CHAPTER 2

FREEZING TANK COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS

Design Condition:

Mass of water turned to ice, m 2.5 tons

Specific heat of water, Cpw 4.187 kJ/kg -K

Specific heat of ice, Cpi 0.0935 kJ/kg-K

Latent heat of fusion of ice, L 335

kJ/kg

Storage load Qs . 1.47 TOR

Temperature of water available for ice making, tw ....................... 260C

Freezing temperature of water, tf 00C

Temperature of product ice, ti -90C

Heat transfer area

Total length of freezing tank 2.2225 m

Total height of freezing tank 1.224 m

Total width of freezing tank 1.105 m

Temperatures

Outside air temperature 340C

Brine Temperature -12 0C

Ground Temperature 24 oC

9
Product Load, Qp

The product load is made up of the heat that must be removed from raw water in
order to produced ice.

Qp = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

Qp = m[Cpw (tw tf) + L + Cpi (tf ti)]

where:
Q1
= Heat to be removed from available water
C
to 0 by means of sensible cooling
Q2
= Latent Heat required to convert water into ice
C
at 0
Q3
= Heat to be removed by sensible cooling from
C
0 to ice temperature
kJ
4.187
C Pw kg K
= Specific heat of water,
tw C
= Temperature of water,
tf C
= Freezing temperature,
kJ
335
kg
L = Latent heat of fusion,

10
 kJ
2.0935
C Pice kg K
= specific heat of ice,
t ice C
= Temperature of ice,
kg
m H 2O sec
= mass of water,

Weight of water required in making 50-tons of ice daily is equal to the weight of
ice produced.
2.5tons 1000 kg 1 day
m ice m H2O x x
day 1 ton 86,400 secs

kg
m H 2O 0.02894
sec

Substituting the value;

kg kJ kJ kJ
Q p 0.02894 4.187 26 0 K 335 2.0935 0 - - 9 K
sec kg - K kg kg - K

Q p 13.37 kWThermal

Qm
MISCELLANEOUS LOSSES,

TABLE 18.3 Convection Coefficients at Some Surface

CONVECTION COEFFICIENT
W BTU
ORIENTATION AND CONDITION
m - K
2
hr - ft 2 - F
m 34 6.0
s
6.7 (15mph) winter any orientation

11
 m 23 4.0
s
3.4 (7.5mph) summer any orientation
Still Air
. Vertical surface, heat flow horizontal 8.3 1.46
. Horizontal surface, heat flow upward 9.3 1.63
. Horizontal surface, heat flow downward 6.1 1.08
From Industrial Refrigeration Handbook by Wilbert F. Stoecker p. 605.

From Table 1. Thermal Conductivities of Metals by Marks Standard Handbook for

Mechanical Engineers 8th Edition, revised by staff of specialists, p.4-60. The value of k

W
m - K
2

for steel (1% C) is 45.072 .

From Table 3. Thermal Conductivities of Miscellaneous solid substance page 4-63.

W
m - K
2

The value of k for concrete (sand & gravel) is 1.8176 .

W
m - K
2

From METC, Thermal conductivities of cork granulated is 0.048 .

W
m - K
2

And thermal conductivity of wood (mahogany) is 0.13 .

Q WALL
Miscellaneous losses from the wall of the tank,

114.3 mm

12
 88.9

A WALL t o t b
Q WALL
x1 x 2 x 3 1

k1 k 2 k 3 f o

Where:
A WALL m2
Surface area of wall,
to C
= outside temperature,
W
m - K
k = Thermal conductivity,
x = Thickness of insulation, m
W
m - K
2

fo = Convection coefficient,
A WALL
Solving for the surface area of the wall,
A WALL 2 H x W 2 L x H

A WALL 2 1.105 x 1.143 1.105 x 1.224

A WALL 5.22 m 2

13
 Therefore:

Q WALL
5.22m 34 12 m
C
2 2

0.00635 0.0889 0.1143 1 m C

2

45.072 0.048 1.8176 23 W

QWALL = 122.6 W
QWALL = 0.1226 KW

Q Bottom
Miscellaneous losses from the bottom of the tank,

88.9 mm

114.3 mm

A Bottom t g t b
Q Bottom
x1 x 2 x 3

k1 k 2 k 3

Where:
A Bottom m2
= Surface area at the bottom,

tg C
= Ground temperature, 24
A Bottom
Solving for the surface area at the bottom,

