Immune System

of the Humans body

The bodys system of defenses against agents that cause disease.

form

Non Specific Immunity

Non specific Immunity avoid pathogen without differentiate the kind of

pathogen.

Pathogen include bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substance.

Non specific Immunity divided into external barriers and internal

defenses.

External Barriers

External barriers include skin and , mucous membranes that protect

organ systems open to the external environment, such as digestive,
respiratory, reproductive, and urinary systems.
 mucus membrane

Internal defenses

Phagocytic cells

Microbe that breach a mammals barriers, such as those that

enter through a cut in the skin, are confronted by internal defenses. These
are all classified as white blood cells. Most, such as abundant neutrophils
(phagocytic cells) , macrophages ( large phagocytic cells that wander
through the interestial fluid, eating any bacteria and virus-infected.

Natural Killer (NK)

NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected by releasing

chemicals that lead to cell death.

Defensive proteins

Proteins attack microbes directly or impede their reproduction.

Interferons

Interferons are proteins, produced by virus-infected cell that help

to limit the cell to cell spread of viruses.
 Inflammatory responses

The inflammatory responses helps prevent the spread of

infection to surrounding tissues. Inflammation may be localized or
widespread (systemic) . Sometimes microorganism such as bacteria or
protozoans get into the blood or release toxins that are carried through the
body in the blood stream. The body may react with several inflammatory
weapons. For instance, the number of white blood cells circulating in the
blood may increase several fold within just a few hours. Another responses to
systemic infection is fever, an abnormally high body temperature.

Specific Immunity
 Microorganisms that breach nonspecific immunity system are
confronted by specific immunity system.

These responses include proteins specific immunity called antibody.

Antibody produced by Lymphocytes.

The Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system consist of a branching network of vessels, numerous

lymph node (little round organs packed with macrophages , white blood cells
and several organs ). The lymphatic vessels carry a fluid called lymph
( contains less oxygen and fewer nutrients).
Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are white blood cell that spend most of their time in
tissue and organs of the lymphatic system which responsible for
adaptive immunity.

Lymphocytes originate from stem cell in the bone marrow.

Some immature lymphocytes continue developing in the bone marrow,

these become specialized as B lymphocytes or B cells.
 Other migrate to the thymus, a gland above the heart and specialized
as T lymphocytes or T cells.

The B cells and T cells of the adaptive immune response together

provide a dual defense.

The B cells defends primarily against bacteria and viruses present in

body fluids.

T cells attack body cells infected with bacteria or viruses.

Other T cells function indirectly by promoting phagocytosis by other

white blood cells and by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies.

T cells play a part in both the cell-mediated and humoral immune

responses.

Antibodies
An antibody molecule has two related function in the humoral immune
response : to recognize and bind to a certain antigen and to assist in
neutralizing the antigen it recognizes

Human and other mamals have five major classes of antibodies

Immunoglob Properties and function

ulin

IgG Main form of antibodies in circulation. Production increased

after immunization. Secrete during secondary response.

igA Found in gastrointestinal , respiratory, and urogenital tract

mucosa. Prevent the colonization by pathogens. Also present
in saliva, tears and milk.

igE Responsible for allergic symptoms in immediate

hypersensitivity reactions. Its interaction with basophils and
mastocytes cause histamin release.

igM Function as antigen receptors on lymphocytes surface prior

to immunization. Secreted during primary response.

igD Function as antigen receptors on lymphocytes surface prior

to immunization.
Innate Immunity

A set of defenses that are active immediately upon infection and are
the same wheter ar not the pathogen has been encouranted
previously.Its include of skin and mucous membrane.

Acquired Immunity

A set of defenses that is activated only after exposure to specific

pathogens.

One activated, the adaptive immune response provides a strong

defenses against one infectious agent but not another.

Acquired immunity involve of B cells and T cells.

Acquired immunity divide into active immunity and passive immunity.

1. Active immunity (because the persons own immune system actively

produced antibodies). Its divide into natural active immunity and
artificial active immunity ( Vaccinations/ immunization).

Passive immunity (by receiving premade antibodies).For example, a fetus

obtained antibodies from its mothers bloodstream , a baby receives
antibodies in breast milk

Immunization

In this procedure , the immun system is confronted with a vaccine

composed of a harmless variant of a disease-causing microbe.

The kind of immunizations are : DPT ( diptheria-pertusis-measles) ,

MMR ( measles/mumps, rubella), BCG (Bacillus calmette-Guerin), TT (
Tetanus Toxoid), polio, and chicken pox.

Disorder of the immune system

AIDS ( acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Autoimmune reactions

Allergy