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Final Project

Laser Diode Project

Tony Leson
SID: 6151
EE 164
Inst. Ray Kwok

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Purpose

In this project, we are to create a laser performance increase the performance of a laser diode audio
transmission method shown below.

Transmitter Receiver

Performance parameters that we are to improve upon are transmission distance, sound quality, noise
resistance, creating stereo audio etc.

Methods

There are several methods in order to increase the performance of this audio project. One method I
considered is using high frequency analog modulation and mixing to put two audio channels on one line at
two different carrier frequencies. However, this method requires a great amount of complexity as mixers,
oscillators, PLLs, and more. However, solar panels or photoresistors cannot be used for any high
frequency applications, as their bandwidths are too low.

The other method I considered was using a digital signal on the laser so noise and digital signal across the
line. In order to do this method, again, oscillators are required as well as Analog to Digital Converters
(ADC) and Digital to Analog Converters (DAC) is required.

In using a digital system, several ADCs and DACs were researched but most were found to be parallel
ADCs and DACs rather than the more useful serial type. The most seemingly useful of the serial type is a
set made by Cirrus logicthe CS5330A stereo ADC and CS4334 stereo DAC. This set is a simple 8 pin
synchronous serial type with 18-bit resolution that is good enough for audio and a sampling rate of up to 92
kHz. Once this part was settled on, design began.

2
Design

In designing the digital stereo audio system, first thing is rather than building from scratch, proper ICs
should be chosen for the design.

ADC -- CS5330A DAC CS4334

Once these are chosen, by looking at their specs, 3 lines (fiber optics) are necessary for the transmission of
datathe master clock (MCLK), left-right clock (LRCK), and the data stream(SDATA). It is important to
note the delta sigma modulation is set by the Master clock and must be synchronous with the left-right
clock and the data stream and Serial clock (SCLK). However, the SCLK is not required for serial data
because for the receiving end, the DAC, may internally derive the SCLK from the MCLK. Also, the
LRCK simply changes the channel being sent on the line.

So, for audio, 20kHz is the largest frequency that should be transmitted. This means that 40kHz should be
the smallest sampling frequency, which is also the Nyquist frequency. However, the master clock for this
sampling frequency is set at about 12 MHz for this setting. Due to the high bandwidth (BW), solar panels
or photoresistors will not work, so instead, PIN laser diodes and receivers will be used.

At Digikey.com, the fastest PIN transmitter--receiver set at a reasonable price has a BW of 13.2 MHz. (See
parts list for further information).

The transmitter consists of a simple PIN laser diode, while the


receiver consists of the PIN diode, and an amplifier to bring
the signal back up. Also, each component is designed to be
biased at 5V.

For Data sheets go to


http://www.sharpsma.com/sma/products/opto/data/pdf/en/osd/f
iber_opics/gp1fa550tz_e.pdf

Please note however that the actual transmitter is


GP1FA551TZ and receiver is GP1FA551RZ which have
bandwidths of 13.2 megabits per second. This data sheet
covers the application of these components though.

Receiver Transmitter

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Now for the MCLK, a 12 MHz crystal was used in conjunction with several capacitors to bias and oscillate
the crystal and a couple of inverters.

Also, to power the entire board, a 9 volt battery is connected to a 5V voltage regulator which in turn powers
the entire board on each side. Also, a 0.2uF capacitor is tied from power to ground at each IC. The
regulator and the ADC/DAC also have one 47uf capacitor at the power pins. These capacitors are for
power noise reduction for greater reliability.

Now, the design of the audio transmission side and audio receiving side come from the recommended
design found on the following data sheets. Also, please note that the ADC is operating in master mode.

TRANSMISSION SIDE = http://www.cirrus.com/en/pubs/proDatasheet/cs5330_31A-f3.pdf pg 8.


RECEIVING SIDE = http://www.cirrus.com/en/pubs/proDatasheet/cs4334_9-F2.pdf pg 11.

NOTE: All designs were put into Eagle Layout Editor then printed onto photoresist paper and then ironed
onto copper boards, etched, drilled, then soldered.

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TRANSMITTER SCHEMATIC

Power to ground for each IC

MCLK Generator

5
TRANSMITTER Top PCB Trace.

TRANSMITTER Bottom PCB Trace

NOTE: Approximately 2 scale.

6
RECEIVER SCHEMATIC

NOTE: The Clock circuit on the left hand side was put into this circuit just in case it was needed so that
another board would not have to be fabricated afterward.

7
RECEIVER Top PCB Trace

RECEIVER Bottom Trace

NOTE: Approximately 2 scale.

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Conclusion
With everything built and put together, the result was a little distortion, which was improved by adding a
load capacitor of 3.3nF. Also, the volume sensitivity was very high with overloading occurring around 20
percent of volume gain using a computer line out. This sensitivity was improved by attenuating the signal
with a 10k resistor replacing the 560-ohm resistor in series with the input and a 1.1K resistor to ground at
the following node. This produces satisfactory results.

However, if I were to do this project over, I would use the CS8402 transceiver at both ends. At the
transmitting end the CS8402 takes in the master clock, serial clock, left-right clock, and serial data and
manage to output the 4 signals on a single data line using the S/PDIF format made by Sony and Panasonic.
On the receiving end, the CS8402 takes in the single serial stream and decodes it into the 4 required
streams. Another benefit of this format is that it even includes a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for error
checking. The main drawback is that the optical transmitters and receivers would have to have a much
higher bandwidth for the same sampling frequency.

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Parts List

---------------Transmitter---------------------------
Part Manufacturer Vendor Price Qty.
Laser Transmitters Sharp Digikey 1.75 3
GP1FA551TZ Microelectronics
ADC Cirrus Logic Insight Electronics free 1
CS5330A
5V regulator N/A RadioShack 2.19 1
7805
*Fiber Optic Cable Sharp Digikey 8.95 3
425-1804-ND Microelectronics
12 MHz Crystal CMT Digikey 0.92 1
Hex Inverter Texas Instruments Digikey 0.68 1
74LS04
Surface Mount N/A N/A N/A 3 1.0uF
Capacitors 8 0.1uF
2 4.7uF
Surface Mount N/A N/A N/A 2 150ohm
Resistors 1 47Kohm
2 1Kohm
2 10Kohm
2 1.1Kohm
9V Battery N/A N/A N/A 1

---------------Receiver------------------------------
Part Manufacturer Vendor Price Qty.
Laser Receiver Sharp Digikey 2.38 3
GP1FA551RZ Microelectronics
DAC Cirrus Logic Insight Electronics free 1
CS4334
5V regulator N/A RadioShack 2.19 1
7805
*Fiber Optic Cable Sharp Digikey 8.95 3
425-1804-ND Microelectronics
Surface Mount N/A N/A N/A 2 1.0uF
Capacitors 5 0.1uF
2 3.3uF
Surface Mount N/A N/A N/A 2 270ohm
Resistors 2 560ohm
9V Battery N/A N/A N/A 1

NOTE: For resistors and capacitors cost and properties are unknown because they were readily available
from a lab.

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