MODULE II

EMULSION

EXPERIMENT REPORT

Name : Dicky Alviansyah

Student ID Number : 12215048

Group : 3 (Wednesday)

Experiment Date : 16th November 2016

Due Date : 23rd November 2016

Lecturer : Zuher Syihab, ST, Ph.D.

Module Assistants : Nikkie Nazneen (12213033)

Hanif Nur Alif (12213095)

LABORATORY OF RESERVOIR FLUIDS ANALYSIS

MAJOR OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

2016

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER . 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS . 2

LIST OF PICTURES 3

LIST OF TABLE .. 4

CHAPTER I PREFACE .. 5

1.1 Title of Module . 5

1.2 Purpose of Module 5

1.3 Basic Theory 5

CHAPTER II DATA PROCESSING .... 6

2.1 Apparatus and Materials .. 6

2.2 Experiment Data .. 6

2.3 Data Calculation .. 8

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS .........11

3.1 Assumption .. 11

3.2 Analysis ...11

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14

4.1 Conclusions .. 14

4.2 Recommendations .... 14

4.3 Impression 14

BIBLIOGRAPHY . 17

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 LIST OF PICTURES

Picture 2.1 Gravity settling after 200 RPM Agitation : Cumulative water volume
vs time ...... 8

Picture 2.2 Gravity settling after 400 RPM Agitation : Cumulative water volume
vs time ...... 8

Picture 2.3 Gravity settling after 650 RPM Agitation : Cumulative water volume
vs time ...... 9

Picture 2.4 Chemical substance addition : Cumulative water volume vs time .... 9
Picture 2.5 Heating : Cumulative water volume vs time . 10

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 LIST OF TABLE

Tabel 2.1 Experiment data ...... 7

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 CHAPTER I

PREFACE

1.1 Title of Module

The title of this module (modul II) is Emulsion.

1.2 Purpose of Module

The purposes of this module whose title Emulsion are :

1. To understand how and why emulsion may form.

2. To understand demulsification process.

1.3 Basic Theory

Emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids (in normal condition, unmixable or

unblendable) which one of the liquid will spread and be dispersed in the other liquid that will be
the dispersant. Emulsion (especially in this experiment) has three components, i.e. water, oil, and
emulsifying agent. The conditions that support the stable emulsion formation are the existance of
two immiscible liquids and stirring.

Emulsifier (emulsifying agent) is a substance that supports the emulsion formation

(emulsification) Emulsifier causes a decrease in surface tension and interfacial film formation.
Besides the effect of emulsifier, the stability of emulsi is also affected by the oil viscosity, time,
and stirring.

Demulsification, which is the contrary of emulsification, is emulsion separation process using

some methods such as electrostatic, gravity settling, heating, and chemical substance addition
(for instance demulsifier). Demulsification occurs in some stages : flocculation, coalescence, and
solid wetting. But, in this experiment, we only do the experiment using gravity settling, heating,
and chemical substance addition method.

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 CHAPTER II

DATA PROCESSING

2.1 Apparatus and Materials

The apparatus and materials which are used in this module are :

Apparatus Materials
- Beaker glass 250 cc - Crude oil
- Beaker glass 100 cc - Formation water
- Mixer - Aquades
- Heater - Demulsifier
- Stopwatch
- Drop pipette

2.2 Experiment Data

During the whole experiment process, we tried our best to get the data we need in this module,
but we got nothing. All data we got is zero for experiment method. This was simply caused by
the sample we used. The sample was so bad because there wasnt any other proper sample left
to be used. So, in order to get to know the purpose of this module, we will use the data assistants
gave us. Here are the data.

Cumulative water volume (ml)

Gravity Settling
Time At 650 Chemical
At 200 At 400
(minutes) RPM Substance Heating
RPM RPM
Agitatio Addition
Agitation Agitation
n
0.5 15 10
1 39 18
1.5 46 29
2 10 8 15 49 39
2.5 51 43
3 52 47
3.5 53 48

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 4 15 22 23 53 49
4.5 54 49
5 54 49
5.5 55 50
6 21 38 27 55
6.5 56
7 25.5 56
7.5 56
8 33 39.5 30 56
8.5 57
9 36.5 57
9.5 57
10 39 39.5 32 57
11 40
12 40.5 40 33
13 41
14 41.5 40 34
15 42
16 42 40 35
17 42.5
18 42.5 36
19 42.5
20 42.5 37
22 37
24 38
26 38
28 38
30 38
Total
emulsion 92 85 87
volume (ml)

Table 2.1 Experiment data

Note : Red-coloured cells have no data known about the relation between time and volume. I just
try to gather all the experiment data into one table to make it simpler, easy to understand,
effective, and efficient.

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2.3 Data Calculation

To visualise the data we have, lets make the data in the table into the graph so that we can
compare it in a better way. Here are the graph.

