; (d) impedance Zb
between buses j and k
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 Inspection fig 2b shows that the open circuit
voltage from bus k to bus j is Vk0 - Vj0, and the
impedance encountered by the short circuit
current Isc from bus k and bus j in fig c is
Thevenin impedance.
Zth,jk = Zjj + Zkk 2 Zjk 1.7
Substitute Isc = Ij = - Ik in 1.5 & 1.6 and by
setting the difference Vj Vk between the
resultant equations equal to zero.
From bus j to the reference node the
Thevenin impedance Zjj = (Zjj-Zjk)+Zjk and the
open circuit Vj0.
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 From bus k to the reference node the
Thevenin impedance Zkk = (Zkk-Zkj)+Zkj and the
open circuit Vk0 and between buses k and j
the Thevenin impedance of 1.7 and to be
open circuit voltage Vk0 - Vj0.
Finally when the branch impedance Zb is
connected between buses j and k of fig 2d,
the resulting current Ib is given by
Vk0 Vj0 Vk Vj
Ib = = 1.8
Zth,jk + Z Z

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