14
 A Bottom 2.2225x 1.143 m 2
=LxW=
A Bottom 2.54 m 2

Therefore;

Q Bottom
2.54 24 12 m 2 C
0.00635 0.0889 0.1143 m C
2

45.072 0.048 1.8176 W

Q Bottom 47.75 W

QBottom= 0.04775 KW

Q cover
Miscellaneous losses from ice can cover,

0.0381 mm

Acov er t1 t 2
Qcov er
1 x 1

fi k fo

Where:
Qcov er
= quantity of heat transmitted through ceilings
A cover
= surface area of the ceilings
t1
= atmospheric temperature
t2
= brine temperature
k
= thermal conductivity of Balsam wood

15
 x
= thickness of Balsam wood
fi
= convection coefficient of inside air
fo
= convection coefficient of outside air
For surface area of the floor
Acov er LW
Acov er 2.2225 m 1.143 m
Acov er 2.54 m 2

Substituting,
2.54 m 2 34 12 C
Qcov er
1 0.0381m 1

6.1W m C 0.13W mC 23W m 2 C
2

Qcov er 233.25W

Qcover= 0.23325 KW

Air Change load due to air infiltration, QAC

From Roy J. Dossat, Principles of refrigeration

Air change load = (inside volume) (air changes) (0.075) (ho hi) Btu/hr

Where:

ho = enthalpy of outside air

hi = enthalpy of inside air

From METC, 5th edition by Ricardo F. Del Rosario P. 75

At 340C DB and 50% RH

kJ 1 kg 1 Btu
78 x x
kg 2.205 lb 1.055 kJ
ho =

16
 Btu
33.53
lb
ho =

At 2 0C DB and 90% RH

kJ 1 kg 1 Btu
12 x x
kg 2.205 lb 1.055 kJ
hi =

Btu
5.158
lb
hi =

Vair
Solving for vol. air,

Vair
= (length x width x height of air)

Vair
= (2.225 x 1.143 x 0.0381) m3

Vair 3

= 0.09679 m

Vair 3

= 3.42 ft

32 0 F
From table: 10-8A Average Air Changes per 24hrs above , due to opening of ice

can cover during inspection and harvest. P. 185

Volume cu ft Air change/24 hrs

3.2 3,687.5
3.42 X
4 3250
By interpolation:

Air changes per 24hrs = 3,567.19 BTU/ ft3

Therefore,

17
 QAC= (3.42) (3567.19) (0.075) (33.53 5.158)

Btu
24 hrs
QAC= 25959.9

Btu 1hr 1.055 kJ

hrs 3600 sec 1 Btu
QAC= 1081.7 x x

QAC = 0.317 kW or 317 watts

Therefore,

Q m Qwall Qbottom Qcov er Q AC

Qm = (122.6 watts + 47.75 watts + 233.25 watts + 317 watts)

Qm = 511 watts

Qm = 0.511 KW

Total Refrigeration Load

Qt= Qp+ Qm

Qt= 13.37 kw + 0.511 kw

Qt= 13.881 KW

Use Factor of Safety

The total cooling load for a 24 hr period is the summation of the heat gains
calculated. It is of common practice to add 5 to 10% to this value as a safety factor the
percentage used depends on the reliability of the information used in calculating the
cooling load. As a general rule 10% is used.

Roy J. Dossat , Principles of Refrigeration, page 190.

Safety Factor = 10% Qm

Safety Factor = 10% (0.511 kw)

Safety Factor = 0.0511 kw

Compute the Percentage of Heat Loss, Phl

18
 Q m+SF
Phl = Qp

0.511 kw+0.0511 kw
Phl = 13.37

Phl = 0.042 or 4.2%

Compute the refrigerating capacity, Qcap.

Qcap. = 13.37 kw + (0.0511 x 13.37 kw)

Qcap. = 14.05 kw or 4.01 TOR

SPECIFICATIONS

Freezing tank cooling load

Product load, QP 13.37 kW

Wall gain load, QW 122.6 Watts

Bottom gain load, QB . 47.75 Watts

Cover gain load, QC 233.25 Watts

Air changes load, QAC 317

Watts

Total miscellaneous load, QM 511

Watts

19
Total refrigerating load, QT 13.881 kW

Total refrigerating capacity, Qcap. 4.01 TOR

20