Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
2
Executive Summary
The Indian MDG Framework der parity in school education, tackling malaria and sanitation.
The MDG framework adopted by India and hence, Andhra However, there is a huge scope for improvement in perfor-
Pradesh consists of all the eight goals, 12 out of the 18 targets mance on targets such as ensuring completion of school edu-
and 35 indicators. cation and improving the living conditions of the slum popu-
The MDG framework of the country was designed after duly lation.
considering the existing official data in the statistical system. Andhra Pradesh in a Comparative MDG Study
Therefore, some indicators were dropped due to unavailability Andhra Pradesh aspires to be one amongst the three best
of reliable data and some indicators were modified to suit the states MDG status of Andhra Pradesh by 2022 and the best
Indian context. state by 2029. Exhibit 2 provides a comparison of the perfor-
mance of Andhra Pradesh vis--vis some other states in the
Andhra Pradeshs MDG Performance
country such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maha-
A snapshot of the MDG status of Andhra Pradesh in 2015 is
rashtra.
provided in Exhibit 1. Andhra Pradesh is estimated to have
achieved some of the MDG targets such as for nutrition, gen-
3
Exhibit 2: MDG Status of Andhra Pradesh in comparison to some other states of the country
Tamil
Sn MDG Goals & Indicators Year Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra India
Nadu
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
1 Poverty Head Count Ratio 2015* 8.27 18.29 6.15 16.42 9.91 20.74
2 Poverty Gap Ratio in rural areas 2011-12 1.6 3.26 1.59 4.65 2.47 5.05
3 Poverty Gap Ratio in urban areas 2011-12 0.87 3.09 0.83 1.55 1.1 2.7
Share of poorest quintile in national consump-
4 2011-12 10.6 10.9 8.4 10.4 9.7 9.6
tion (MRP), rural
Share of poorest quintile in national consump-
5 2011-12 8.7 6.4 7.2 7.7 8 7.2
tion (MRP), urban
Prevalence of underweight children under
6 2015* 22.17 25.59 20.54 25.39 18.06 32.85
three years of age
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
7 Net Enrolment Ratio in primary education 2013-14 78.31 92.3 85.78 86.42 86.66 88.08
Proportion of pupils starting Grade 1 who
8 2011-12 86.27 97.43 -- -- -- 86.05
reach Grade 5
9 Literacy rate of 15-24 year olds 2011 87.02 90.79 99.04 93.66 96.09 86.14
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
10 Ratio of girls to boys in secondary education 2014-15 0.96 0.92 0.94 0.84 0.95 0.90
Ratio of girls to boys in higher secondary
11 2014-15 0.93 1.05 1.08 0.85 1.13 0.89
education
12 Ratio of girls to boys in tertiary education 2012-13 0.78
Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years 0.95 0.97 0.98
13 2011 0.92 1 0.91
old
Proportion of seats held by women in state
14 2014 10.3 -- -- -- -- --
legislature
Share of women in wage employment in the
15 2011-12 22.9 20.9 30.8 20.1 32.5 19.3
non- agricultural sector
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
16 Under- Five Mortality Rate 2015 41# 34.76 11 25.16 20.04 48.01
#
17 Infant Mortality Rate 2015 35 30.79 11.34 22.84 19.35 39.00
Percentage of one-year-old children immun-
18 2015* 100 100 100 96 100 89.1
ised against measles
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health
19 Maternal Mortality Ratio 2015* 85.18 122.27 50.21 64.51 72.58 140.00
4
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Status Summary:
change. Between 2004-05 and 2011-12, the former has dropped from
Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
whose income is less than one dollar a day 6.97 to 1.6 and the latter from 4.81 to 0.87. Both rural and urban
Indicators Values Target estimates are better than the all-India figures. Improvement in pov-
erty gap ratio is an indication of people below the poverty line com-
Poverty head count ratio 8.27% (2015) 24.8%
ing closer to escaping poverty. It also implies that the quantum of
Poverty gap ratio- rural 1.06 (2011-12) --
resources needed to lift everyone out of poverty has reduced.