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 Gravity settling after 200 RPM agitation
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10

Cummulative water volume (ml) 6

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

Time (Minutes)

Picture 2.1 Gravity settling after 200 RPM agitation : Cumulative water volume vs time

Gravity settling after 400 RPM agitation

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10

Cummulative water volume (ml) 6

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time (Minutes)

Picture 2.2 Gravity settling after 400 RPM agitation : Cumulative water volume vs time

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 Gravity settling after 650 RPM agitation
12

10

Cummulative water volume (ml) 6

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Time (Minutes)

Picture 2.3 Gravity settling after 650 RPM agitation : Cumulative water volume vs time

Chemical Substance Addition

60

50

40

Cummulative water volume (ml) 30

20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Time (Minutes)

Picture 2.4 Chemical substance addition : Cumulative water volume vs time

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 Heating
60

50

40

Cummulative water volume (ml) 30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Time (Minutes)

Picture 2.5 Heating : Cumulative water volume vs time

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 CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS

3.1 Assumption

Some assumption we have in this module :

1. Both pressure and temperature are always constant.

2. The apparatus we used are clean and steril and run properly.
3. Crude oil is not contaminated by any substance.
4. No parallax error.
5. Crude oil and water are well-mixed and create a good emulsion.
6. The stirring process (during the emulsification) really mixes the crude oil and water
together.
7. The heating occurs uniformly from water to the oil.
8. After the agitation, pouring time before observatons are short.
9. No sample were still attached after pouring.

3.2 Analysis

From all the experiments we have done, we can classify (in this analysis) that those experiments
give us affects for different conditions so that we can compare them all. For instance, we did
three agitation at 200, 400, and 650 RPM and we can see the result as shown by picture 2.1 2.3
or table 2.1. Generally, the faster the stirring on agitation process, the slower emulsion separates.
It happens because the 650 RPM stirring makes the most stable emulsion (compared to the
others) because it optimally pushes the oil particles and water particles to create smaller droplets
so it is a bit harder to demulsify it. But if we see the table 2.1, in the first two minutes of gravity
settling, the separated water volume of 650 RPM stirring emulsion is more than the other two
emulsion. This data is theoretically wrong. The descendant order of separated water volume of
those three agitations process should be 200 RPM, 400 RPM, and 650 RPM. But this unusual
results happen only until minute 10th. For the rest, we can see that the total separated water

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volume follows the order they should be. The unusual results can happen (in some way) because
of the difference of temperature and pressure when the experiments were done. We can say also
that maybe the stirring process of higher RPM (650 or 400) were not done well which should
take longer time to demulsify them rather than 200 RPM should. It is other story, of course, if the
total water volume of different experiment were different because if it were, we could not
compare them. So, I assume that the free variables such as total water volume, sample etc. were
the same. It is only the speed of stirring which was different and lets not really mind about the
difference of total emulsion volume because it might be there were some emulsion left which
stuck to the beaker glass before the emulsion was poured into volumetric glass (although we got
no data, but we still did the experiments and this case happened to us the emulsion kept
sticking to the wall of beaker glass).

The other experiments are heating and chemical substance addition which used emulsion which
is created from 650 RPM agitation. Then, we can compare those three experiments by keep
assuming it was only the method which are different. We can see the result as shown by picture
2.3 2.5 or from table 2.1. They all have the same thing in common which is theoretically right.
They follow the order the the chemical substance addition gives the most effective result to
demulsify the emulsion. We can see if by comparing those three methods from minute 2 nd till
minute 4th. The chemical substance addition method separates the emulsion quicker, and
followed by the heating method, and then the gravity settling method. This happens because we
use demulsifier (for chemical substance addition method) which is the substance for demulsify
the emulsion (it is what demulsifier does demulsify the emulsion). Generally, demulsifier
works in the contrary of emulsifier, which hold the emulsion. Demulsifier will accelerate the
dissolution of interfacial film that prevent the same particles to accumulate, so that the emulsion
will separate easily and fast. The other process, heating process, gives us the result right under
the chemical substance addition method. Heating gives the additional kinetic energy to the
particles which will affect to the velocity of the particles movement (for both water and oil).
This will make the collision chance of the same particles bigger and support the flocculation and
coalescence better than the gravity settling does. The last order is gravity settling because it only
depends on the gravitational force that affect the separation of emulsion. The gravitational force
pulls and separates particles in the emulsion where the higher density of liquids, the lower of the
position it will take. For this case, water has higher density than the oil, so, the gravitational

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force pulls the water particles down and the oil particles will go up. This is what makes the
gravity settling separates the emulsion the slowest (compared to the other two methods).

