Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
coronary heart disease (CHD) risk has primarily been shown in studies of A. Heather Eliassen, ScD
middle-aged and older adults. Evidence for the benefits of frequency, type, Kenneth J. Mukamal, MD,
MPH
and volume of leisure-time physical activity in young women is limited.
Eric B. Rimm, ScD
METHODS: We conducted a prospective analysis among 97230 women
aged 27 to 44 years at baseline in 1991. Leisure-time physical activity was
assessed biennially by questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards models
were used to examine the associations between physical activity frequency,
type, and volume, and CHD risk.
RESULTS: During 20 years of follow-up, we documented 544 incident CHD
cases. In multivariable-adjusted models, the hazard ratio (95% confidence
interval) of CHD comparing 30 with <1 metabolic equivalent of task-
hours/wk of physical activity was 0.75 (0.570.99) (P, trend=0.01).
Brisk walking alone was also associated with significantly lower CHD risk.
Physical activity frequency was not associated with CHD risk when models
also included overall activity volume. Finally, the association was not
modified by body mass index (kg/m2) (P, interaction=0.70). Active women
(30 metabolic equivalent of task-hours/wk) with body mass index<25 kg/
m2 had 0.52 (95% confidence interval, 0.350.78) times the rate of CHD in
comparison with women who were obese (body mass index30 kg/m2) and
inactive (physical activity <1 metabolic equivalent of task-hours/wk).
CONCLUSIONS: These prospective data suggest that total volume of
leisure-time physical activity is associated with lower risk of incident CHD
Correspondence to: Andrea K.
among young women. In addition, this association was not modified by Chomistek, ScD, Department of
weight, emphasizing that it is important for normal weight, overweight, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
obese women to be physically active. School of Public Health, Indiana Uni-
versity Bloomington, 1025 E 7th St,
Rm C101, Bloomington, IN 47405.
E-mail achomist@indiana.edu
Sources of Funding, see p 298
Key Words:epidemiology
exercise myocardial infarction
women
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
risk of CHD. all of which may be important for the prevention of CHD
In addition, we found that frequency of physical activ-
in younger women.
ARTICLE
ity was not associated with CHD risk after adjusting
for total volume of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to assess the relation-
We found no association between physical activity ship between the volume of total leisure-time physical
earlier in life and CHD risk in adulthood. activity (in metabolic equivalent of task [MET]-hours/wk)
Finally, the associations between physical activity and CHD in young women, while also examining moder-
and lower CHD risk were evident regardless of body ate- and vigorous-intensity activity separately. In addition,
mass index. we examined whether frequency and type of exercise
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ by guest on February 14, 2017
L
Participants completed a baseline self-administered question-
eisure-time physical activity is associated with an naire used to collect information on lifestyle factors, includ-
30% lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) ing physical activity, health behaviors, and medical history.
in women.1,2 The majority of studies, however, have Follow-up biennial questionnaires were sent to participants to
been conducted in middle-aged and older populations collect updated information on potential risk factors and newly
because cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality diagnosed diseases. Biennial response rates are >90%. This
rates are low in women <55 years.3 Manson et al4 re- study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the
ported an inverse association between physical activity Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Informed consent
was implied by completion of the questionnaire.
and cardiovascular disease in 3 separate age groups
Participants first reported on the frequency of physical
of women in the Womens Health Initiative Observational
activity and completed a semiquantitative food frequency
Study, with the youngest group including women 50 to questionnaire 12 in 1991, which served as the baseline for
59 years of age at baseline. However, evidence for the this analysis. Women were excluded if they did not complete
benefits of exercise for CHD in younger women is very the baseline physical activity questionnaire (n=15418) or
limited. reported an inability to walk at baseline (n=69). After exclusion
Although CHD morbidity and mortality rates are low of women with cardiovascular disease, cancer, or diabetes
in younger women, the CHD mortality rate among US mellitus before 1991 (n=3713), 97230 women were included
women aged 25 to 54 years has shown minimal im- in the analysis.
provement in the past 2 decades, in contrast to rates
in older adults that have consistently declined.5 A poten- Assessment of Physical Activity
tial explanation may be the increases in the prevalence Leisure-time physical activity was assessed in 1991, 1997,
of diabetes mellitus and obesity.6,7 In addition, younger 2001, 2005, and 2009 through questions on average total
time per week spent on various activities over the previous year. outcomes. Physical activity was modeled as a time-varying
The questions included on the 2009 NHS2 questionnaire can exposure where simple updated levels of physical activity,
be accessed at the Nurses Health Study website.13 Walking using the most recent value of activity reported, were used.
pace, categorized as casual (<2 mph), normal (22.9 mph), For example, events and person-time accrued between 1991
brisk (33.9 mph), or striding (4 mph), was also assessed. A and 1997 were categorized according to exposures reported
MET score was assigned to each activity based on its energy on the 1991 questionnaire; events and person-time accrued
cost.14 To calculate the amount of energy expended, the time between 1997 and 2001 were categorized according to
spent at each activity in hours per week was multiplied by its exposures reported on the 1997 questionnaire; and so forth.
MET score, then summed over all activities to yield total MET- Participants were divided into quintiles (<1, 15.9, 614.9,
hours/wk. Moderate activities (3 METs < 6) included brisk 1529.9, and 30 MET-hours/wk) for total leisure-time physi-
walking, outdoor work, yoga (beginning in 2001), and weight cal activity. For moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity, cat-
training (beginning in 2001). Vigorous activities, defined as egories were based on the distribution of these variables as
requiring MET values 6, were jogging (>10 minutes/mile), well as informative cut points. For example, 3 MET-hours/wk
running (10 minutes/mile), bicycling, lap swimming, tennis/ corresponds to 1 hour of moderate or 0.5 hours of vigorous
squash/racquetball, and other aerobic exercise. activity and 7.5 MET-hours/wk corresponds to 2.5 hours of
The validity and reproducibility of the physical activity ques- moderate or 1.25 hours of vigorous activity (the current rec-
tionnaire have been reported in detail elsewhere.15 In brief, the ommendations based on the Physical Activity Guidelines for
Pearson correlation between 4 one-week diaries and the question- Americans).3 Tests for linear trend were computed by using
naire was 0.62 for moderate and vigorous recreational activity. the medians for categories modeled as a continuous variable.
