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RESUMEN
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CONCHA CERD MIC, SILVIA BORREGO OLIVA, GUILLERMO SEZ TORMO
ABSTRACT
The central nervous system plays a very important role in the maintenance
of homeostasis and physiological functions in animals. However, its biochemi-
cal and cytological characteristics make it vulnerable to the action of different
cytotoxic agents. Among the mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration and cell
death, reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress plays a pivotal role. The-
re is a close relation between oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of neurode-
generative diseases. Hormonal action on neuronal cells is also essential for the
modulation of oxidative stress-induce cytotoxicity. In the present chapter, the
pathophysiological implications of oxidative stress in most representative neu-
rodegenerative diseases is reviewed and discussed.
1. INTRODUCCIN
Los seres vivos, que dependen del oxgeno para la obtencin de energa me-
tablica en forma de ATP, producen adems especies moleculares oxidantes cuya
reactividad y potencial citotxico debe ser estrictamente controlada. Dicho con-
trol se lleva a cabo por molculas conocidas como antioxidantes. Una porcin
del oxgeno que respiramos se reduce, por una va alternativa de la citocromo
oxidasa, dando lugar a formas moleculares parcialmente reducidas de oxgeno
(ROS, de Reactive Oxygen Species) responsables del fenmeno conocido como
Estrs Oxidativo (EO) (figura 1)(1).
Existen numerosas situaciones en las que la formacin de ROS aumenta,
como ocurre en alteraciones nutricionales y metablicas, en la exposicin a con-
taminantes ambientales, durante procesos de sobrecarga fsica, o bien, en esta-
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ESTRS OXIDATIVO EN LAS ENFERMEDADES NEURODEGENERATIVAS
FIGURA 2. Interaccin de radicales libres hidroxilo con las biomolculas celulares y sus efectos
citotxicos. Los radicales libres hidroxilo (.OH) atacan e inducen modificaciones oxidativas a
estructuras fosfolipdicas, cidos nucleicos y protenas. Las consecuencias de esta interaccin son
muy variadas y conducen a diversas formas de distorsin metablica. Algunos de los productos
de degradacin son los encargados de propagar el efecto citotxico.
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ESTRS OXIDATIVO EN LAS ENFERMEDADES NEURODEGENERATIVAS
miolgicos sealan que las personas que consumen antioxidantes padecen menos
de enfermedades cardiovasculares (8,9), de cncer (10) y de procesos neurodege-
nerativos (11,12), si bien los resultados obtenidos no estn exentos de evidencias
contrapuestas, lo que sugiere que para alcanzar conclusiones slidas al respecto es
necesario un mayor nmero de ensayos y estudios epidemiolgicos (13,14).
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