From all explanations, we can conclude that the most effective way to demulsify the emulsion is
the chemical substance addition method because it demulsifies in most effective way and it is
theoretically right because (again) it is what demulsifier does, that is to demulsify the emulsion.

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 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Conclusions

To answer the purposes and after doing the experiment, we can conclude that :

1. One of many ways to create emulsion is by mixing the oil and water through agitation
which will make the water partikel dispersed in the oil. Emulsion can occur when the
interfacial film between oil and water decreases so the surface of water can contact the
surface of oil.
2. There are many methods we can apply to demulsify the emulsion (demulsification) such
as gravity settling, chemical substance addition, and heating. Those all methods have
something in common, that is they all support the coalescence occurence.

4.2 Recommendations

If this experiment will be done again, please make sure that you have got a good sample so that
we can observe the changing that happens to the sample and get the right data and also make sure
that you give the optimum heating process to the sample for demulsification using heating
method.

4.3 Impression

Firstly, i really had no idea about the module itself. At glance, its title is so simple and different
from the other modules. It only says Emulsion. I asked myself (before I figured about it
further) What on the world is emulsion doin here? Why are we gonna do the experiment about
emulsion?. I was only thinking about milk, coconut milk and many other kind of emulsion.
Then I found the answer that it is water-oil emulsion. I forgot that in the reservoir, there aint
only oil, but also water and they can in some case accumulate and create emulsion. Then further I
thought that because we only want to produce oil, then we have to separate the emulsion, so we

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can produce more oil. Then I started to realise that this module would be so much useful (I
shouldve known it before because it it were not, it would not be experimented haha). From the
pre eliminary test, I found some new keywords such as flocculation, coalescence, and solid
wetting. It actually made me think that this module was gonna be hard. But, actually it wasnt at
all. It was so interesting and so enjoyable although all data we got is zero hahaha. It didnt
matter. It wasnt all about the data only, but there was something more important, we knew the
principal of the demulsification including the methods, which is gonna be such a useful
knowledge in petroleum field. But, the module itself wouldnt be such a very interesting one
without two awesomely helpful assistants, they are Nikkie Nazneen (12213033) and Hanif Nur
Alif (12213095). I really had no idea about them all especially Bang Hanif because I didnt
notice him when MPAB (sorry hahaha). But, all I thought about Kak Nikkie was such a grumpy
girl (sorry hahaha, but that was what I felt) because she acted that way when MPAB. I saw her at
the moment when Petrosium 2015 met Oleo Spartatro 2013 and she kept yelling things and
threat many of us not to laugh. With her loud-high-pitch voice, that act was necessarily needed
to be noticed that she was not acting as a nice girl in MPAB process. She must have been the one
who was acting in a way except kindness. And also, I saw she was furious to one of my friend
when the inauguration. She was literally yelling at one of Petrosium girl in that moment until my
friend step back because (maybe) she was afraid hahaha. That gave me such a very bad
impression about her. This impression kept going until we were inducted conditionally. After that
day, she was starting to act normally as who she was (as a campus girl that loved hanging around
with her friends). I sometimes did greeting to her and she greeted me back because she didnt
need to be pretending in a way that she did on inauguration night. I found that she was actually
not that bad, she was nice and always smile. But as always, girls are hard to be expected. And
when the time came, I met kak Nikkie on my last module as the assistant of this modul with
Bang Hanif. It was not the first time of course that I met her, but to talk in such a bit long
conversation, yes it was. I appreciaed Bang hanif that had made the apparatus test in a low-
pressured test hahaha. I was enjoying and feeling no pressure at all, except for the event when
Kak Nikkie started yelling at one or two of us because we secretly talked to one another. But that
was nothing though. When the experiments were done, the time went fast (maybe because we
enjoyed it. Thats the law. If you enjoy the moment, the time will go fast, but if you dont, it will
go at snails speed. Hahaha). We could say that our experiments failed. All data we got was zero

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but we were not desperate. We gave our best to observe the experiments. While observing the
experiments, I had a little bit talk about secret because of my 048 number. Hahaha. I cannot tell it
because it needs to be and has to be a secret. It was about 10 minutes (if we accumumulated the
conversation I had with her, talking about things related that number). Never have I ever done
talking with the assistant during any kind of experiment before. Thats why it was something
hahahaha. After doing the experiments, as usual, we did taking pictures so that we would not
forget that we had such a great experiment with two awesome assistants, Kak Nikkie and Bang
Hanif!! Thanks~

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

McCain, William D., Jr., 1990. The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, 2nd Edition.
Oklahoma: Pen Well Publishing Co.

Siagian, Ucok. 2002. Diktat Kuliah Fluida Reservoir. Bandung: TM ITB

Laboratorium Analisa Fluida Reservoir. 2014. Buku Petunjuk Praktikum Fluida

Reservoir. Bandung: TM ITB

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