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ by guest on February 14, 2017
In addition to using simple updated levels of physical women developed documented incident CHD of which
activity, we also conducted a secondary analysis where we 254 cases occurred in women <50 years of age. We
calculated the cumulative average of physical activity levels examined total leisure-time physical activity in relation to
from all available questionnaires up to the start of each 2-year other potential risk factors for CHD at baseline (Table1).
follow-up interval to represent long-term levels of exercise.17 Women who reported more physical activity were young-
er, had lower BMI, were less likely to smoke, watched
Analysis of Joint Association and Effect less television, and had a higher Alternative Healthy Eat-
Modification ing Index-2010 - diet score.
Finally, we assessed the joint association of leisure-time In multivariable-adjusted models, women reporting
physical activity and body mass index (BMI) with risk of CHD. the highest amount of leisure-time physical activity (30
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Participants were cross-classified into 15 groups according MET-hours/wk) were at significantly lower risk of CHD in
to the levels of physical activity (<1, 15.9, 614.9, 1529.9, comparison with women who were the least active (<1
ARTICLE
and 30 MET-hours/wk) and BMI (<25, 2529.9, and 30 kg/ MET-hour/wk; hazard ratio [HR], 0.75; 95% confidence
m2). The interaction was assessed using the likelihood ratio interval [CI], 0.570.99, P for trend=0.01) (Table2).
test between the models with and without the cross-classified When examined separately, moderate- and vigorous-
physical activityBMI variables. Potential effect modification intensity physical activity were both inversely associated
between physical activity and other cardiovascular risk fac- with CHD risk. In comparison with women reporting 0
tors (smoking, age, alcohol, and diet) was similarly assessed. MET-hours/wk of moderate-intensity physical activity,
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ by guest on February 14, 2017
Table 1.Age-Standardized Characteristics According to Physical Activity at Baseline (1991), Nurses Health
Study II
Categories of Physical Activity, MET-h/wk (1991)
1 (<1) 2 (15.9) 3 (614.9) 4 (1529.9) 5 (30)
(n=19129) (n=21107) (n=20968) (n=18697) (n=17329) Ptrend
Age, y 37.2 (4.6) 36.7 (4.6) 36.5 (4.6) 36.3 (4.7) 36.1 (4.7) <0.0001
Total physical activity, MET-h/wk 0.0 (0.1) 4.0 (2.1) 10.0 (3.9) 20.2 (6.6) 46.0 (28.8)
Vigorous activity, MET-h/wk 0.0 (0.0) 0.4 (1.4) 5.9 (6.1) 15.0 (10.5) 30.4 (28.6)
Moderate activity, MET-h/wk 0.0 (0.0) 2.7 (4.4) 4.5 (7.6) 7.2 (10.0) 15.6 (28.8)
Body mass index, kg/m2 25.8 (6.3) 25.3 (5.7) 24.5 (5.0) 23.9 (4.5) 23.3 (4.1) <0.0001
Hypercholesterolemia, % 16.1 15.1 14.4 13.4 13.0 <0.0001
Hypertension, % 7.3 6.6 6.0 5.3 5.4 <0.0001
Family history of myocardial infarction, % 22.4 21.8 21.8 21.7 21.1 0.006
Current smoker, % 13.8 13.3 11.8 10.9 10.8 <0.0001
AHEI-2010* score 44.7 (10.3) 46.3 (10.2) 48.5 (10.5) 50.5 (10.8) 53.4 (11.2) <0.0001
Aspirin use, % 10.6 11.1 11.2 11.5 11.3 0.08
Current oral contraceptive user, % 9.8 10.3 10.3 11.4 11.8 <0.0001
Menopausal hormone therapy use, % 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.4 0.22
Postmenopausal, % 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.3 0.80
Parous, % 79.0 77.2 74.5 71.7 65.7 <0.0001
T.V. watching, hrs/wk 9.9 (9.7) 9.1 (8.6) 8.6 (8.1) 8.4 (7.8) 7.8 (7.8) <0.0001
All values are means (SD) for continuous variables or frequencies for categorical variables, adjusted for age (except for age), except for physical activity
variables which are medians (IQR). AHEI-2010 indicates Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010; IQR, interquartile range; MET, metabolic equivalent of task;
and SD, standard deviation.
*The AHEI-2010 includes 11 components: high intake of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts and legumes, long-chain (n-3) fats (EPA+DHA), and
polyunsaturated fatty acids; moderate intake of alcohol; and low intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice, red and processed meat, trans fat,
and sodium. The AHEI-2010 score ranges from 0 to 110 with higher scores representing better adherence.
Table 2.Hazard Ratios (95% CI) of Coronary Heart Disease According to Quintiles of Leisure-Time Physical
Activity, 1991 to 2011, Nurses Health Study II
Total physical Quintiles of Physical Activity, MET-h/wk P Value for
activity 1 (<1) 2 (15.9) 3 (614.9) 4 (1529.9) 5 (30) Linear Trend
Cases 182 119 101 67 75
Person-years 419667 368957 394283 363488 365102
Age-adjusted 1.00 0.86 (0.681.08) 0.66 (0.520.84) 0.48 (0.360.63) 0.53 (0.410.70) <0.0001
Multivariable* 1.00 0.96 (0.761.21) 0.80 (0.631.03) 0.63 (0.470.83) 0.75 (0.570.99) 0.01
1 (0) 2 (0.12.9) 3 (37.4) 4 (7.514.9) 5 ( 15) P Value for Linear
Trend
Moderate-intensity physical activity
Cases 234 61 103 60 86
Person-years 550036 247575 438299 301637 373950
Age-adjusted 1.00 0.60 (0.450.79) 0.61 (0.480.77) 0.47 (0.350.62) 0.49 (0.380.63) <0.0001
Multivariable* 1.00 0.65 (0.490.87) 0.68 (0.540.87) 0.59 (0.440.80) 0.67 (0.510.87) 0.01
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ by guest on February 14, 2017
comparison with women reporting no vigorous activity whereas the association for volume of physical activity
(P for trend=0.04). When the analysis was repeated with was nearly identical to that above (HR, 0.76; 95% CI,
a 2- and 4-year lag, results for total leisure-time activ- 0.561.02 comparing 30 with <1 MET-hours/wk).
