Académique Documents
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Public Schools
Christina Zendzian
Global Connections
Gregory Falls
December 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 2
INTRODUCTION 3
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
LITERATURE REVIEW 4
LIMITATIONS 5
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION 18
WORK CITED 19
ABSTRACT
The battle for sex education in public schools is a global concern. From government funding of
and sexual health is lost. There are multiple factors that contribute to the lack of comprehensive
sex education in public schools. This in-depth research paper will explain why abstinence-only-
until-marriage sex education is not effective in the education of adolescents about their own
sexual health and identity. American and Japanese sex education systems will be compared on
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
topics such as lack of comprehensive sex education and its affects on teen pregnancy, rates of
INTRODUCTION
Despite the idealization and romanticization of sex across the globe, sex education is
often overlooked. When first introduced in the U.S., the primary focus of sex education was to
promote sexual health. The World Health Organization defined sexual health as the capacity to
enjoy and control sexual and reproductive behavior in accordance with a social and personal
ethic, freedom from fear, shame, guilt, false beliefs, and other psychological factors inhibiting
sexual response and impairing sexual relationship, freedom from organic disorders, diseases, and
deficiencies that interfere with sexual and reproductive functions (Knowles. 2012).
Furthermore, the purpose of sexual health care should be to enhance lives and personal
relationships rather than minimal counseling and care related to procreation or sexuality
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
transmitted diseases (Knowles, 2012). It wasnt until the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the late 1980s
and early 1990s that the American sex education curriculum changed. In response, condoms
were taught as the most effective way to combat HIV. In protest, religious groups, which became
influential during the mid-1990s, would advocate for an anti-condom curriculum. The pivotal
change in American sex education that would create barriers for comprehensive sex education
came in 1996 when the federal government got involved. President Bill Clinton passed multiple
acts that stated the federal government would grant $50 million a year to state governments that
This paper will dive into the benefits and barriers of teaching comprehensive sex
education in American and Japanese public schools as well as explore a secondary option to
education doesnt cover the whole story. Critical information is left out of the abstinence-only-
until-marriage curriculum, which produces risky and unsafe sexual practices and misinformed
LITERATURE REVIEW
Psychiatrist, Dr. Keith Ablow, discusses a few of many conservative values, such as: kids should
learn about sex from their parents. Fox News Insider leans strongly towards conservative values
and ideas, which explains Dr. Ablows opinions on sex education in public schools
(Outnumber, 2014) . Likewise, Kim argues that teenage sex leads to serious health risks.
Many of these risks are avoidable if teens choose to abstain from sexual activity. Abstinence is
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
the surest way to avoid the risk of STDs and unwed childbearing. The data shown in this article
is fairly dated and heavily biased; however, it does show a clear outlook on why abstinence-only
Comprehensive Sex Education. Klein emphasizes the multiple loopholes that the
American sex education system has created, which is only the beginning with the barriers of
teaching comprehensive sex education in the U.S.. There is nothing concrete in national law that
truly dictates what should and shouldnt be taught in public schools, which makes the barriers
more difficult to overcome (Klein, 2014). Alford makes a strong point on how ineffective
abstinence-only sex education is on American youth and the consequences of such. She
discusses how the need for comprehensive sex education hasnt changed since the 1950s. Alford
states that abstinence-only programs did not achieve later sexual initiation or lower rates of
contraception can work to help teens delay sexual activity, have fewer sexual partners and
increase contraceptive use when they begin having sex (Alford, 2011).
Japanese Sex Education. The Economist article about Japanese sex education makes a
strong point about how the Japanese government is tiptoeing around the topic of sex.
Throughout the article, it is apparent that the government guidelines barely cover the minimum
and remains unchanged since the 1990s. The Economist also plainly states different attitudes
towards commercialised sex and formal sex education, which creates bias within the Japanese
culture. While the Economist is usually unbiased, this article leaned toward the favor of teaching
comprehensive sex education (No sex, 2016). This is the gateway to discovering the answer to
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
the question of what aspects of Japanese culture is preventing comprehensive sex education from
Similarly, Brasor answers the questions on why Japan has two different opinions toward
sex. The root of the problem concerning sex education in schools is the education ministry
while giving reasons like, the Japanese government as squeamish towards teaching conception.
Brasor strongly pointed out the multiple barriers in Japanese culture and politics (Brasor, 2015).
