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Agesilaus II
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Agesilaus II (/dsles/; Greek:
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Agesilaos; c. 444 c. 360 BC), was a Eurypontid king of
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Random article the Ancient Greek city-state of Sparta, ruling from
Donate to Wikipedia approximately 400 BC to 360 BC, during most of which time
Wikipedia store he was, in Plutarch's words, "as good as though
Interaction commander and king of all Greece," and was for the whole
Help of it greatly identified with his country's deeds and
About Wikipedia fortunes.[1] Small in stature and lame from birth, Agesilaus
Community portal became ruler somewhat unexpectedly in his mid-forties. His
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reign saw successful military incursions into various states
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in Asia Minor, as well as successes in the Corinthian War;
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although several diplomatic decisions resulted in Sparta
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becoming increasingly isolated prior to his death at the age
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of 84 in Cyrenaica.
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Special pages He was greatly admired by his friend, the historian
Permanent link Xenophon, who wrote a minor work about him titled Agesilaus and Pharnabazus.
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 Agesilaus and Pharnabazus.
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Agesilaus.
Wikidata item
Cite this page Contents
Print/export 1 History
Create a book 1.1 Early life
Download as PDF 1.2 Early reign
Printable version 1.3 Decline
In other projects 1.4 Legacy
Wikimedia Commons 2 Selected quotes
Languages 3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading

Catal
etina History [edit]
Deutsch
Early life [edit]
Espaol
Euskara Agesilaus was the son of Archidamus II and his second wife, Eupoleia,[2] brother to Cynisca (the
Franais first woman in ancient history to achieve an Olympic victory), and younger half-brother of Agis II.[3]
Hrvatski
There is little surviving detail on the youth of Agesilaus. Born with one leg shorter, he was not
Italiano
expected to succeed to the throne after his brother king Agis II, especially because the latter had a

son (Leotychidas). Therefore, Agesilaus was trained in the traditional curriculum of Sparta, the
agoge. However, Leotychidas was ultimately set aside as illegitimate (contemporary rumors
representing him as the son of Alcibiades) and Agesilaus became king around 401 BC, at the age
Latina of about forty. In addition to questions of his nephew's paternity, Agesilaus' succession was largely
Lietuvi
due to the intervention of his Spartan general, Lysander, who hoped to find in him a willing tool for
Magyar
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 Magyar
the furtherance of his political designs.[3] Lysander and the young Agesilaus came to maintain an


intimate relation (see Pederasty in Ancient Greece), as was common of the period. Their unique
Nederlands relationship would serve an important role during Agesilaus' later campaigns in Asia Minor.[4]

Norsk bokml Early reign [edit]
Ozbekcha/
Agesilaus is first recorded as king during the suppression
Polski
Portugus of the conspiracy of Cinadon, shortly after 398 BC.[1] Then,
in 396 BC, Agesilaus crossed into Asia with a force of
Scots 2,000 neodamodes (freed helots) and 6,000 allies
Slovenina (including 30 Spartiates) to liberate Greek cities from
Slovenina
Persian dominion. On the eve of sailing from Aulis he
/ srpski
attempted to offer a sacrifice, as Agamemnon had done
Srpskohrvatski /
before the Trojan expedition, but the Thebans intervened
Suomi to prevent it, an insult for which he never forgave them. On Agesilaus expels the Illyrians from
Svenska
his arrival at Ephesus a three months' truce was concluded Epirus

with Tissaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and Caria, but
Ting Vit
negotiations conducted during that time proved fruitless,

Edit links and on its termination Agesilaus raided Phrygia, where he easily won immense booty from the
satrap Pharnabazus; Tissaphernes could offer no assistance, as he had concentrated his troops
in Caria. In these campaigns Agesilaus also benefited from the aid of the Ten Thousand (a
mercenary army), who marched through miles of Persian territory to reach the Black Sea. After
spending the winter organizing a cavalry force (hippeis), he made a successful incursion into Lydia
in the spring of 395 BC. Tithraustes was sent to replace Tissaphernes, who paid with his life for his
continued failure. An armistice was concluded between Tithraustes and Agesilaus, who left the
southern satrapy and again invaded Phrygia, which he ravaged until the following spring. He then

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 came to an agreement with Pharnabazus and once more turned southward.[1]