ity and moderate activity were attenuated and no longer Table4 shows the association between individual
statistically significant, whereas results for vigorous ac- activities and CHD risk. In multivariable-adjusted analy-
tivity were similar and remained significant. In second- ses where each activity was modeled separately, but
ary analysis, when we used cumulative average physical adjusted for total volume of all other activity, aerobics,
activity instead of simple updated activity, similar results outdoor work, and brisk walking were each significantly
were obtained although the hazard ratios in the highest inversely associated with CHD (P for trend=0.04, 0.04,
2 categories were slightly attenuated (online-only Data and 0.001, respectively) (Table4). Engaging in aero-
Supplement Table I). bics 1 hour/wk was associated with a 26% CHD risk
We also examined the association between frequency reduction (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.55-0.99) and outdoor
of exercise and risk of CHD (Table3). In comparison work with a 16% CHD risk reduction (HR, 0.84; 95%
with women reporting exercise less than once per week, CI, 0.681.04) in comparison with women not partici-
the age-adjusted HR for women reporting exercise 4+ pating in these activities (Table4). Brisk walking for
times per week was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.460.78; P for 2.5 hours/wk was associated with a 35% risk reduc-
trend=0.0001). However, the correlation between fre- tion (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.480.87) in comparison with
quency and volume of exercise ranged from 0.41 to women who reported no brisk walking. In addition, in-
0.44 in the questionnaire cycles where both were asked creasing speed of usual walking pace was associated
(1991, 2005, 2009). In the multivariable model that in- with lower CHD risk. After adjusting for hours per week
cluded volume of physical activity, the association be- of walking, other physical activity, and covariables, the
tween exercise frequency and CHD risk was attenuated HRs for easy/casual pace (<2 mph), normal/average
and no longer significant (HR comparing extreme cat- pace (22.9 mph), brisk pace (33.9 mph), and very
egories, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.701.26, P for trend=0.84), brisk/striding pace (4 mph) were: 1.00, 0.81 (95% CI,
Table 3.Hazard ratios (95% CI) of Coronary Heart Disease According to Frequency of Physical Activity,
1991 to 2001, Nurses Health Study II
Frequency of Physical Activity
P Value for
<1 Time/wk 1 Time/wk 23 Times/wk 4 Times/wk Linear Trend
Cases 195 101 173 75
Person-years 590006 354486 636471 324241
Age-adjusted 1.00 0.87 (0.681.10) 0.79 (0.640.97) 0.60 (0.460.78) 0.0001
Multivariable* 1.00 0.91 (0.711.16) 0.94 (0.761.16) 0.81 (0.611.07) 0.17
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Multivariable* + MET-h/wk of
1.00 0.95 (0.741.22) 1.05 (0.841.30) 0.94 (0.701.26) 0.84
physical activity
ARTICLE
AHEI-2010 indicates Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010; CI, confidence interval; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; and MI, myocardial infarction.
*The models were stratified by age (in months) and time period and included parental history of MI at or before age 60 years, smoking, TV watching,
oral contraceptive use, aspirin, AHEI-2010 score, postmenopausal status, menopausal hormone therapy use, parity, preexisting disease (diagnosis of
hypertension or hypercholesterolemia at baseline).
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ by guest on February 14, 2017
0.660.98), 0.57 (95% CI, 0.440.73), and 0.33 (95% Finally, we evaluated whether the inverse association
CI, 0.170.65). Finally, results for running and tennis between physical activity and CHD was modified by other
also suggested an inverse association with incidence cardiovascular risk factors (online-only Data Supplement
of CHD but, most likely because of the small number of Table IV). Physical activity was associated with lower CHD
cases in the upper categories, reductions in risk were risk for women <50 years of age and for women 50
not statistically significant. years of age, as well. In addition, there was no evidence
The joint association of physical activity and BMI on of effect modification by smoking, Alternative Healthy
risk of CHD is shown in the Figure. As the interaction Eating Index-2010 diet score, or alcohol intake.
between physical activity and BMI was not statistically
significant (P for interaction=0.70), the inverse associa-
tion between physical activity and CHD was not modi- DISCUSSION
fied by BMI category. In comparison with obese women In this large, prospective study of young US women, in-
reporting <1 MET-hour/wk of physical activity, the HR dividuals in the highest category (30 MET-hours/wk) of
of CHD for normal weight women reporting 30 MET- leisure-time physical activity were at a 25% lower risk
hours/wk was 0.52 (95% CI, 0.350.78). Furthermore, of incident CHD. In addition, both moderate-intensity
among women in the highest category of exercise, those physical activity (eg, brisk walking) and vigorous-intensity
with normal BMI had lower CHD risk than women who activity were associated with reduced CHD risk. Impor-
were overweight or obese. tantly, physical activity was associated with lower CHD
We additionally examined the association between risk regardless of BMI group.