LIMITATIONS
Original survey bias and inaccuracies. The original student survey was implemented
with proper sampling methods, such as obtaining an approximately normal sample; however,
there is a possible sampling fallacy with convenience sampling. Also, the use of qualitative
responses may lead to response bias, causing an inaccurate representation of the sex education
curriculum. The free version of Surveymonkey was used for the questionnaire has a limit of a
hundred responses that can be viewed. Over a hundred responses were collected and due to lack
of funds, only the first hundred can be considered. Despite the fallacies and bias in research, the
Sources. Information regarding sex education in the U.S. tend to be dated. Updated sex
education is not the top priority; therefore, old information is recycled and taught in schools.
Crucial sources that were used multiple times go as far back as 2007 and 2011.
Virginia Beach City Public School district. Questionnaires were not sent to any form of private
school; meanwhile, mainly high school seniors participated in the original student survey. This
excludes groups of students and skews the data. Although, there are some international
viewpoints included in the survey results (mainly high school juniors from Sweden and China).
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
Despite the international focus of the paper being on Japan, no students from from that country
participated.
DISCUSSION
In present day America, education is a state right; therefore, the federal government has
no mandate, whatsoever, over what the states teach. Although general education of American
youth is required by federal law, sex education is not. Therefore, states individually have the
responsibility to create their own sex education policies. This responsibility also tends to fall into
the hands of individual school districts, which can result in two schools in the same district to be
teaching sex education in two completely different ways (Malone, 2011). As a result, heated
debates occur over what is the appropriate type of sex education that should be taught in
The Advocates for Youth Publications of Sex Education Programs defines comprehensive
sex education as education that teaches about abstinence as the best method for avoiding
sexually transmitted infection (STIs) and unintended pregnancy, but also teaches about condoms
and contraception to reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy and of infection with STIs,
including HIV. It also teaches interpersonal and communication skills and helps young people
explore their own values, goals, and options. Comprehensive sex education is more holistic than
abstinence-only.
Furthermore, it is important to take into account that the dominating sex education
Christianity, with politics plays a key role in the reason why sex education is a political issue and
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
why abstinence-only sex education dominates American public schools. With the majority of
policymakers being Christian, this leads to a clash of opinions due to Americas diversity.
In the 1970s and 80s, sex education in public schools became a hot topic due to the
HIV/AIDS epidemic and rising teen pregnancy rates. The federal government, under President
Clinton, began funding conservative abstinence-only programs through three sources: the Title
XX of the Public Health Service Act within the Adolescent Family Life Act (AFLA), Title V of
the 1996 Social Security Act, and Title XI, Section 110 of the Social Security Act, known as the
Although sex education is state run, public schools could still receive funding from the
government. Federal funding made the push for abstinence-only sex education greater because it
showed what the government wanted. At the time, the states received approximately $88 million
annually from the federal government (Cadwell, 2015), and from 1982, the federal government
information about contraceptives and other topics. The federal government has since stopped all
funding of all federal abstinence-only programs under President Obama (Punjabi, 2015).
Conservative ideals concerning sex education in public schools were not controversial at the time
since the conservatives controlled most policy making jobs; however the benefits and
a narrow view and can facilitate the spread fallacies concerning sex and sexual health. The
curriculum often censors information about contraceptives, which are vital in preventing STIs,
accurate, up-to-date, and teach safe and healthy sexual health practices with or without
abstinence; however many states do not uphold to this ideal. Only 24 out of 50 states, including
D.C., require public schools to teach sex education . From those 24 states, 21 of them also
require HIV/AIDS education, and only 20 states require medically accurate sex and/or HIV
education. Topics covered in sex education can either be factually or technically accurate, which
varies from state to state because a law mandating that all sex education topics be 100%
medically accurate doesnt exist. Therefore, the Department of Health is required to review
upon which medical professionals rely (State, 2016). The variations of definitions for medical
accuracy can lead to risky sex practices and unhealthy sexual health. For example, if pregnancy
is effectively explained, students might believe that pregnancy cannot occur through anal sex
(which is possible).
