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Contents
Contents .................................................................................................................1
Introduction ...........................................................................................................2
Background of study ..............................................................................................2
Reasons for Cementing ..........................................................................................3
Cement Grades ......................................................................................................4
Cementing Additives .............................................................................................5
Cementing Job ........................................................................................................5
Primary Cementing. 5
Secondary Cementing.. 5
Successful Cementation.. 6
Preparation for Cementing ....................................................................................7
Cementing Procedures ...........................................................................................7
Schlumberger Background .....................................................................................9
The Mean of Risk ..................................................................................................10
Risk Management ................................................................................................10
Pre Cementing Job Evaluation .............................................................................11
Cementing Job procedure Risks ...........................................................................16
Conclusion ............................................................................................................21
References ............................................................................................................22
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
Introduction
Well cementing in its simplest form can be described as, the placement of a material
that sets to form a solid mass which has supporting and sealing properties. Well
cementing plays a very important role in the construction, completion and
abandonment of wells. The cement performs vital functions in supporting the casing
and wellhead equipment. The casing cannot perform the functions it is designed for,
described elsewhere, unless effectively cemented in place. The cement also forms
an impermeable barrier to the passage of gases and fluids and enables formations to
be isolated.
A poor cementation can significantly impact on subsequent well performance and
return on investment. In comparison to the initial expenditure, a poor cement job can
result in very high remedial costs. For example, failure to achieve good zonal
isolation in primary cementing (the initial cementing of casing) costs the Group
millions of dollars each year in well repairs and lost production.
To achieve a successful cementation the Well Engineer must have a working
knowledge of the following:
Cement Types
Cement Slurry Characteristics
Cement Hydration Process
The Effects of Pressure and Temperature on Cement Hydration
The Effect of Additives
Contaminants and Their Effects
Cement Testing Procedures and Terminology
Wellbore Fluid Displacement and Mud Cake Removal
Primary and Secondary Cementing Techniques
Evaluation Procedures
The general objective of this study is to find out how risk is managed during the
well cementing Job.
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
In this study, there are main sections related to the cementing Job represented in:
introduction to cementing, the role & procedure of cementing job, schlumberger
company background, and the risks associated with cementing job procedure.
Well tubular support: To provide axial support to the casing or liner strings to
prevent movement and permit further drilling.
To Prevent Well bore/tubular collapse: To resist plastic/brittle deformation of
the surrounding formation that may impact upon well tubular and cause their
collapse.
Zonal isolation: To provide a pressure (to invading formation gas) tight seal
between different zones (formation-formation or formation-surface). Includes
sealing perforations to control water production or prior to a workover.
Corrosion protection: To isolate metal tubular from corrosive gases and liquids
contained in the formations.
Kick-off plugs: To fill the hole with a material that is harder than the surrounding
formation to encourage the drill string to deviate from the original borehole
trajectory.
Lost circulation cures: A material that will permanently seal leakage paths into
the formation.
Well abandonment: To isolate all open hole sections from the surface.
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
Cement Grades
The American Petroleum Institute (API) has designated eight classes of oil well
cement (reference API Standards 10 "Specification for Oil-Well Cements and
Cement Additives").
API Cement Classifications
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
Cementing Additives
Given the wide variation in well conditions that can be experienced, the properties
of neat Portland cement may not always be suitable for a specific job. For example
the well may be very hot, or have high pressure, or a longer or shorter thickening
time may be required. To ensure the cement slurry is competent for the expected
well conditions additives are used to modify the cement properties. They can be
categorized as:
Density Control
Dispersants or Friction Reducers
Accelerators
Retarders
Fluid Loss Control
Lost Circulation Control
Specialty Additives
Cementing Job
Complete zonal isolation is the main goal of a cement job. To ensure the
longevity of the well, a high quality cement job must be conducted. A good cement
job exhibits an extremely low matrix permeability, providing an excellent seal.
Primary Cementing
Primary cementing covers all the operations to fix a casing and/or liner string in a
newly drilled wellbore. The cement slurry is placed in the annulus between the pipe
and the wall of the open hole. In this placement the cement has to displace the
annular contents, usually drilling fluid, as completely as possible to permit adequate
bonding to pipe and formation as well as developing its sealing properties.
Secondary Cementation
Secondary cementation covers applications such as permanent abandonment of
non-productive and/or depleted zones or the whole well, plugs for sidetracking or to
cure lost circulation, repairs of casing leaks and occasionally the repair of an
unsuccessful primary cementation. Cement is either injected under pressure (squeeze
job) or placed into the required position (plug job).
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
Successful Cementation
The key to successful primary and secondary cementations is proper 'up-front
engineering' in the design stage and close, involved and experienced supervision of
the execution phase. The programming process needs to focus on the main
requirements of maximum cement fill to the desired height in the annular space. This
can only be achieved when drilling fluid and mud cake are efficiently displaced by
the cement, cascading into a set of conditions and physical parameters to be applied.
Factors that can positively affect the success of a cementation include:
Cement slurry design appropriate to the well conditions
Adequate and timely testing of slurries using field sampled materials and water.
Proper blending of cement and additives.
High energy, recirculating mixing.
The use of centralizers and/or scratchers.
Use of correct casing running procedures
Reciprocation or rotation of the casing/liner string during displacement.
Proper drilling fluid properties.
Correct displacement rate.
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
Cementing Procedures
After casing, or steel pipe, is run into the well, an L-shaped cementing head is fixed
to the top of the wellhead to receive the slurry from the pumps. Two wiper plugs, or
cementing plugs, that sweep the inside of the casing and prevent mixing: the bottom
plug and the top plug.