physical activity recalled from earlier in life and CHD The mean age at baseline of participants in this study
risk in adulthood (online-only Data Supplement Table was 36.6 years, providing a unique opportunity to ex-
II). There was no association between physical activ- amine physical activity and CHD in younger women. Ac-
ity during ages 12 to 22 years and risk of CHD; the cording to a recent review, the median or mean ages of
multivariable-adjusted HR comparing the highest with subjects in studies included in the 2008 Physical Activity
the lowest category was 1.12 (95% CI, 0.831.52). We Guidelines primarily ranged from 45 to 60 years.18 Thus,
also assessed physical activity measured at baseline this article is a valuable contribution to the existing lit-
only (1991) in relation to events occurring throughout erature on modifiable lifestyle factors that could prevent
the 20 years of follow-up, which differs from the primary CHD in younger women. Primordial prevention of CHD in
analysis where physical activity levels were updated ev- this group is critical because recent data suggest that
ery 4 to 6 years during follow-up. Similar to early-life the CHD mortality rate in women aged 25 to 54 years
activity, the association between baseline physical activ- may not be declining as it is in other groups, possibly
ity and risk of CHD was null; the multivariable-adjusted because of the increases in the prevalence of obesity
HR comparing the highest with lowest quintile was 0.98 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.57
(95% CI, 0.741.29) (online-only Data Supplement Table We found no association between recalled physical
III). These results suggest that the favorable association activity during adolescence or early adulthood and risk
between physical activity and CHD may be best docu- of CHD in adulthood. This finding is similar to that of
mented with levels proximal to the date of CHD inci- Conroy et al19 who found that, although physical activ-
dence for young and middle-aged women. ity during high school and ages 18 to 22 was associ-
Table 4.Hazard Ratios (95% CI) for Coronary Heart Disease Associated With Average Weekly
Hours of Individual Activities Adjusted for All Other Activity, 1991 to 2011, Nurses Health Study II
Hours/Week Spent in Individual Activities
0 0.10.9 1.0 P for Trend
Vigorous activities
Jogging
Cases 508 22 14
Age-adjusted 1.00 0.74 (0.481.13) 0.76 (0.451.31) 0.24
Multivariable* 1.00 0.88 (0.571.36) 0.97 (0.561.67) 0.84
Running
Cases 534 7 3
Age-adjusted 1.00 0.61 (0.291.29) 0.27 (0.090.85) 0.02
Multivariable* 1.00 0.71 (0.341.51) 0.40 (0.131.26) 0.11
Bicycling
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ by guest on February 14, 2017
Cases 415 84 45
Age-adjusted 1.00 1.04 (0.821.32) 0.90 (0.651.23) 0.51
Multivariable* 1.00 1.16 (0.921.48) 1.01 (0.741.39) 0.88
Swimming
Cases 492 35 17
Age-adjusted 1.00 1.11 (0.791.57) 1.10 (0.671.78) 0.64
Multivariable* 1.00 1.13 (0.801.60) 1.08 (0.661.77) 0.67
Tennis
Cases 534 5 5
Age-adjusted 1.00 0.57 (0.241.38) 0.46 (0.191.11) 0.06
Multivariable* 1.00 0.67 (0.281.61) 0.57 (0.241.39) 0.18
Aerobics
Cases 432 57 55
Age-adjusted 1.00 0.96 (0.721.26) 0.64 (0.480.85) 0.002
Multivariable* 1.00 1.04 (0.781.37) 0.74 (0.550.99) 0.04
Moderate activities
Outdoor work
Cases 327 87 130
Age-adjusted 1.00 0.70 (0.550.89) 0.89 (0.721.09) 0.08
Multivariable* 1.00 0.72 (0.570.91) 0.84 (0.681.04) 0.04
Hours/Week Spent in Individual Activities P for Trend
0 0.10.9 12.4 2.5
Brisk walking
Cases 427 29 35 53
Age-adjusted 1.00 0.54 (0.370.79) 0.61 (0.430.86) 0.51 (0.380.68) <0.0001
Multivariable* 1.00 0.65 (0.440.95) 0.77 (0.541.09) 0.65 (0.480.87) 0.001
AHEI-2010 indicates Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010; CI, confidence interval; and MI, myocardial infarction.
*The models were stratified by age (in months) and time period and included total volume of other physical activity, parental history
of MI at or before age 60 years, smoking, TV watching, oral contraceptive use, aspirin, AHEI-2010 score, postmenopausal status,
menopausal hormone therapy use, parity and preexisting disease (includes a diagnosis of hypertension or hypercholesterolemia at
baseline).
BMI (kg/m2)
30
0 25 - 29.9 part, by differences in analysis methods. In the Million
<1 < 25 Women Study, the analysis for frequency of physical ac-
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
1 - 5.9
6 - 14.9
15 - 29.9 30 tivity did not adjust for total volume of activity because
Physical Activity (MET-hrs/wk) the duration of activity was not assessed until 3 years
ARTICLE
after baseline. With the exception of activity frequency,
Figure. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for however, findings from the current study are similar to
coronary heart disease (CHD) for the joint association those of the Million Women Study among women 50 to
between physical activity and body mass index (BMI). 64 years of age, in particular, with regard to the benefits
The models were stratified by age and period and included of moderate physical activity for CHD.
parental history of myocardial infarction at or before age 60 Our results suggest that both moderate- and vigor-
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ by guest on February 14, 2017
Strengths of this study include its prospective design, Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Wom-
the detailed information on physical activity collected ens Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.H.E.,
multiple times during follow-up, the large number of con- E.B.R.); Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medi-
firmed CHD cases despite the relatively young age of cal Center, Boston, MA (K.J.M.); and Department of Nutrition,
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (E.B.R.).
study participants, and minimal loss to follow-up.
Our study also has several limitations that should be
considered. Our study population, consisting of predomi-
nantly white nurses, is not representative of the general
FOOTNOTES
population. Thus, we cannot necessarily generalize our re- Received January 14, 2016; accepted June 16, 2016.
sults to men or other populations with different education- The online-only Data Supplement is available with this arti-
cle at http://circ.ahajournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1161/
al levels, incomes, or distributions of race and ethnicity.
CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021516/-/DC1.