Another issue surrounding sex education in the U.S. is single-sex lessons, which
separates males and females in different classroom during lessons. Single-sex lessons are
harmful because they promote archaic and harmful sex stereotypes. Sex education typically
begins in 5th grade, the average age that puberty begins. During topics like puberty and anatomy,
single-sex lessons cause gender stereotypes to be more salient. Since students are only taught one
side of puberty and anatomy stereotypes, the opposite sex confuses them. Stereotypes such as
girls are only mad because they're on their period or periods are disgusting become
embedded into American culture due to the lack of understanding between sexes (Bohm, 2012).
messages regarding gender roles and ideals. If rape and sexual assault are taught and discussed
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
in the classroom, the impression that only females get pressured into unwanted sex is made,
which is false. These subliminal messages create benevolent sexism, which occurs throughout
and reflects the desire to protect and idealize women. Students are taught that women are not to
be respected because they are human beings, but they are respected because they are someones
future wife. Abstinence-only programs also promote female passivity and male sexual
aggression (Caldwell, 2015). This is an issue because it can teach students that sex makes women
another study was conducted in 2004 by Rep. Henry Waxman on thirteen abstinence-only
programs. Waxman reported that those thirteen programs tended to be inaccurate and sometimes
dishonest, and that eleven of the thirteen curricula contained errors, distortions, and misleading
information about the effectiveness of contraception, HIV and STI prevention, and the risks of
abortion. The curricula studied from these programs also blurred religious belief with science,
and stated stereotypes about girls and boys as scientific fact. Blurring religion and science
contributes to the fallacies concerning sex and sexual health. Waxman stated that abstinence-only
Sex education teachers within the Virginia Beach City Public Schools (VBCPS) took a
student survey concerning their opinions and thoughts on the VBCPS sex education curriculum,
which has not been updated in eighteen years. Approximately 62% of teachers felt that the sex
education curriculum was not helpful for all students. The top two responses when asked what
changes they would like made about current sex education laws or curriculum were
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
10
frequently, and
To teach away from abstinence-only.
Approximately 75% teachers believed that LGBTQ+ topics should be included, or at least
mentioned in the curriculum because majority of teacher wanted students to learn to embrace
Students, ranging from high school sophomore to high school/college graduate from
Virginia, also took a student survey on how they felt about sex education. Out of 100, 93% of
participants were from the U.S, and 7% of participants were from Sweden and China. 97% of all
participants did participate in a form of formal sex education, and the majority felt that the
current sex education curriculum in their nation was not doing all that it could be teaching about
sex and sexual health. Based on the student survey, 75% learned about HIV/AIDS and STI
prevention, 90% learned about anatomy, 77% learned about pregnancy, 74% learned about the
negative outcomes of teen sex, 58% learned about abstinence-only and the importance of sex
only within marriage, and 73% learned about menstruation. These are typical topics students
learn nationwide. 53% learned about condoms and other contraceptives, 32% learned about
consent, rape, and avoiding coercion, 8% learned about sexual orientations and gender identity.
The results show that there is a huge emphasis on abstinence-only topics and little emphasis on
Moreover, parents play a vital role in the education of their children since parents tend to
want their children to share their beliefs. Parents are allowed to opt-out of children from their
schools sex education classes in 35 states, including D.C., and four states require parental
consent in order for a child to receive sex education in public schools (State, 2016).
Conservatives argue that sex education should be taught at home instead of in school. For
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
11
example, a father in Kansas became upset with a poster in his childs school that showed
examples of platonic and romantic ways to express attraction, such as holding hands or having
sex. The father stated that the poster was outrageous for 13-year-old children (Parents, 2014).
A valid opinion, however children begin becoming interested and understanding sex as early as
the age of six (Understanding, 2016). Parents are responsible for educating their children about
sex and sexual health topics; however, sex education is taught in public schools for a reason.
There are children that are opted-out of their schoolss sex education and dont have
parents or a trusted adult to not give them the talk or access to the Internet or books regarding
sexual health. There are children who are questioning their sexuality and gender identity and do
not have access to that kind of information because they do not have the resources or they are not
taught about those topics in school. Abstinence-only-until-marriage excludes those who do not fit
into societys norms, which creates a demonization of sex and sexuality, as well as a shame
factor.
America has built a culture of shame and guilt around sex, sexuality, and sex education.