Poverty gap ratio- urban 0.87 (2011-12) -- The share of poorest quintile in state consumption, which is a meas-
Share of poorest quintile in na- ure of inequality, has slightly improved from 9.79 in 2009-10 to 10.6
10.6 (2011-12) --
tional consumption- rural
Share of poorest quintile in na- in 2011-12 in rural and from 7.46 to 8.7 in urban areas. The ideal
8.7 (2011-12) --
tional consumption-urban share of 20 percent of income or consumption going to the poorest
Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who
suffer from hunger quintile is far from reality. However, Andhra Pradeshs ranking at
Indicator Values Target 19th and 17th positions with respect to rural and urban areas, respec-
Prevalence of underweight chil-
22.17% (2015) 22.21% tively, among other states, highlights the magnitude of the work
dren under three years of age
needs to be done.
Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger is at the centre of the
The global indicator for child nourishment is prevalence of under-
MDG agenda. Andhra Pradesh has achieved the poverty reduction
weight children under the age of five years. However due to data
target and has reduced poverty to a level considerably below the tar-
limitations, India has modified the age limit to under three years.
get. The proportion of people under the official poverty line
Andhra Pradesh has tremendously reduced child malnourishment
(Tendulkar methodology) in 2015 was nearly one-fifth of what it was
from 42.9 percent in 1992-93 to 22.17 percent (projected) in 2015
in 1993-94. Rural poverty has fallen by the same proportion, while
and has achieved the target of 22.21 percent.
reduction in urban poverty has been more impressive- from 35.2 to
Overall, Andhra Pradesh has performed commendably in poverty and
5.81 percent. Andhra Pradesh is currently the sixth-best state in the
hunger related indicators. With the sharp reduction in consumption-
country in terms of proportion of population under poverty line. Alt-
based poverty, the state will now throw its weight behind addressing
hough official figures had not been released post 2011-12, projections
multiple deprivations of poverty such as road connectivity, waste
for 2015 tell that poverty headcount ratio in the state has further
management, high-speed internet etc. The state is cognizant of the
dropped to 8.27 percent.
reality that happiness and wellbeing on its citizens is largely depend-
Poverty gap ratio is defined as the mean shortfall of the total popula-
ent on access to a comprehensive set of such basic amenities.
tion from the poverty line (counting the non-poor as having zero
shortfall), expressed as a percentage of the poverty line. Poverty gap
ratio in rural and urban areas has achieved significant positive
5
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Status Summary:
Target 3: Ensure that by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls growth of population than the expected rate may also be one of the
alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary education reasons behind falling NER.
Indicators Values Target
As per the U-DISE 2014-15: Flash Statistics, while the NER at Pri-
Net Enrolment Ratio in primary
72.17 (2014-15) 100
education mary level for 2014-15, it has been observed that while the average
Proportion (%) of pupils starting
Grade 1 who reach Grade 5
100 (2014-15) 100 NER for India is 87.41, it is 88.41 for Tamil Nadu, 82.55 for Tel-
Literacy rate (%) of 15-24 year olds 87 (2011) 100 angana, 94.44 for Karnataka and 84.62 for Kerala.. However, the
retention rate, which represents the proportion of pupils starting grade
Education, especially primary education, is an intrinsic goal in itself 1 who reach grade 5, has almost achieved the target of 100 percent.
and at the same time an influential driver of progress towards other Retention Rate has shown an impressive improvement, from 85.36
MDGs. It is positively correlated with faster economic growth, and percent in 2009-10 to 100 percent in 2014-15. This indicates that
lower poverty and inequality. dropout during the primary level is nearly zero. The third indicator,
Latest data indicates that Andhra Pradesh is falling short of the tar- the literacy rate of 1524 year-olds, or youth literacy rate, is a proxy
gets for attaining universal primary enrolment and other indicators for the outcomes of a persons primary education. It is generally posi-
defined for education. Net Enrolment Ratio (NER), which is the ratio tively correlated with the universalisation of primary education. Lit-
of enrolled children in the primary age group to total number of chil- eracy rate in Andhra Pradesh has grown to 87 percent for people aged
dren in the same age group, has shown a decline from 81.78 in 2012- 15-24 as of 2011 census, from 74 percent in 2001. Literacy rates have
13 to 72.17 in 2014-15. NER for upper primary level is much lesser not been officially calculated post-2011 census. Though the improve-
and has fallen from 60.12 in 2012-13 to 58.2 in 2014-15. ment is commendable the state is still far away from universal adult
This downward trend, instead of an expected progress, is alarming literacy, which is a crucial factor in the future vision of the state.
