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SYSTEM
SUBMITTED BY:
NAME SANA RIAZ
SECTION 1A
ROLL NO 86117
SUBMITTED TO:
PROFESSOR AYZED MIRZA
System
A system is a group of elements that
are integrated with the common purpose
of achieving objective
Example
He bought a new stereo system. The system consist of a motor and a
small component.
Information system -
Managemen
t information
system is
that system
in which raw
data is
collected
and analyze
it. After
making it
useful, it is
used for
decision
making of
business.
Definition of MIS:
SUB SYSTEMS OF MIS
A Sub system is simply a system .This means that a system exist on more
than one level and can be composed of sub systems or element parts .
EXAMPLE:
Let us look at a simple example of a business transaction. McDonald's, which
sells a large number of hamburgers every day, orders raw materials from its
suppliers. Each time the company places an order with a supplier, a transaction
occurs and a transaction system records relevant information, such as the
supplier's name, address, and credit rating, the kind and quantity of items
purchased,
A Transaction Processing System (TPS)
is a type of information system that
collects, stores, modifies and retrieves
the data transactions of an
organization.
An informational scheme for the collection,
storage, retrieval and modification of
transactions made by an organization.
1. On-line mode
2. Batch mode
Cheaper than on-line processin. Easier to control than on-line processing. Database
is constantly out of date. Batch processing is now being captured using disk files
3. Database maintenance
1. Date Capture
2. Data Validation
Typical validation tests include checking for missing data items, valid codes, and
valid values. More extensive validation may entail authorization of the transaction
based on the customer=s record and available inventory.
1. Classification
3. Data Retrieval
4. Calculation
5. Summarization
Database Maintenance
After transactions other than inquiries, system files or databases must be
updated. The data accumulated by TPSs thus serve as a source of detail for
management oriented components of information systems.
Components of TPS
1. Input 3. Storage
2. Processing 4. Output
Features OF TPS
Good data placement
Short transactions
Real-time backup
Work file: Temporary files in the system used during the processing.
In March 1995, the Management Reporting and Financial Operations Project was
created as a result of these recommendations. A major focus of the project has
been the implementation of the SAP R/3 financial system. The first phase of the
implementation was completed in September 1996 when SAP became the system of
record at MIT. At that time the central financial offices (CAO, Purchasing, OSP,
etc.) began to use the software. The second phase - now called Rollout98 - will be
completed when SAP has been distributed to all MIT departments, labs, centers
and offices, and users have been trained and given access full functionality of the
system
streams.
goals
c. The critical variables for success.
Characteristics of MRS
Characteristics of MRS include:
2. These systems are build for situations in which information requirements are
reasonably well known and expected to remain relatively stable.
4. MRSs are oriented toward reporting on the past and the present, rather than
projecting the future.
6. MRSs largely report on internal company operations rather than spanning the
company=s boundaries by reporting external information.
Functions OF MRS
Analyze data from virtually any perspective
4.The MIT community perceives real and tangible advantages of the new
processes
These reports follow a predetermined format and are used for providing
information to managers on a regular basis. An example of a periodic scheduled
report is the daily sales report.
Exception reports
These reports are not generated on a regular basis but only in exceptional
situations. For example, a report on customers who have taken an overdraft would
need to be prepared if defaulters are to be traced.
These reports are alternatively termed as ad hoc reports. They are generated as
and when the manager requires them. Managers use queries and report generators
for such reporting.
Management Function, Level, and Decision Type
Problem Structure
It should not be surprising that there are different types of problems. The
text discusses three elements or aspects of problems that determine
whether a problem can be regarded as structure or unstructured. These
elements are :
A. When all elements are known with certainty, the problem is structured.
B. Unstructured problems involve uncertainty on one or more of those
elements. When this is the case, the solution is not obvious. Judgement is
important.
A Decision Support System (DSS) is a computerized
system that assists in corporate decision making, with
a decision being a choice between alternatives based
on the estimated values of those alternatives.
Supporting a decision means to assist people working
alone, or in a group, to gather intelligence, generate
alternatives and make choices
For example,
A medical decision making often involves making a diagnosis and selecting an
appropriate treatment. The closer we get to completely automating our lives, the
more crucially we depend upon these kinds of decision-making to be correct beyond
a shadow of a doubt! Imagine a wrong decision being made about a medical
diagnosis, or even in terms which we would encounter each and every day, decisions
about money or our own wealth simply cannot be wrong!
COMPONENTS OF DSS
DSS components may be classified as:
Data-driven DSS
It is used to query a database or data warehouse to seek specific answers
for specific purposes.. Examples: computer-based databases that have a
query system to check
Document-driven DSS
. The purpose of such a DSS is to search web pages and find documents on a
specific set of keywords or search terms. The usual technology used to set
up such DSSs is via the web or a client/server system. Examples:
Knowledge-driven DSS:
-. It is essentially used to provide management advice or to choose
products/services. For example computer of business .
Model-driven DSS
Model-driven DSSs are complex systems that help analyze decisions or
choose between different options. These are used by managers and staff
PURPOSE OF OIS
The primary purpose of the Office of Information Systems (OIS) is to support
each VMH through automation by providing technical support and services in the
development and maintenance of computerized systems for the timely retrieval of
accurate information to enable effective planning, operation and monitoring of
services rendered.
OBJECTIVES OF OIS
The Office of Information Services (OIS) at each VMH shall ensure that:
RESPONSIBILITIES OF OIS
1. OIS shall provide computing and information retrieval capabilities to the
VMHs commensurate with their needs and mission, based on the priorities
established by the DMAVA-DVHS management and each VMH.
2. OIS is required to meet federal and state mandates for the reporting of
resident information.
3. OIS shall apply information systems technology with the goal of providing
improved record keeping and reporting capabilities.
4. OIS shall meet the information needs at each VMH through the
development and implementation of unique systems within specific
departments or integrated systems, which cross departments at the facility
level.
PROCEDURES OF OIS
In order to ensure that the policies and objectives of the Office of Information
Systems are met, and in compliance with the established policies of the DVHS, the
federal government (CMS) and the State government (DHSS), the following
guidelines will be followed:
b. The Chief Information Officer (CIO) for DMAVA shall approve the
purchase of all computer hardware/software, with the concurrence of
the Office of Information Technology (OIT).
History of ES
Expert systems were introduced by researchers in the Stanford Heuristic
Programming Project, including the "father of expert systems" with the Dendral
and Macon systems. Principal contributors to the technology were Bruce Buchanan,
Edward Shortliffe, Randall Davis, William vanMell, Carl Scott and others at
Stanford. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of AI
software.
A user interface - This is the system that allows a non-expert user to query
(question) the expert system, and to receive advice. The user-interface is
designed to be a simple to use as possible.
An inference engine - This acts rather like a search engine, examining the
knowledge base for information that matches the user's query
1. An Es can complete its part of the tasks much faster than a human expert.
2. The error rate of successful systems is low, sometimes much lower than the
human error rate for the same task.