Physical activity was self-reported, but this questionnaire
Continuing medical education (CME) credit is available for
has been previously validated in this population.15 More- this article. Go to http://cme.ahajournals.org to take the quiz.
over, measurement error is unlikely to bias our results be- Circulation is available at http://circ.ahajournals.org.
cause physical activity was assessed prospectively so any
reporting errors would be nondifferential with respect to
subsequent disease status. Nonetheless, the lack of asso- REFERENCES
ciation between physical activity during adolescence and 1. Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL, Kohl HW III, Haskell W, Lee IM.
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ by guest on February 14, 2017
CHD during adulthood may be a consequence of measure- Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary
ment error as participants had to recall physical activity heart disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 2011;124:789795.
levels from 20 to 35 years earlier. As in any observational doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.010710.
study, the possibility of residual confounding by other life- 2. Li J, Siegrist J. Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease
a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Environ Res
style characteristics must be considered; however, we Public Health. 2012;9:391407. doi: 10.3390/ijerph9020391.
were able to adjust for many known CHD risk factors. 3. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical Activity
In conclusion, this study indicates that physical ac- Guidelines Committee Report, 2008. Washington, DC: US Depart-
tivity is associated with a lower risk of CHD in young ment of Health and Human Services; 2008:683.
women. Furthermore, exercise did not have to be strenu- 4. Manson JE, Greenland P, LaCroix AZ, Stefanick ML, Mouton CP,
Oberman A, Perri MG, Sheps DS, Pettinger MB, Siscovick DS.
ous to have such associations; moderate-intensity physi- Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of
cal activity, including brisk walking, was associated with cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:716
lower risk of CHD. There was no association between 725. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa021067.
physical activity earlier in life and CHD risk in adulthood, 5. Wilmot KA, OFlaherty M, Capewell S, Ford ES, Vaccarino V.
suggesting that previously inactive women who become Coronary heart disease mortality declines in the United States
from 1979 through 2011: evidence for stagnation in young
physically active can still decrease their risk of CHD. Fi- adults, especially women. Circulation. 2015;132:9971002. doi:
nally, the favorable associations between physical activ- 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015293.
ity and lower CHD risk were evident regardless of BMI, 6. Ford ES, Capewell S. Coronary heart disease mortality among
emphasizing that it is important for normal weight, over- young adults in the U.S. from 1980 through 2002: concealed lev-
weight, and obese women to be physically active. eling of mortality rates. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:21282132.
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.05.056.
7. Yang Q, Cogswell ME, Flanders WD, Hong Y, Zhang Z, Lousta-
lot F, Gillespie C, Merritt R, Hu FB. Trends in cardiovascular
SOURCES OF FUNDING health metrics and associations with all-cause and CVD mortality
This study was supported by National Institute of Health grants among US adults. JAMA. 2012;307:12731283. doi: 10.1001/
jama.2012.339.
UM1 CA176726 and R01 CA050385. Dr Chomistek was sup-
8. Matthews KA, Crawford SL, Chae CU, Everson-Rose SA, Sow-
ported by an institutional training grant (DK007703) from the
ers MF, Sternfeld B, Sutton-Tyrrell K. Are changes in cardiovas-
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Dis- cular disease risk factors in midlife women due to chronologi-
eases. cal aging or to the menopausal transition? J Am Coll Cardiol.
2009;54:23662373. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.009.
9. Mehta LS, Beckie TM, DeVon HA, Grines CL, Krumholz HM, John-
DISCLOSURES son MN, Lindley KJ, Vaccarino V, Wang TY, Watson KE, Wenger
NK; American Heart Association Cardiovascular Disease in
None. Women and Special Populations Committee of the Council on
Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention,
Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, and Council on
AFFILIATIONS Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Acute myocardial infarc-
tion in women: a scientific statement from the American Heart
From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School Association. Circulation. 2016;133:916947. doi: 10.1161/
of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington (A.K.C., B.H.); CIR.0000000000000351.
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Pub- 10. Chomistek AK, Chiuve SE, Eliassen AH, Mukamal KJ, Willett WC,
lic Health, Boston, MA (A.H.E., E.B.R.); Channing Division of Rimm EB. Healthy lifestyle in the primordial prevention of car-
diovasculardisease among youngwomen. J Am Coll Cardiol. 23. Owen CG, Nightingale CM, Rudnicka AR, Sattar N, Cook DG,
2015;65:4351. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.024. Ekelund U, Whincup PH. Physical activity, obesity and cardio-
11. Mozaffarian D. Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular metabolic risk factors in 9- to 10-year-old UK children of white
disease, diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review. Circu- European, South Asian and black African-Caribbean origin: the
lation. 2016;133:187225. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. Child Heart And health Study in England (CHASE). Diabetologia.
115.018585. 2010;53:16201630. doi: 10.1007/s00125-010-1781-1.
12. Willett WC, Sampson L, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Bain C, Witschi 24. Boeke CE, Eliassen AH, Oh H, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Tamimi
J, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE. Reproducibility and validity of a RM. Adolescent physical activity in relation to breast cancer risk.
semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;145:715724. doi: 10.1007/
1985;122:5165. s10549-014-2919-5.
13. Nurses Health Study. http://www.nurseshealthstudy.org/sites/
25. Lee IM, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Hsieh CC. Time trends in physical
default/files/questionnaires/2009long.pdf.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
activity among college alumni, 1962-1988. Am J Epidemiol.
14. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Leon AS, Jacobs DR Jr, Montoye HJ,
1992;135:915925.
Sallis JF, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Compendium of physical activities:
26. Armstrong ME, Green J, Reeves GK, Beral V, Cairns BJ; Million Women
ARTICLE
classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med
Study Collaborators. Frequent physical activity may not reduce vas-
Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25:7180.
15. Wolf AM, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Cor- cular disease risk as much as moderate activity: large prospective
sano KA, Rosner B, Kriska A, Willett WC. Reproducibility and va- study of women in the United Kingdom. Circulation. 2015;131:721
lidity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire. Int J 729. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010296.