and highlights the fact that large number of children are still out of Universal primary education cannot be achieved only with a good
school. Despite of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory retention rate. If children are not attending school in the first place,
Education Act (RTE) being in place, the situation of such high pro- the positive outcome of retention rate will be neutralised. Hence, the
portion of children not attending school is particularly appalling. focus area for Andhra Pradesh should be saturating the net enrolment
At the same time, it must be mentioned that NER is under-estimated and thereafter maintaining complete retention.
due to problems in measurement methodology. The declining rate of
6
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
Status Summary:
Target 4
Eliminate gender disparity in primary, secondary education, preferably
by 2005, and in all levels of education, no later than 2015
Indicators Values Target
Ratio of girls to boys in primary edu- 0.94 (2014-15) 1
cation
Ratio of girls to boys in secondary 1.01 (2011-12) 1
education
Ratio of girls to boys in tertiary educa- 0.77 (2011-12) 1
tion
Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 0.92 (2011) 1
years old
Share of women in wage employment 22.9 (2011-12) 50
in the non-agriculture sector
Proportion of seats held by women in 10.3 (2015) 50
state legislature
7
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality
Status Summary:
Target 5: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the Under-five
Mortality Rate
Child mortality has been crucial indicator of the availability, use and
access of health systems by the population, especially children, as
well as a reference to their nutritional conditions.
Under-five Mortality Rate reflects the social, economic and environ-
mental conditions in which children (and others in society) live, in-
cluding the quality of health care. Andhra Pradesh achieved signifi-
cant progress in reducing Under-five Mortality Rate expressed as
number of deaths per 1,000 live births, in the recent past. From 63.2
in 2005, it has come down to 41 in 2015, close to the target of 33.
Infant Mortality Rate, also which is expressed as number of deaths
per 1,000 live births, has declined from 54 in 2007 to 39 in 2015,
against the target of 23.33.
The proportion of one-year-old children immunised against measles
in Andhra Pradesh has increased considerably over the years. In 2005
-06, about 70 percent of the target group was immunised. Consider-
ing the fact that vaccination coverage of above 90 percent is required
to stop transmission of the virus, Andhra Pradesh accelerated its ef-
forts and was consequently projected to achieve 100 percent immun-
isation in 2015.
8
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health
Status Summary:
Target 6: Reduce by three quarters between 1990 and 2015, the
Maternal Morality Ratio
Indicators Values Target
Maternal health is equally important for the mother and the child.
Evidence from across the world shows that a child whose mother dies
during childbirth is highly unlikely to survive. Maternal Mortality
Ratio has been used an indicator of the capacity of health systems to
provide effective health care in preventing and addressing the com-
plications occurring during pregnancy and childbirth.
During 2004-06, the Maternal Mortality Ratio of Andhra Pradesh,
expressed as number of deaths per 1,00,000 live births, stood at 154.
By 2015, it was projected to be less than half, at 74.4. Though the
target of 85.18 could not be achieved, the state has undoubtedly
achieved remarkable progress in improving maternal health.
Assistance by properly trained health personnel during pregnancy and
childbirth is key to management of complications and lowering ma-
ternal deaths. The state has performed better in ensuring that more
births are attended by skilled personnel. The proportion of births
attended by skilled personnel was 75.6 in 2007-08 but was estimated
to reach saturation stage (100) by 2015.
9
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other Diseases
Status Summary:
Target 7: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS
Indicators Values Target
HIV prevalence among pregnant 0.51 Reverse
women aged 15-24 years (2012-13) prevalence
Condom use rate of the contra-
ceptive prevalence rate among 0.2 (2015-
--
currently married women aged 16)
15-49 years
Percentage of population aged 15-
24 years with comprehensive 43 --
correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS
Target 8: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of
malaria and other major diseases
Indicators Values Target
Malaria Incidence Rate- people
affected by Malaria as a percent- 27.8 (2014) --
age of total population
Proportion of tuberculosis cases
81.7 (2013) --
detected and cured under DOTS
Death rate associated with Tuber-
6.4 (2012) --
culosis
Indicators for monitoring the HIV epidemic and the impact of inter-
ventions are crucial. Changes in HIV prevalence reflect changes in
the rate of new infections (HIV incidence). Trends in HIV preva-
lence for young age groups are considered to better reflect a coun-
trys overall trend in HIV incidence and risk behaviour.