During these campaigns, Lysander attempted to manipulate Agesilaus into ceding his authority.
Agesilaus, the former passive lover of Lysander, would have nothing of this, and reminded
Lysander (who was only a Spartan general) who was king. He had Lysander sent away to assist
the naval campaigns in the Aegean. This dominating move by Agesilaus earned the respect of his
men-at-arms and of Lysander himself, who remained emotionally close with Agesilaus.[4]

In 394 BC, while encamped on the plain of Thebe, he was planning a campaign in the interior, or
even an attack on Artaxerxes II himself, when he was recalled to Greece owing to the war between
Sparta and the combined forces of Athens, Thebes, Corinth, Argos and several minor states. A
rapid march through Thrace and Macedonia brought him to Thessaly, where he repulsed the
Thessalian cavalry who tried to impede him. Reinforced by Phocian and Orchomenian troops and
a Spartan army, he met the confederate forces at Coronea in Boeotia and in a hotly contested
battle was technically victorious. However, the Spartan baggage train was ransacked and
Agesilaus himself was injured during the fighting, resulting in a subsequent retreat by way of
Delphi to the Peloponnese. Shortly before this battle the Spartan navy, of which he had received
the supreme command, was totally defeated off Cnidus by a powerful Persian fleet under Conon
and Pharnabazus.[3]

During these conflicts in mainland Greece, Lysander perished while attacking the walls of Thebes.
Pausanias, the second king of Sparta (see Spartan Constitution for more information on Sparta's
dual monarchy), was supposed to provide Lysander with reinforcements as they marched into
Boeotia, yet failed to arrive in time to assist Lysander, likely because Pausanias disliked him for his
brash and arrogant attitude towards the Spartan royalty and government. Pausanias failed to fight
for the bodies of the dead, and because he retrieved the bodies under truce (a sign of defeat), he
was disgraced and banished from Sparta.[4]

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In 393 BC, Agesilaus engaged in a ravaging invasion of Argolis. In 392 BC he took a prominent
part in the Corinthian War, making several successful expeditions into Corinthian territory and
capturing Lechaeum and Piraeus. The loss, however, of a battalion (mora), destroyed by
Iphicrates, neutralized these successes, and Agesilaus returned to Sparta. In 389 BC he
conducted a campaign in Acarnania,[citation needed] but two years later the Peace of Antalcidas,
warmly supported by Agesilaus, put an end to hostilities. In this interval, Agesilaus declined
command over Sparta's aggression on Mantineia, and justified Phoebidas' seizure of the Theban
Cadmea so long as the outcome provided glory to Sparta.[1][4]
Decline [edit]
When war broke out afresh with Thebes, Agesilaus twice invaded Boeotia (in 378 BC and 377 BC),
although he spent the next five years largely out of action due to an unspecified but apparently
grave illness. In the congress of 371 BC an altercation is recorded between him and the Theban
general Epaminondas, and due to his influence, Thebes was peremptorily excluded from the
peace, and orders given for Cleombrotus to march against Thebes in 371 BC. Cleombrotus was
defeated at Leuctra and the Spartan supremacy overthrown.[3]
In 370 BC Agesilaus was engaged in an embassy to Mantineia, and reassured the Spartans with
an invasion of Arcadia. He preserved an un-walled Sparta against the revolts and conspiracies of
helots, perioeci and even other Spartans; and against external enemies, with four different armies
led by Epaminondas penetrating Laconia that same year. Again, in 362 BC, Epaminondas almost
succeeded in seizing the city with a rapid and unexpected march. The Battle of Mantinea, in which
Agesilaus took no part, was followed by a general peace: Sparta, however, stood aloof, hoping
even yet to recover her supremacy. According to Xenophon,[5] Agesilaus, in order to gain money
for prosecuting the war, supported the satrap Ariobarzanes II in his revolt against Artaxerxes II in
364 BC (Revolt of the Satraps), and in 361 BC he went to Egypt at the head of a mercenary force
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to aid the king Nectanebo I and his regent Teos against Persia. He soon transferred his services to
Teos's cousin and rival Nectanebo II, who, in return for his help, gave him a sum of over 200
talents. On his way home Agesilaus died in Cyrenaica, around the age of 84, after a reign of some
41 years. His body was embalmed in wax, and buried at Sparta.[1]
Legacy [edit]
Agesilaus was of small stature and unimpressive appearance, and was lame from birth. These
facts were used as an argument against his succession, an oracle having warned Sparta against a
"lame reign." Most ancient writers considered him a highly successful leader in guerrilla warfare,
alert and quick, yet cautiousa man, moreover, whose personal bravery was rarely questioned in
his own time. Of his courage, temperance, and hardiness, many instances are cited: and to these
were added the less Spartan qualities of kindliness and tenderness as a father and a friend. As
examples: there is the story of his riding a stick-horse with his children and upon being discovered
by a friend desiring that he not mention till he himself were the father of children; and because of
the affection of his son Archidamus' for Cleonymus, he saved Sphodrias, Cleonymus' father, from
execution for his incursion into the Piraeus, and dishonorable retreat, in 378 BC.[1] Modern writers
tend to be slightly more critical of Agesilaus' reputation and achievements, reckoning him an
excellent soldier, but one who had a poor understanding of sea power and siegecraft.[2]
As a statesman he won himself both enthusiastic adherents and bitter enemies. Agesilaus was
most successful in the opening and closing periods of his reign: commencing but then
surrendering a glorious career in Asia; and in extreme age, maintaining his prostrate country.
Other writers acknowledge his extremely high popularity at home, but suggest his occasionally rigid
and arguably irrational political loyalties and convictions contributed greatly to Spartan decline,
notably his unremitting hatred of Thebes, which led to Sparta's humiliation at the Battle of Leuctra
and thus the end of Spartan hegemony.[2]
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 Other historical accounts paint Agesilaus as a prototype for the ideal leader. His awareness,
thoughtfulness, and wisdom were all traits to be emulated diplomatically, while his bravery and
shrewdness in battle epitomized the heroic Greek commander. These historians point towards the
unstable oligarchies established by Lysander in the former Athenian Empire and the failures of
Spartan leaders (such as Pausanias and Kleombrotos) for the eventually suppression of Spartan
power. The ancient historian Xenophon was a huge admirer and served under Agesilaus during
the campaigns into Asia Minor.[4]

