MA137, Act Date: August 21, 2013 (Wednesday) [EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS We introduce a nev class of functions called exponential functions. Exponential functions are appropriate for modeling such naturel processes as population growth for all living things and radioactive decay. to find compound interest. exponential functions! Even the Gateay Arch in St. Louis is shaped (for optimal distribution of internal structural forces) in the form of the graph of a combination of » [Exponential Functions: Let a > 0 be @ positive number with a # 1. The exponential function with base a is defined by f@)=o for all real numbers «. We recall that so far a is defined for a > 0 and x a rational mumber. So, what does, for instance, 5%? mean? When z is irrational, we successively approximate x by rational numbers. For instance, as vin 14141 ‘we successively approximate 5%? with pid, giél gldd 14a platen In practice, we simply use our calculator and find out 57 ws 9.73851 Example 2 $)= 2 Draw the graph of each function: f@)=F 3g We also use exponential functions S(z)=a — (a>0, a#1) has domain R and range (0,00). The graph of f(z) hhas one of these shapes: y 2 al f(z)= for O [Compound Interest: Compound interest is calculated by the formula: Continuously Compounded interest is calculated by the formula: Aw) = Pet where A(Q) = amount after ¢ years 1 oe P= principal oe a 7 = interest rate per year . ee n= number of times interest is compounded per year ; eee ae t= _ number of years Proof: The interest paid increases as the number n of compounding periods increases. If m = ™, then: a r\nryre mrt p(i+£)"=P[(142)"] =P} (+3))] But as m becomes large, the quantity (1-+1/m)" approaches the number e. Thus, we obtain the formula for the continuously compounded interest Example 6: Suppose you invest $2,000 at an annual rate of 12% (r = 0.12) compounded quarterly (n = 4). How much ‘money would you have one year later? What if the investment was cere ‘monthly (n= 12)? M4: Alt)= 2,000 (1+ ee = 2,600 (1.03) so AC) = 2,000 (lost a $ 2, 250.02 ae M=I21 Alea 2oas (1 + 22 = 2,000(1,01)* so A(D= Bove (1.00) 4 2,258.65 Bae] Suppose you invest $2,000 at an annual rate of 9% (r = 0.09) compounded continuously. How much money would you have after three years? 0,09t A(E)= 2,008 © 0.09.3 so A(3) = 909 & 0,27 = 2000 2@ = $2,619.93LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS] We study the inverse of exponential functions, that is, logarithmic functions. > [Logarithmic Functions: Every exponential function f(2) =a, with a> 0 and a #1, is a one-to-one function by the Horizontal Line Test. Thus, it has an inverse function (see Activity 4). The inverse function J-\(2) is called the logarithmic function with base a and is denoted by log, Im other words, logis the exponent to which the base [[[Betinition:] Let a bea postive number with J] cumet berasod eo chee a1. The logarithmic function with base a, ~ — eee Properties of Logarithms 1. og,1=0 3. logy a? = y=loggc + aaa, = 2. logga=1 4, ge =r Example 8:| Change each exponential expression into an equivalent expression in logarithmic form: stab roe 205 Aog (b)=3 bog (ID) =6 bog (0.5) = t+! 5 de de Example 9: ‘Change each logarithmic expression into an equivalent expression in exponential form: 2 logs 81 = 4 logs = 5 log.(e ~ 3) 3's gay a. Example 10:] Evaluate each of the following expressions: log, 64 logo VIO loss fey {bd =Leg LW) = 3 C i il‘Remarks Ifa one-to-one function f has domain A and range B, then its inverse function f-! has domain B and range A. THUS, the function y = logg + is defined for 2 > 0 and has range equal to R. More precisely » [Graphs of Logarithmic Fimetions: ‘The graph of f~1(z) = log, z is obtained by reflecting the graph of f(x) = a* in the line y = a. (The picture below shows a typical case with a> 1.) The point (1,0) is on the graph of y = log, (as log, 1 = 0) and the y-axis is a vertical asymptote, ‘Example 11:] Find the domain of the fumetion logs(z+2) and sketch its graph. A+2>0 G2 &>-2 1 dom ¥ ; ga begs » [Common Logarithms: ‘The logarithm with base 10 is called the common