Prevalence among pregnant women aged 15-24 years is the major
chosen indicator to track progress in addressing the threat of HIV.
Since about 40 per cent of all new HIV cases are among people 15 to
24 years old, this indicator is especially important. From 1.59 percent
in 2005, Andhra Pradesh has seen reduction in the value of this indi-
cator to 0.51 percent in 2012-13. The target set was to reverse preva-
lence; and the state has experienced both reversal and slight increase
during the above period.
Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate among current-
ly married women aged 15-49 years is another crucial indicator to
measure progress in addressing HIV. From 0.7 percent in 1992-93,
the rate has fallen to 0.2 percent in 2015-16. This is not a positive
development, as condom is considered one of the safest contraceptive
against HIV.
The third indicator on HIV is the percentage of population with com-
prehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS. This indicator reflects
the success of information, education, and communication pro-
grammes and other efforts in promoting knowledge of valid HIV
prevention methods, and in reducing misconceptions about the dis-
ease and ultimately decreasing the risk of transmission. From 18
percent in 2001, the value of the indicator has climbed to 43 percent
in 2015, which stands as an evidence to the states successful efforts
in creating awareness among its population regarding HIV.
Malaria is a threat to global health, especially in many of the devel-
oping countries. However, Andhra Pradesh has significantly reduced
malaria incidence in the recent decades. Malaria incidence per lakh
population has fallen in the state from 45 in 2011 to 27.8 in 2014.
The death rate associated with the disease has remained almost zero
percent across the recent years.
10
Detecting tuberculosis and curing it are key interventions for address-
ing poverty and inequality in many countries and therefore finds
place in the MDG framework. Directly Observed Treatment Short
(DOTS) course is a WHO-recommended strategy for treatment of
tuberculosis. Under DOTS in Andhra Pradesh, 87 percent of the reg-
istered cases were cured in 2008. In 2013, the figure was reduced to
81.7. The death rate associated with tuberculosis has dropped, from
7.3 percent per lakh population in 2009 to 6.4 in 2012. A similar
trend is observed in the case of tuberculosis incidence rate, which has
fallen from 78.6 in 2011 to 73.2 in 2013.
11
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Status Summary
gests that the state is fast progressing in the right direction. Further-
Target 9: Integrate the principle of sustainable development into country
policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources more, the state government is committed to provide safe drinking
Indicators Values Target water and sanitation facilities to its population in saturation mode by
Proportion of land area covered 22.51 2019. Additionally, the gas grid being set up by the state will ensure
--
by forests (2014-15)
Ratio of area protected to main- clean cooking fuel for every household in the near future.
tain biological diversity to 3 (2013-14) --
surface area Slum population as a percentage of urban population is a key indica-
Improve from tor measuring the adequacy of the basic human need for shelter.
982
Per capita energy consumption 802.3 (2006-07
(2015-16) Overcrowding, inadequate housing, lack of improved water and im-
value)
Proportion of households using
solid fuels
38 (2015) -- proved sanitation are associated with health risks and are often detri-
Target 10: Halve, by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable mental to human and economic development. As a percentage of
access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Indicators Values Target
urban population, slum population in the state has grown in Andhra
Proportion of population with Pradesh between the last two Censuses. From 34.9 percent in 2001, it
access to improved water 72.7 (2015) 77.75 stands at 38.3 percent as of 2011.
source
Proportion of population with
53.6 (2015) 54
access to improved sanitation
Target 11: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the
lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
Slum Population percentage of Reduce from
38.3 (2011)
urban population 34.9 (2001 value)
12
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development
Status Summary
Target 18: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the
benefits of new technologies, especially information and communica-
tion
Indicators Values
13
Appendix 1: MDGs - Status of Performance of Andhra Pradesh
14
Appendix 1: MDGs - Status of Performance of Andhra Pradesh
Target 10: Halve, by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
15
Appendix -2: MDGs- AP's Performance Data Sources
16
Appendix -2: MDGs- AP's Performance Data Sources
17