Plutarch includes among his 78 essays and speeches comprising the apophthegmata Agesilaus'
letter to the ephors on his recall:

We have reduced most of Asia, driven back the barbarians, made arms abundant in
Ionia. But since you bid me, according to the decree, come home, I shall follow my
letter, may perhaps be even before it. For my command is not mine, but my country's
and her allies'. And a commander then commands truly according to right when he
sees his own commander in the laws and ephors, or others holding office in the state.

And when asked whether he wanted a memorial erected in his honor:

If I have done any noble action, that is a sufficient memorial; if I have done nothing
noble, all the statues in the world will not preserve my memory.[6]

He lived in the most frugal style alike at home and in the field, and though his campaigns were
undertaken largely to secure booty, he was content to enrich the state and his friends and to
return as poor as he had set forth.[4][7][8][9][10]

He was succeeded by his son Archidamus III.

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 Selected quotes [edit]

When someone was praising an orator for his ability to magnify small points, he said, "In my
opinion it's not a good cobbler who fits large shoes on small feet."

Another time he watched a mouse being pulled from its hole by a small boy. When the mouse
turned around, bit the hand of its captor and escaped, he pointed this out to those present and
said, "When the tiniest creature defends itself like this against aggressors, what ought men to do,
do you reckon?"

Certainly when somebody asked what gain the laws of Lycurgus had brought Sparta, he answered,
"Contempt for pleasures."

Asked once how far Sparta's boundaries stretched, he brandished his spear and said, "As far as
this can reach."

On noticing a house in Asia roofed with square beams, he asked the owner whether timber grew
square in that area. When told no, it grew round, he said, "What then? If it were square, would you
make it round?"

Invited to hear an actor who could perfectly imitate the nightingale, Agesilaus declined, saying he
had heard the nightingale itself.

See also [edit]

Chabrias
Cynisca

References [edit]

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 1. ^ a bc de f
Clough, Arthur Hugh (1867), "Agesilaus II" , in Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and
Roman Biography and Mythology, 1, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, pp. 6970
2. ^ a bc
Cartledge, Paul Anthony (1996), "Agesilaus II", in Hornblower, Simon, Oxford Classical
Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a bc d
Agesilaus from Livius.Org
4. ^ a bc de f
Xenophon, Hell. iii. 3, to the end, Agesilaus
5. ^ Xenophon, Agesilaus, ii. 26, 27
6. ^ In Greek: , ; , '

7. ^ Diodorus Siculus, xiv. xv
8. ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece iii. 97 10
9. ^ Plutarch and Cornelius Nepos, in vita
10. ^ Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed.
(1870). "article name needed". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.