Abstinence-only programs teach that the only proper way to have sex is vaginal-penis
intercourse between a married male and female that have only had sex with each other (Caldwell,
2016). Those that have had sex with one or more partner before marriage, have gotten pregnant
There is no room for the LGBTQ+ community in the sex education classroom. In 11 out
of 50 states allow open discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and
school sex education instruction. Based on the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 11% of high
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
12
school students identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or not sure (Punjabi, 2015). The spectrum of
sexuality and gender is ignored as if they are non-existent; however when it is taught, only
deviant and immoral. Abstinence-only ignores the emotional and health needs of LGBTQ+
youth, and consequently, destroys safe spaces by giving them a small range of choicespretend
These negative lessons in sex education makes homophobia in the U.S. more prominent
due to both members of the LGBTQ+ community and heterosexuals learning to believe being
anything but heterosexual is bad. Additionally, since sexual orientations and gender identity are
not taught at all or in a good light, LGBTQ+ youth are at an increased risk for mental health
concerns like depression, low self-esteem and suicide. This is concerning because this kind of
hatred should not be taught in publics schools (Goodman, 2016). The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, which was mentioned previously, states in Article 26: Education shall...promote
understanding tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall
further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. Students have the right
would fulfill Article 26 and teach students that all sexual orientations are equally valid, while
abstinence-only adds fuel to bullies hate speech by showing that its acceptable to have negative
Due to the shame of sex out of marriage, pregnant teens are ostracized. Its not odd when
a pregnant teen suddenly disappears from school; no one questions it. There are a few reasons
why she is gone: she either dropped out or moved to a family member or special program that
would help her. Most likely, the former will occur. According to the American Civil Liberties
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
13
Union of Washington State, teen pregnancy is the the #1 reason why teenage girls leave school
(Mangel, 2010). Abstinence-only programs dont teach that it is normal to have sex before
marriage. There is too much of an emphasis on not having sex as a teenager that it enforces the
exclusion of pregnant teen girls. In reality, the average American female has at least 8.6 sexual
Another issue that revolves around the abstinence-only programs in the U.S., is teen
pregnancy and STIs. Among all developed nations, the United States is ranked first in both
teenage pregnancy and STI rates. While the teen pregnancy rates have decreased nationwide by
8% from 2014 to 22.3 births per 1,000 females ages 1519 (Hamilton, 2015), data shows the
progress is uneven (Stanger-Hall, 2011). Teen pregnancy rates are relatively low in northern
states, while rates are highest in southern states like New Mexico, Mississippi, and Arkansas
gay and bisexual adolescents (State, 2016; 2015 STD, 2016). The American youth (ages 15-
24) represent 25% of the sexually active population; however they catch more than 50% of all
STIs, which according to the National Conference of State Legislature , the cases of adolescent's
acquiring STIs amounts to 9.8 million a year (2016). Socio-demographic differentials also show
the need for comprehensive sex education. Studies show that nearly one-third of young men of
color did not receive instruction on either abstinence or birth control methods before first sex.
People of color who were among those who were from a lower-income group, had lower
maternal education, or were black or Hispanic tended to have higher rates of STIs and teen
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
14
pregnancy, which highlights the need for formal comprehensive sex education. (Lindberg, 2012).
Correlation does not mean causation; however, there are clear patterns.
Compared to the U.S., Japan has virtually no sex education within its public schools. Sex
education was basically outlawed due to the rise of neo-conservatives. Government guidelines
for sex education has gone almost completely unchanged since the 1990s (Tashiro, 2011). In
2002, the Japanese education ministry instructed elementary and junior high school health
teachers to teach students about contraception without explicitly talking about sex (Tiptoeing,
2016). Implicitly teaching sex education is not only tough on the teacher, but it can also cause
confusion amongst students. In an interview about Japanese sex education, J. Satoh who grew
up in Japan and is currently the Japanese language teacher at Tallwood High School said, It is
not as open as here. I do not know the current curriculum for sex education in Japan, but I did not
receive it when I was in school. We learned just about period and body changes. Due to Mrs.
Satoh not receiving any form of sex education, she is, to this day, confused about sex and sexual
When sex education is taught in Japan, 45 minutes to two hour is spent discussing topics
like child-rearing, STIs, contraception, and Japans abortion law (Ishiwata, 2011; Tashiro, 2011).
Thus, Japanese youth have to turn to the media for sex education since the government has made
it virtually impossible to get useful information from a reliable source (Brasor, 2015). This is not
helpful to the sexual health of Japanese youth because the media is unreliable. Japanese media
creates an image of sex that is inaccurate and distorted, which causes Japanese youth to believe
everything they see to be accurate (Tiptoeing, 2016). Without some form of formal sex
education, Japanese youth grow up not knowing how to practice healthy and safe sexual health.