Epidemiol. 1994;23:991999. 27. Chomistek AK, Cook NR, Flint AJ, Rimm EB. Vigorous-intensity
16 .Rose GA BH, Gillum R, Prineas RJ. Cardiovascular survey meth- leisure-time physical activity and risk of major chronic disease in
ods. WHO monograph series no. 56. 1982:162165. men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:18981905. doi: 10.1249/
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ by guest on February 14, 2017
17. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, Ascherio A, Rosner BA, Spiegel- MSS.0b013e31825a68f3.
man D, Willett WC. Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: a 28. Lee IM, Sesso HD, Oguma Y, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Relative intensity
comparison of approaches for adjusting for total energy intake of physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation.
and modeling repeated dietary measurements. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;107:11101116.
1999;149:531540. 29. Tanasescu M, Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ,
18. Shiroma EJ, Lee IM. Physical activity and cardiovascular health: Hu FB. Exercise type and intensity in relation to coronary heart
lessons learned from epidemiological studies across age, gen- disease in men. JAMA. 2002;288:19942000.
der, and race/ethnicity. Circulation. 2010;122:743752. doi: 30. Swain DP, Franklin BA. Comparison of cardioprotective ben-
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.914721. efits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exer-
19. Conroy MB, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Lee IM. Past physi- cise. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:141147. doi: 10.1016/j.amj-
cal activity, current physical activity, and risk of coronary heart card.2005.07.130.
disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:12511256. 31. Weinstein AR, Sesso HD, Lee IM, Rexrode KM, Cook NR, Man-
20. Thompson PD, Crouse SF, Goodpaster B, Kelley D, Moyna N, Pes- son JE, Buring JE, Gaziano JM. The joint effects of physical
catello L. The acute versus the chronic response to exercise. Med
activity and body mass index on coronary heart disease risk in
Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(6 suppl):S438S445; discussion S452.
women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:884890. doi: 10.1001/
21. Ahmed HM, Blaha MJ, Nasir K, Rivera JJ, Blumenthal RS. Effects
archinte.168.8.884.
of physical activity on cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol.
32. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of child-
2012;109:288295. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.08.042.
hood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA.
22. Hay J, Maximova K, Durksen A, Carson V, Rinaldi RL, Torrance
B, Ball GD, Majumdar SR, Plotnikoff RC, Veugelers P, Boul NG, 2014;311:806814. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.732.
Wozny P, McCargar L, Downs S, Lewanczuk R, McGavock J. Physi- 33. Li TY, Rana JS, Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA,
cal activity intensity and cardiometabolic risk in youth. Arch Pediatr Rexrode KM, Hu FB. Obesity as compared with physical activity in
Adolesc Med. 2012;166:10221029. doi: 10.1001/archpediat- predicting risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation.
rics.2012.1028. 2006;113:499506. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.574087.
Circulation. 2016;134:290-299
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021516
Circulation is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231
Copyright 2016 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online ISSN: 1524-4539
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the
World Wide Web at:
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/134/4/290
Permissions: Requests for permissions to reproduce figures, tables, or portions of articles originally published
in Circulation can be obtained via RightsLink, a service of the Copyright Clearance Center, not the Editorial
Office. Once the online version of the published article for which permission is being requested is located,
click Request Permissions in the middle column of the Web page under Services. Further information about
this process is available in the Permissions and Rights Question and Answer document.
Supplemental Table 1. Hazard ratios (95% CI) of coronary heart disease according to categories of cumulative
average physical activity, 1997 2011, Nurses Health Study II
Categories of Cumulative Average Physical Activity, MET-hrs/wk
Total 1 2 3 4 5 p-value for
Physical Activity (< 1) (1 5.9) (6 14.9) (15 29.9) ( 30) linear trend
Cases 99 159 130 86 70
Multivariable* 1.00 0.87 (0.66, 1.16) 0.80 (0.60, 1.06) 0.61 (0.44, 0.85) 0.78 (0.57, 1.07) 0.09
0.58
Current smoker
Cases / Person-years 55 / 45, 214 39 / 36,644 24 / 34,874 15 / 28,721 14 / 27,389
Multivariable* 1.00 1.28 (0.83, 1.97) 0.83 (0.50, 1.38) 0.58 (0.32, 1.05) 0.60 (0.32, 1.12) 0.02
Age < 50
Cases / Person-years 80 / 289,467 64 / 276,621 46 / 286,590 32 / 261,886 32 / 257,087
Multivariable* 1.00 1.02 (0.73, 1.42) 0.77 (0.53, 1.11) 0.63 (0.42, 0.96) 0.70 (0.46, 1.07) 0.04
0.94
Age 50
Cases / Person-years 102/ 130, 200 55 / 92,335 55 / 107,693 35 / 101,602 43 / 108,015
Multivariable* 1.00 0.90 (0.65, 1.26) 0.83 (0.60, 1.16) 0.62 (0.42, 0.91) 0.80 (0.55, 1.15) 0.15
Non-drinkers
Cases / Person-years 93 / 193,741 55/ 153,732 48 / 145,660 28 / 120,912 27 / 108,210
Multivariable* 1.00 1.00 (0.71, 1.41) 0.91 (0.64, 1.30) 0.69 (0.45, 1.06) 0.75 (0.48, 1.17) 0.10
Drinkers
0.94
Cases / Person-years 89 / 225,926 64 / 215,225 53 / 248,623 39 / 242,576 48 / 256,892
Multivariable* 1.00 0.97 (0.70, 1.34) 0.75 (0.53, 1.06) 0.62 (0.42, 0.91) 0.78 (0.54, 1.13) 0.14
AHEI < 49
Cases / Person-years 119 / 253,259 73 / 207,693 60 / 193,130 35 / 151,760 29 / 118,223
Multivariable* 1.00 1.01 (0.75, 1.36) 0.88 (0.64, 1.21) 0.68 (0.46, 0.99) 0.74 (0.49, 1.12) 0.05 0.98
AHEI 49
Cases / Person-years 51 / 149, 983 39 / 148,173 38 / 188,469 29 / 200,559 40 / 235,144
Multivariable* 1.00 0.95 (0.62, 1.45) 0.75 (0.49, 1.15) 0.59 (0.37, 0.94) 0.70 (0.46, 1.06) 0.08
*The models were stratified by age (in months) and time period and included parental history of MI at or before age 60 years, smoking, T.V. watching, oral contraceptive use,
aspirin, AHEI-2010 score, postmenopausal status, menopausal hormone therapy use, parity, pre-existing disease (diagnosis of hypertension or hypercholesterolemia at baseline).