logarithm and is denotell by omitting the base: loge = logo a. ‘Example 12 (Bacteria Colony): A certain strain of bacteria divides every three hours. If colony is started with 50 bacteria, then the time ¢ (in hours) required for the colony to grow to NV bacteria is given by log(N/50) og? Find the time required for the colony to grow to a million bacteria, wren N= 1,290, 900 bor 000, eas . tes CAR, yew Fog) fog) i (> [Natural Logarithms:| Of all possible bases a for logarithms, it turns out that the most convenient choice Tor the purposed of Calculus is the number Definition:] The logarithm with base eis called the natural || Togarithm and is denoted by In: | Properties of Natural Logaritin ine =e 1. iso 3. near We recall again that, by the definition of inverse functions, we | yay py A ete || nave [ee 2 | yehs ee lee [Example 13:] Evaluate each of the following expressions: ° 1 2 ne ad a = (, -4 7 = bale) 7 Graph the function y =2-+1n(x —3) 4 i = 2+ f(a) b ‘ 3 yr Example 15: ye Q(x-3) = 4 Find the domain of the function f(x) = 2 +1In(10 + 32 ~ 2?) FO9 vo defined wher (O+3x-x* >O0 &S M-3x-10 <0 (e-5)(x+2) <0 clomain :LAWS OF LOGARITHMS Logarithmic functions are used to model a variety of situations involving human behavior. We study properties of logarithne functions a wide range of applications ‘These properties give logarithmic Since logarithms are ‘exponents’, the Laws of Exponents give rise to the Laws of Logarithms: Proof of Law 1: Let us set log,A=u and log, B= v. ‘When written in exponential form, they become Let a be a positive number, with a #1. Let A, B and C be any real numbers with A> 0 and B > 0. » [Laws of Logarithms: at=A and aY=B. Thus: 1og,(AB) = log,(a* a”) logg(AB) = logy + lo Bs dosel ner 1. ogs(AB) = logy A+ logy Bs ree 2 toga (5) = logs A ~ tga Bs Yate | log, A+ log, B 3. log,(AC) = C log, A. “eae | es. Example 16:] Evaluate each expression: CC 9 Coc) C taste) ~ Reg _ = by, (42 )- Sly (4) in(ine*) = ogg 100 — logs 18 — log, 50 = o jer Mle) |= Quer. ) [Ae too | — { Cog (8) + Saga 09] = eke = 200 = baler = bog, (18:59) > [Expanding and Combining Logarithmic Expressions |—_____ oS —= 3 18 Example 17] Use the Laws of Logarithms to expand each expression: =, (14 = ama moO vo & + £op,0 Mets be) bas (le My ( _ — \ +p, Ee = b x+ dog‘Example 18:] Use the Laws of Logarithms to combine the expression log, b+ clog, d~rlog, s into a single logarithm, dey 1 etgud vig, — bg, b ~ tal be) é, ( i da =) Example 19:] Use the Laws of Logarithms to combine the expression Ins + nfo +1) + Fin(2 ~ 2) ) —3in(z — 4) —Inz JHE Mle] +e) into a single logatithm, ffs = tteey + a] VR eee L «=H Example 20 (Forgetting): Ebbinghaus’s Law of Forgetting states that if a task is learned at @ performance level Py, then after a time interval ¢ the performance level P satisfies log P = log Fy — elog(t +1), where ¢ is a constant that depends on the type of task and ¢ is measured in months, (a) Solve the equation for P. (b) Use Ebbinghaus’s Law of Forgetting to estimate a student's score on a biology test two years after he got a score of 80 oni a test covering the same material. Assume c = 0.3. = al (en (a) Log Pe Ref) ~ gle] = 4os(P) = = og (Ee (te : Pe © Pu 30,46 aan 3Example 21 (Biodiversity): Some biologists model the number of species $ in a fixed area A (such as an island) by the Species-Area relationship log S = loge + klog A, where ¢ and k are positive constants that depend on the type of species and habitat, (a) Solve the equation for S. (b) Use part (a) to show that if k = 3 then doubling the area increases the number of species eightfold. eo) as J= Rogie + fg (AY) = fog Co A‘) ae =cAt| cb) Seppe eset + Now seppoa “Hake fh a cotati wale Ay we oblain Go= CAS, Spf we plus in ints Hu Bude Aaoa. S,=c A= cay | ae ve ae = =ecA2-eF, > [Change of Baser] => For some purposes, we find it useful to change from logarithms in one base to logarithms in another base. ‘One can prove that: Togs eet = og Example 22: Use the Change of Base Formula and common or natural logarithms to evaluate each logarithm, correct up to five decimal places: oe top u vas = C0228 = 3 49294 ep 4 —