Further reading [edit]

Cartledge, Paul. Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1987.
Cawkwell, G.L. "Agesilaus and Sparta." The Classical Quarterly 26 (1976): 62-84.
David, Ephraim. Sparta Between Empire and Revolution (404-243 BC): Internal Problems and
Their Impact on Contemporary Greek Consciousness. New York: Arno Press, 1981.
Forrest, W.G. A History of Sparta, 950-192 B.C. 2d ed. London: Duckworth, 1980.
Hamilton, Charles D. Agesilaus and the Failure of Spartan Hegemony. Ithaca, NY: Cornell
University Press, 1991.

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 Hamilton, Charles D. Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979.
Plutarch. Agesilaus . In Plutarch's Lives, Translated by Bernadotte Perrin, 11 vols.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959-1967.
Wylie, Graham, "Agesilaus and the Battle of Sardis" Klio 74 (1992): 118-130.
Xenophon. A History of My Times (Hellenica), Translated by George Cawkwell. Boston:
Penguin Books, 1966.

Agesilaus II
Eurypontid Dynasty
Born: 444 BC Died: 360 BC

Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Sparta Succeeded by
Agis II 401/400360 BC Archidamus III

V T E Kings of Laconia and Sparta

Lelegids Lelex Myles Eurotas

Lacedaemon Amyclas Argalus Cynortas Perieres Oebalus

Lacedaemonids
Tyndareus Hippocoon
Atreids Menelaus Orestes Tisamenus Dion

Early Heraclids Aristodemus Theras (regent)

Eurysthenes Agis I Echestratus Labotas Doryssus Agesilaus I
Archelaus Teleclus Alcmenes Polydorus Eurycrates Anaxander
Eurycratides Leon Anaxandridas II Cleomenes I Leonidas I
Heraclids
Pausanias (regent) Pleistarchus Pleistoanax Pausanias
Agiad dynasty
Agesipolis I Cleombrotus I Agesipolis II Cleomenes II Areus I

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 Acrotatus II Areus II Leonidas II Cleombrotus II Cleomenes III
Agesipolis III
Procles Soos Eurypon Prytanis Polydectes Eunomus Charilaus
Nicander Theopompus Anaxandridas I Zeuxidamus Anaxidamus
Heraclids Archidamus I Agasicles Ariston Demaratus Leotychidas
Eurypontid dynasty Archidamus II Agis II Agesilaus II Archidamus III Agis III
Eudamidas I Archidamus IV Eudamidas II Agis IV Eudamidas III
Archidamus V Eucleidas Lycurgus Pelops

Later rulers Machanidas Nabis Laconicus

V T E The works of Plutarch

Works Parallel Lives Moralia Pseudo-Plutarch

Alcibiades and Coriolanus 1 Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar

Aratus of Sicyon / Artaxerxes and Galba / Otho2 Aristides and Cato the Elder1
Crassus and Nicias 1 Demetrius and Antony1 Demosthenes and Cicero1 Dion
and Brutus 1 Fabius and Pericles 1 Lucullus and Cimon1 Lysander and Sulla1
Lives Numa and Lycurgus 1 Pelopidas and Marcellus 1 Philopoemen and Flamininus 1
Phocion and Cato the Younger Pompey and Agesilaus1 Poplicola and Solon1
Pyrrhus and Gaius Marius Romulus and Theseus 1 Sertorius and Eumenes 1
Agis / Cleomenes 1 and Tiberius Gracchus / Gaius Gracchus Timoleon and
Aemilius Paulus 1 Themistocles and Camillus
Jacques Amyot Arthur Hugh Clough John Dryden Philemon Holland
Translators and editors
Thomas North
1
Comparison extant 2 Four unpaired Lives

Authority control WorldCat Identities LCCN: n86109940

Categories: Rulers of Sparta Ancient Greek generals 4th-century BC Greek people

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 Spartan hegemony 440s BC births 360s BC deaths

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