Carolyn: Welcome to Circulation on the Run, your weekly podcast summary and backstage pass
to the journal and its editors. I'm Dr. Carolyn Lam, Associate Editor from the National
Heart Centre and Duke National University of Singapore. I am so excited to be joined in
just a moment by Dr. Andrea [inaudible 00:00:21] and Dr. Wendy Post to discuss the
feature paper this week about leisure-time physical activity and the risk of coronary
heart disease in young women. First, here's the summary of this week's issue.
The first paper, by Dr. Bohula and colleagues at the TIMI Study Group at Brigham and
Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, aim to test the hypothesis that an
atherothrombotic risk stratification tool may be useful to identify high-risk patients who
have the greatest potential for benefit from more intensive secondary preventive
therapy such as treatment with Vorapaxar following a myocardial infarction. As a
reminder, Vorapaxar is a first-in-class anti-platelet agent that inhibits thrombin-
mediated activation of platelets via the protease activator receptor 1. The authors
studied almost 8,600 stable patients with a prior myocardial infarction followed for a
median of two and a half years.
In summary, this paper provides a practical strategy that could be used by clinicians to
assist with risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making regarding Veropaxar use
for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction.
The next paper is by first author Dr. [inaudible 00:02:40] and corresponding authors, Dr.
[Gerstein 00:02:43] from the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Dr. [Carr
00:02:47] from the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, who look at aptamer-based
proteomic profiling. Now DNA aptamers are [alu 00:02:57] nucleotides of approximately
50 base pairs in length selected for their ability to bind proteins with high specificity and
affinity. They therefore holds considerable promise for biomarker and pathway
discovery in cardiovascular diseases.
These authors applied a novel technology that uses single-stranded DNA aptamers to
measure over 1,100 proteins in a single blood sample. They applied this to a model of
planned myocardial injury and that is patients undergoing septal ablation for
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and they found that 217 proteins were significantly
changed in the peripheral vein blood after planned myocardial injury in this derivation
cohort. They validated 79 of these proteins in an independent cohort. Furthermore,
among 40 validated proteins that increase within one hour after myocardial injury, 23
were also elevated in patients with spontaneous myocardial infarction.
Finally, the authors applied this to archive samples from the Framingham heart study
and showed 156 significant protein associations with the Framingham risk score. This
study is so exciting because it highlights any merging proteomics tool that captures a
large number of low abundance analytes with high sensitivity and precision, thus
providing important proof of principle for future clinical applications and this is
discussed in an excellent editorial that accompanies this paper by doctors Graham
[Malini 00:04:37], [Lau Enleui 00:04:39] from the University of Ottawa Heart Institute.
The next paper is by Dr. [Anter 00:04:51] and colleagues from the Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, who looked at post infarction, reentrant
ventricular tachycardia and addressed the problem that in vivo descriptions of
ventricular tachycardia circuits are currently limited by insufficient spatiotemporal
resolution. The authors therefore utilize a novel, high resolution mapping technology to
characterize the electrophysiological properties of these reentrant circuits in 15 swine.
The main finding was that the zones of slow conduction within the reentrant circuits
with the inward and outward curvatures while conduction velocity in the comment
channel isthmus itself was nearly normal. The authors further demonstrated that
entrainment mapping over estimated the true size of the isthmus. Thus, the conclusion
was that high resolution activation mapping of ventricular tachycardia may better guide
ablation therapy and ablation at zones of high curvature may be an attractive target for
ablation.
The final papers from first author, Dr. [Tang 00:06:08] and corresponding author Dr.
[Fitzgerald 00:06:10] from the University of Pennsylvania Perlman School of Medicine in
Philadelphia. These authors studied the cardiovascular consequences of prostanoid I-
receptor deletion in microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 deficient hyperlipidemic
mice. The clinical background to this research question is that inhibitors of
cyclooxygenase-2 or Cox-2 are well-known to relieve pain, fever and inflammation by
suppressing biosynthesis of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2.
In this particular study, therefore, the authors sought to determine the relative
contribution of suppressing PGE2 versus augmenting prostacyclin to the impact of
depletion of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in hyperlipidemic mice. The main
findings were that augmentation of prostacyclin is the dominant contributor to the
favorable thrombogenic profile of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 depletion in
these atherosclerotic mice while suppression of PGE2 accounted for the protective
effects in atherosclerosis and the exciting clinical take-home message is that inhibitors
of the microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 may be less likely to cause cardiovascular
adverse effects than NSAIDS or specific inhibition of Cox-2. Those were the highlights of
COTR134_04 Page 2 of 6
this week. Now for our feature paper.
Our feature paper today is entitled "The frequency, [type 00:08:41] and volume of
leisure time physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease in young women" and I
am so excited to be joined by two lovely ladies today to discuss this paper. First, the first
and corresponding author Dr. Andrea [Comastick 00:08:58] from the School of Public
Health of Indiana University Bloomington and Dr. Wendy Post, associate editor from the
Johns Hopkins University. Welcome Andrea and Wendy.
Carolyn: I am just so excited that we are talking about a paper about women being discussed by
women. What more could you ask for? I have to say this is a first for Circulation on the
Run, which is why Im just so excited, so lets get straight into it.
Andrea, maybe I could just ask you to start by sharing the story of how you and your
team came up with some new questions and new data because Im sure a lot of
listeners are thinking theres a lot of data on exercise and how good it is for
cardiovascular health in women already.