Keeping the drilling fluids from mixing with the cement slurry, the bottom plug is
introduced into the well, and cement slurry is pumped into the well behind it. The
bottom plug is then caught just above the bottom of the wellbore by the float collar,
which functions as a one-way valve allowing the cement slurry to enter the well.
Then the pressure on the cement being pumped into the well is increased until a
diaphragm is broken within the bottom plug, permitting the slurry to flow through
it and up the outside of the casing string. After the proper volume of cement is
pumped into the well, a top plug is pumped into the casing pushing the remaining
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
slurry through the bottom plug. Once the top plug reaches the bottom plug, the
pumps are turned off, and the cement is allowed to set.
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
Schlumberger background
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
Risk is an uncertain event identified in advance that may or may not happen, and
may have a positive or negative impact on the project. Risks with negative
consequences are called threats, and risks with positive consequences are called
opportunities.
Risk Management
Risk management is the process for identifying, analyzing, and communicating
risk and accepting, avoiding, transferring, or controlling it to an acceptable level
considering associated costs and benefits of any actions taken.
Risk management helping to find out how risk is managed during the well
cementing Job, includes risk identification, measurement and assessment, and its
objective is to minimize negative effects of risks on the cementing Job process.
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
Lessons to learn.
Lessons to learn
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
Measure the likelihood and impact of risks, determine the likelihood of their
appearance, the estimated probability of impact risk, choosing the right tool.
Adoption of all the scientific and practical indicators.
Create a matrix 5x5 to determine the size of the risk, the degree of impact and
likelihood of each risk.
To carry out the risk assessment can be used the following equation:
R=IxL
Where
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
4 3 2 1 Light
8 6 4 2 Serious
12 9 6 3 Major
16 12 8 4 Catastrophic
20 15 10 5 Multi
catastrophic
1- blue INSIGNIFICANT
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
14
RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
Prejob Safety
Meeting.
Mixing Slurry and Read MSDS Eye-wash
chemical Chemicals sheets prior to station/Bottles
in Batch Exposure of mixing / close to where
Tanks skin or eyes 3 3 9 preparation to chemicals are
resulting in identify to be used.
burns or associated Goggles and
irritation. hazards with the gloves
chemicals used. required when 2
Recipe and mixing
chemicals additives or
Incorrect cement.
recipe mixed. Quantities to be Mix chemicals
verified between as per Lab
all cementers and design.
client rep prior to
job.
Good
communication
Liner under cementing unit Use dust mask.
Transfer pressure 3 3 9 operators Vent line
2
cement to Verify vent valve checked and
Batch Plugged Line is open prior to flushed prior
Tank upload cement to to the job.
the tank
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
Equipment
failure causes Only begin
premature job Mix chemicals as mixing after
3 3 9
Batch termination. per Lab design. circulation and
Mixing Batch mixing to be when ready to
cement Cement done with pump. Agreed 6
slurry transfer hose experienced with Client
burst cementer present. Rep
Mix fluid
should not be
aged more
than one hour
Wrong valves Read MSDS Eye-wash
alignments sheets prior to station/Bottles
Rig between rig mixing / close to where
Pumping pump to the pit 3 3 9 preparation to chemicals are
spacer identify to be used.
from the Contamination associated Goggles and
pit due of hazards with the gloves
improper flush chemicals used. required when 2
of lines or Recipe and mixing
valves leak. chemicals additives or
cement.
Loss of spacer Quantities to be Mix chemicals
in the pit verified between as per Lab
all cementers and design.
client rep prior to
job.
Inspect all hoses, Prepare to use
Pumping Overpressure- connections prior second pump if
slurry pumping against to pump. first one fails.
from closed valves. 3 3 9 Hammer all
Batch Improper Verify line up of connections 2
Tank to alignment on high pressure lines tightly before
Cement valves lead to beginning
Unit and pump slurry Call rig floor prior
to overboard. to pumping Verify line-up to
Downhole Equipment down-hole prior
failure to pumping.
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
Verify mechanism
is in place to
indicate
successful release
of the dart.
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
Pumping Provide
against closed instructions prior
Setting valve to job and
2 4 8
Liner representative Rig to reverse 4
Hanger Unexpected during setting circulate 1.5x
and pressure procedure. drill pipe
POOH increase. volume after
Verify line-up setting.
Cement prior to pumping
potentially
around drill Set OPSD prior to
pipe. test
Pumping Experienced JS to OPSD
against closed operate pumps- operational
valve causes OPSD to be set at
over-pressure 1k psi PRV in line at
release or less than
treating iron Ensure valves working
failure lined up properly pressure of
treating 2
Washing Inadequate Close down hole equipment
up cleaning of 2 4 8 valves on cement
cement cement lines. line. Use of slicker
unit/ suits and
Batch Run triplexes in waterproof
tank high gear boots while
Inadequate washing up.
cleaning of Ensure the
cement unit. cement and vent Face shields or
line are flushed goggles whilst
Danger due to properly after the using high
use of high job. pressure hose
pressure hose
during wash Ensure deck is Opens pumps
up clean and dry and Tanks
after clean up drains caps
and check for
any cement
left.
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
Conclusion
Risk management helping to find out how risk is managed during the well
cementing Job, includes risk identification, measurement and assessment,
and its objective is to minimize negative effects of risks on the cementing
Job process.
The most of risks associated with cementing job are operational risks which
effect on Operators, environment, Reputation, and Assets.
The most of risks at medium level of the risks matrix, due to good managing
of all procedure and expected risks before process starting.
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RISK MANAGEMENT OF WELL CEMENTING JOB
References
22