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TP
D N V PP
the man eats
P NP
at
AdjP N
restaurants
Adj
fancy
[TP [NP[Dthe] [Nman]] [VP [Veats] [PP [Pat] [NP [AdjP [Adj fancy]][Nrestaurants]]]]]
Andrew Carnie, 2006
Phrase Structure Rules
eg. TP NP VP
TP
NP VP
eg. TP NP VP
constituent
TP
NP VP
eg. TP NP VP
constituent
TP
(sub)constituents
NP VP
XP (YP) X (ZP+)
XP (YP) X (ZP+)
XP (YP) X (ZP+)
the name of
the
constituent
XP (YP) X (ZP+)
the name of
the
constituent
consists of
XP (YP) X (ZP+)
the name of
the
constituent
consists of
XP (YP) X (ZP+)
elements in
the name of
parentheses
the
are optional
constituent
consists of
XP (YP) X (ZP+)
elements in
the name of
parentheses
the elements without are optional
constituent parentheses are
obligatory
consists of
elements in
the name of
parentheses
the elements without are optional
constituent parentheses are
obligatory
consists of
5
Andrew Carnie, 2006
Questions to Ask:
6
Andrew Carnie, 2006
Noun Phrases (NP)
N
John
8
Andrew Carnie, 2006
Noun Phrases (NP)
NP (D) (AdjP+) N
NP
D AdjP AdjP N
the slippers
A A
pink fluffy
NP consist of
NP consist of
an optional
determiner (brackets
mean optional)
NP consist of
an optional
determiner (brackets
mean optional)
followed by
NP consist of a noun (the
head.)
an optional
determiner (brackets
mean optional)
followed by
NP consist of a noun (the
head.)
an optional followed by any number of
determiner (brackets optional Prepositional
mean optional) phrases
followed by
NP consist of a noun (the
head.)
an optional followed by any number of
determiner (brackets optional Prepositional
mean optional) phrases
NP
det AdjP AdjP
N PP
the book
Adj Adj
P NP
big yellow of
N
poems
Andrew Carnie, 2006
Adjective Phrases and Adverb Phrases
NP NP
D AdjP AdjP N D AdjP N
the balloon the
balloon
Adj Adj
AdvP
big yellow
Adv Adj
very yellow
AdjP
NP
AdvP Adj AdjP N
sisters sisters
PP
P
NP
under
D N
the avocado
Is the NP in a PP optional?
I threw the garbage out
The construction workers blew the building up
I havent seen him before
PPP (NP)
Is the NP in a PP optional?
I threw the garbage out
The construction workers blew the building up
I havent seen him before
PPP (NP)
Verbs by themselves:
Marko [arrived]
Susan [sang]
VP V
Verbs by themselves:
Marko [arrived]
Susan [sang]
VP V
Verbs can be modified by adverbs:
Marko [often sang]
Susan [sang beautifully]
Luis [often sang beautifully]
VP (AdvP+) V (AdvP+)
VP
AdvP V NP PP PP
got
Adv D N P NP P NP
frequently his buckets from for
D N D N
the store a dollar
TP
NP
VP
N
V
NP
Traci ate
D N
the pizza
TP
NP
T
VP
might
N
will V
NP
Traci eat
D N
the pizza
NP T VP
didnt
D N V CP
the syntactician think
Comp TP
that
NP VP
D N V NP
the phonologist said
D N
the sentence
Andrew Carnie, 2006
A common mistake
So with the following rules, you can draw only certain trees
VP V (CP)
TP NP (T) VP
CP (Comp) TP
TP
NP VP
N V CP
Bill said
Comp TP
that
NP VP
N V
Mary left
Andrew Carnie, 2006
A common mistake
So with the following rules, you can draw only certain trees
VP V (CP)
TP NP (T) VP Bill said that Mary left
CP (Comp) TP
TP
NP VP
N V CP
Bill said
Comp TP
that
NP VP
N V
Mary left
Andrew Carnie, 2006
A common mistake
Note that the rules require BOTH the CP and TP even if there is
no complementizer
VP V (CP)
TP NP (T) VP Bill said Mary left
CP (Comp) TP
NP
TP
VP
*
NP
TP
VP
N V CP N V CP
Bill said Bill said
TP
NP VP
NP VP
N V
N V Mary left
Mary left
Andrew Carnie, 2006
A common mistake
Note that the rules require BOTH the CP and TP even if there is
no complementizer
VP V (CP)
TP NP (T) VP Bill said Mary left
CP (Comp) TP
NP
TP
VP
*
NP
TP
VP
N V CP N V CP
Bill said Bill said
TP
NP VP
NP VP
N V
N V Mary left
Mary left No rule says CP NP VP
Andrew Carnie, 2006
A common mistake
Note that the rules require BOTH the CP and TP even if there is
no complementizer
VP V (CP)
TP NP (T) VP Bill said Mary left
CP (Comp) TP
NP
TP
VP
*
NP
TP
VP
N V CP N V CP
Bill said Bill said
TP
NP VP
NP VP
N V
N V Mary left
Mary left No rule says CP NP VP
Andrew Carnie, 2006
A common mistake
Note that the rules require BOTH the CP and TP even if there is
no complementizer
VP V (CP)
TP NP (T) VP Bill said Mary left
CP (Comp) TP
NP
TP
VP
*
NP
TP
VP
N V CP N V TP
Bill said Bill said
TP
NP VP
NP VP
N V
N V Mary left
Mary left
Andrew Carnie, 2006
A common mistake
Note that the rules require BOTH the CP and TP even if there is
no complementizer
VP V (CP)
TP NP (T) VP Bill said Mary left
CP (Comp) TP
NP
TP
VP
*
NP
TP
VP
N V CP N V TP
Bill said Bill said
TP
NP VP
NP VP
N V
N V Mary left
Mary left No rule says VP V (TP)
Andrew Carnie, 2006
A common mistake
Note that the rules require BOTH the CP and TP even if there is
no complementizer
VP V (CP)
TP NP (T) VP Bill said Mary left
CP (Comp) TP
NP
TP
VP
*
NP
TP
VP
N V CP N V TP
Bill said Bill said
TP
NP VP
NP VP
N V
N V Mary left
Mary left No rule says VP V (TP)
Andrew Carnie, 2006
An obvious but important point
CP (C) TP
TP {NP/CP} (T) VP
VP (AdvP+) V (NP)({NP/CP}) (AdvP+) (PP+) (AdvP+)
NP (D) (AdjP+) N (PP+) (CP)
PP P (NP)
AdjP (AdvP) Adj
AdvP (AdvP) Adv
CP (C) TP
TP {NP/CP} (T) VP
VP (AdvP+) V (NP)({NP/CP}) (AdvP+) (PP+) (AdvP+)
NP (D) (AdjP+) N (PP+) (CP)
PP P (NP)
AdjP (AdvP) Adj
AdvP (AdvP) Adv
to be significantly revised