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
15
As a result, STI rates are high (Ishiwata, 2011); however, it is important to take into account
culture when openly discussing sex in Japan. The Japanese are conservativethey get
embarrassed about the topic of sex. It is not something that is talked about in public, yet sex is
everywhere in Japan. Its gleefully commercialised, from explicit manga comics to Tokyos
red light district with rows of love hotels where rooms are rented by the hour (Brasor, 2015).
Japans contradictory views towards sex contributes to the demonization of sex and sexuality.
Similar to the U.S., LGBTQ+ topics are not mentioned, which results in stereotypes and
bullying, which is a major issues in Japan, especially towards members of the LGBTQ+
community.
exploring feelings, values, and attitudes; and developing communication, decision-making, and
critical-thinking skills (Guidelines, 2001). and is medically accurate, unbiased, and science-
based. It includes topics as puberty, conception, contraceptives, abstinence, and more. The
primary goal of comprehensive sex education is to assist young people in developing a positive
view of sexuality, provide them with information they need to take care of their sexual health,
and help them acquire skills to make decisions now and in the future (Guidelines, 2001).
students to choose what they want to believe and approach early sexual encounters with caution.
By having more comprehensive sex education, teachers and parents can empower youth to
make responsible choices that protect their health, well-being and provide support for academic
achievement. Data shows that comprehensive sex education is effective in reducing risky sexual
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
16
behaviors. The National Survey of Family Growth took a recent examination to determine the
impact of sexuality education on sexual risk-taking for young people ages 15-19, and they
revealed that teens who received comprehensive sex education were 50% less likely to report a
pregnancy than those who received abstinence-only education (Why, 2013). Oregon has been
noted for mandating comprehensive and medically accurate sex education in public schools
among four other states, which further shows the benefits of comprehensive sex education.
Oregon public schools can openly discuss HIV prevention, the different methods of
contraception and abstinence. Thus, Oregons 46% teen pregnancy rate is close to the Healthy
the right of free speech. Due to censorship, young people's right to have access to much-needed
health information is impeded. As a result, sex education teacher and students operate under a
gag order that censors the communication of vital sexual health information (Alford, 2011).
According to the Review of Key Findings of Key Findings of Emerging Answers 2007 Report
on Sex Education (2007), comprehensive sex education has improved factors such as knowledge
about risks and consequences of pregnancy and STD; values and attitudes about having sex and
using condoms or other contraceptives; perception of peer norms about sex and contraception;
contraception; and communication with parents or other adults about these topics. In part by
17
CONCLUSION
Abstinence-only sex education has been proven ineffective in preventing sexual relations
among teenagers. As a result, I believe it is important for adolescents to receive a well rounded
sex education, which comes in comprehensive sex education because students have the right to
the information withheld by abstinence-only programs. Despite their differences, the U.S. and
Japan are similarly affected by the lack of comprehensive sex education in their teenage
populations. In the U.S., religion and conservatism are key reasons why abstinence-only sex
education has deep roots within the public school system. On the other hand, culture and
conservatism are the reasons why sex education remains obsolete in Japan. The goal of sex
education should not be to stop or delay sexuality; instead, it should promote healthy sexual
practices, such as condom usage and understanding consent. Sex education is not black and
white; rather, the purpose of education is to foster to minds of students and allow them to make
their own opinions. While the future of sex education is foggy, the shift to a more comprehensive
curriculum is needed.
WORK CITED
2015 STD Surveillance Report Fact Sheet. (2016, October 19). Retrieved November 26,
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and Poor Public Health (M. Keefe, Ed.). Retrieved November 14, 2016, from
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Teen Births in the United States, 2015. Retrieved December 01, 2016, from
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db259.htm
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freshman: 0% sophomore: 7%
High school College
sophomore: 3% junior: 3%
High school College
freshman: 6% 10%
23
IV. Have you ever been given "the talk" by your parents/guardians?
Internet: 34%
HIV/STI Consent.
VII. Do you think religious opinions should be included during sex ed?
VIII. Do you think the sex ed curriculum should be medically accurate and
unbiased?
BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION
24
Y N
es: 96% o: 4%