Andrea: Yeah, that's a great question. When we started talking about conceptualizing this paper,
the first thing was to focus on younger women. Most of the previous work on physical
activity and heart disease has been in older adults and that's primarily because it's older
adults that have heart attacks. Its hard to get a large enough study of young women
that has enough coronary heart disease events to be able to study this. We were
fortunate where we had a large cohort in the nurses health study too of women and
because its been followed for over 20 years, we had enough events to be able to
examine this association.
We did want to think about, "Okay, what can we add?" because theres a lot of
information about just overall physical activity and health, so what can we do
differently? Im pretty familiar with the physical activity guidelines and really tried to
look at what in the guidelines currently and then what could we add? What could be of
interest when they start revising the guidelines which is actually going to happen very
soon.
That was when we started focusing on, "Okay, instead of looking at just overall activity,
look at intensity, comparing moderate and vigorous." We also wanted to look at
frequency of physical activity and looking at frequency but also adjusted for a total time
or total amount of physical activity that somebody does. Then we are also, the third
thing was that we thought was important was looking at adolescent physical activity.
We know that kids, unfortunately as they get older and get into their teenage years,
their activity declines quite a bit. Looking at how this physical activity during
adolescence earlier life impact coronary heart disease risk in adulthood. Those were the
COTR134_04 Page 3 of 6
three main things that we were focusing on when we first conceptualized the paper.
Andrea: We did find that exercise is just as beneficial in younger woman as it is in older adults,
which is great. We also found that moderate intensity exercise is just as beneficial as
vigorous intensity exercise, which I think is a really important message to get out there. I
think a lot of people, especially those that are really inactive to begin with are
completely intimidated about the fact of trying to think about going to a gym or trying
to jog or run a marathon or something like that.
I think really emphasizing that moderate intensity activity is beneficial and we found
that walking was actually the most beneficial activity that we looked at in our study, that
brisk walking was really really good for everybody and really lowered risk of coronary
heart disease.
Carolyn: Hooray.
Andrea: Yeah, and the other thing we found which might be of interest for those that are also
extremely busy, especially this target population where a lot of people are moms and
working was that frequency didn't seem to matter, that as long as people were
exercising for a couple hours a week that they should be that they could accumulate it in
a couple times a week or they could do it more frequently, four or five times a week. It
didn't seem to matter.
Carolyn: Thats cool. You know what? I think a lot of these things we'll also discuss at the Editorial
Board when we're looking at this paper. Wendy, we promised that we would give a
backstage pass to the Editorial Board and The Journal, so could you share a little bit
about what we talked about there?
Wendy: Well, the Editorial Board was really excited about this paper. We loved the emphasis on
young women and the important public health message about how we need to get out
there and move and exercise to reduce our risk for cardiovascular disease. As was
mentioned, there have been previous studies that also show the benefit of exercise but
the Editorial Board especially liked the large sample size, the long duration of follow-up,
the number of events that had been accrued that allowed for sophisticated analyses,
adjustment for confounders and the very rigorous study design and excellent statistical
methods that have been used in this study and so many other studies from the nurses
health study, but I think we particularly just loved the message. The message was great.
We need to get out there and move. We need to tell our patients, especially young
women, that now we have data that if you start exercising now, it will help in the future
but also the study showed that if you hadn't exercised much in early life thats starting
to exercise more proximal to the event was also important as well.
Carolyn: Thank you Wendy. I also remember that we talked about the lack of interaction with
body mass index, and I thought that was a great message. Andrea, could you maybe
COTR134_04 Page 4 of 6
share a little bit about that?
Andrea: Yeah, this is something that previous investigators have looked at the interaction
between body mass index and exercise. Unfortunately, weve all found the same thing
so it doesnt seem to matter whether women are normal weight or overweight or obese
that they still get benefit when they exercise, and I think thats really encouraging. I
know a lot of people might start to exercise because they really want to drop some
weight but just trying to emphasize even if the numbers on the scale aren't changing,
that exercise still has all these really great benefits for heart disease and also for many
other diseases.
Carolyn: Exactly. Can I just ask both of you and maybe Ill start with Andrea, what will you do
different now both as a woman and as a clinician seeing women now that you know
what you do from your data?
Wendy: I like to emphasize the data about brisk walking. I thought that was great because many
of our patients dont want to join a gym, dont have the time to join a gym so just
getting out and walking is fabulous exercise and now we have the data here that in
young women that after 20 years of follow-up, brisk walking was associated with I think
it was a 35% reduction in risk for cardiovascular disease during follow-up.
In addition, I liked the message about the total amount of time that you spend
exercising in a week is whats important. It doesnt matter whether you divide that into
seven days a week to get to that same amount of time or whether you do it in bursts of
three days a week, and I think thats particularly important for the many women who
have so many different responsibilities and may not have time every day to go out and
exercise. The days that you do have time, just exercise a little bit more those days, so
lots of really important messages for our patients and for ourselves.
Carolyn: I really couldnt agree more and just from my point of view, because I see a lot of
patients in Asia and I do acknowledge just like you did, Andrea, in your paper that your
data are predominantly in white populations. Still one of the messages I like to get out
to the women I see is we have very skinny women and when I see younger women, and
I really like emphasizing that, "Hey, just because youre not struggling with an obesity
COTR134_04 Page 5 of 6
issue or just because youre young, it doesnt mean you dont need to exercise and that
we all should just get moving." Thank you very, very much for that Andrea.
Andrea: Oh, no. It's my pleasure and thank you for having me come on today and talk about this.
Carolyn: Thank you too, Wendy. Do you have any other comments?
Andrea: Oh, thank you so much, Wendy. I was really happy to get the message that guys were
excited about it. Thank you so much.
Carolyn: Youve been listening to Circulation on the Run. Thank you for joining us this week and
please tune in next week.
COTR134_04 Page 6 of 6