01 Introduction To Directional Drilling

Quartz School fortoWell
8.1. Introduction Site Supervisors

Directional Drilling
Module 8
Directional Drilling
Section 1
Introduction to DD
C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 1/39

8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling
Definition of Directional Drilling
DD is the operational procedure

followed for planning and deviating a
well bore along the planned course to
a subsurface target whose location is
at a given lateral distance, vertical
depth and direction from the origin at
surface.

Applications of Directional Drilling

Directional Drilling Applications
Sidetracks Inaccessible Locations
Salt Dome Drilling Fault Controlling

Directional Drilling Applications
Relief Wells Platform - Offshore
Drainage Multilaterals
Historical Background
- the late 1920s

1st application of oil well surveying using the acid bottle
inclinometer
- 1929
Directional inclinometer with magnetic needle.
- the 1930s
1st controlled directional well drilled
(initially for unethical purposes, to cross property lines)
- 1934
Controlled DD was used to kill a wild well.
Beginning of controlled DD

Significant Events:
< 1950 Magnetic Single Shot
(survey after drilling) 1960s Mud Motor
(versatile kick off tool)
1970s Steering Tool
(survey while drilling)
1980 MWD
(mud pulse telemetry - no wireline)
1980s Steerable Motor
1980s LWD
(log quality Data)
1988 Horizontal Drilling
(drilling for drainage)
1990s GeoSteering
(geologic vs geometric steering)
1999 Rotary Steerable Drilling
200? Better Measurements/Data Rates, Multi-Laterals?.?

Well Bore Deviation Methods

Well Deviation with Rotary Assemblies
All BHAs cause a side force at the bit, leading to

change hole inclination
Positive side force-Build Inc.

Zero Net Side force-Hold Inc.
Negative Side force-Drop Inc.
Fulcrum Effect: Builds Inclination

Packed Effect: Holds Inclination
Pendulum Effect: Drops Inclination

Three factors affecting bit side force are:

Mechanical characteristics of the BHA
The gauge and placement of stabilizers and other BHA
components
The diameter, length and material of the BHA
components
Bit type
Drilling parameters applied to the BHA
Weight on bit
Rotary Speed
Circulation or flow rate
Formation being drilled
Positive Side Force Weight on Bit
With WOB we can induce Bit Tilt by

moving the tangent closer to the bit and
thus generate a Build Force (positive
side force).
If the Build Force is great enough it will

become greater than the pendulum force
and an increase in hole angle will result.
Bit Tilt
Hole Direction

Negative bit side Force

Forces acting on a bit in an inclined hole
Side force with zero WOB

Build Hold Drop Drop
Stabilizer Placement and resultant side forces

Well Bore Deviation by Jetting
Used in soft formations
One large bit nozzle oriented to the desired direction
Near Bit Stabilizer and limber assembly
Wash a pocket in the formation
Spud and rotate, wash, until angle is built
Continue building with rotary BHA
Azimuth corrections more difficult with > inclination

Well Bore Deviation with Open Hole Whipstock
Used in medium to hard formations
Bit, NB Stab. pinned to whip and conveyed to bottom
Tool Face oriented
Whip is wedged on bottom and pin sheared
Undersized pilot hole is drilled
Only one joint drilled before POOH the BHA
Pilot hole opened up and process repeated

Well Bore Deviation with Dynadrill in early 60s
First commercial PDM
Hydraulic power to Mech. power driving the Bit
String kept stationary - only sliding
Bent sub above motor provides side force to the bit
Deflects the hole trajectory - kick-off from vertical,

sidetrack, correction run, etc.
Very efficient when compared to contemporary

deflection devices, (jetting, whipstocks ..)

Well Bore Deviation with Steerable Motors in Late 80s
Bend closer to the bit reduces bit
offset for equivalent curvature.
Bent Sub Steerable < bit offset = < component stress
Motor -Rotation possible without concern
Early 60s Late 80s for component failure.
After kick-off, drill tangents, adjust

trajectory without POOH.
-Bit walk and build/drop tendencies
not always predictable with rotary
BHAs.
Efficiency achieved with motor bits,

multi-lobe power sections and
wireless MWD.

Well Bore Deviation with Steerable Motors in Late 80s
PDM - Basic Components

Top Sub crosses over from Stator to drillstring. (also
dump valve, flexed sub..)
Power Section - Rotor/Stator
Transmission shaft transforms eccentric rotation to

concentric rotation.
Bearing assembly
Drive Sub

Well Bore Deviation with Steerable Motors SLB PowerPack Motor
89 models from 2 1/8 in. to 11 1/4 in.
PowerPak XP & GT extended power sections
PowerPak XF & XC short radius drilling
Oil seal or mud lubricated bearings

Well Bore Deviation with Steerable Motors
SLB PowerPak Fleet performance ranges
Size Range - 2 1/8 - 11 1/4
Hole Size - 2 3/8 - 26
Lengths - 8.4 - 32.02
Flow Range - 20 gpm - 1700 gpm
Bit Speed - 45 rpm - 640 rpm
Power Output - 6.5 hp - 750 hp
Torque Range - 90 ft.lbs - 1550 ft.lbs

Well Bore Deviation with Steerable Motors
Hydraulic power to Mechanical for powering the Bit.
Versatility - flexible components, sensors added, variety of formations &

conditions.
Short & Medium radius curves possible
Reduction in:
BHA component weight.
String rotation.
Casing wear.
String vibration.
Issues:
Hole tortuosity.
Bit life, matching bits to motor/formation
Slide drilling
Stator strength (length & BHA response)

Well Bore Deviation with Rotary Steering Systems

(Last Generation of DD Tools developed in Late 90s and 00s)

Well Bore Deviation with Rotary Steering Systems
Types of Rotary Steering Systems:
Point the Bit System

Uses one non rotating sleeve which performs geo stationary reference.
The motor axis is deflected while rotates.
The bit is so displaced laterally from its central axis, pointing in the desired
direction.
Push the Bit System

Uses one non rotating sleeve with retractable pads
When a pad is out contact the wall of well bore and pushes the bit in the
opposite direction.

Baker Hughes Inteq Rotary Steering System
AutoTrak
Push the bit System
Requires continuous lateral
contact with well bore 5.6m
(18.4 ft) V ibration
R es is ti vity
11.2m G am m a r ay
(36.8 ft)
6.6m
(21.7 ft)
5.4m
(17.7 ft)
5.0m
(16.4 ft)
4.0m
(13.2 ft)
Inc linatio n
0 .9 m
(3 .0 ft)

Halliburton Rotary Steering System
GeoPilot
Point the bit System
Requires lateral contact with well At-Bit Inclination 3 ft w/ azimuthal gamma ray
bore Outer housing rotates slowly
Anti-rotation wheels limit rotation
Non rotating external component Maximum DLS reduced with redesign

Precision Drilling Rotary Steering System Revolution (Point the Bit)
Non Rotating Sleeve

Neutral Mode
Drill Holding
Angle
Directional
Mode Deviate
hole
Pistons located
underneath the NRS
Axis
deflection by Deflects shaft with universal joint at each end to
72 pistons Lie to one side of non rotating housing

GyroData Rotary Steering System
WellGuide Point the Bit System
20 feet long non rotating section
Centralizer Mechanism Activate
6 3/4
3/4 Tool Size available

100% Rotational Steering Systems

Schlumberger Rotary Steering Systems
All Rotational Tools No stationary components
Power Drive Xtra

Push the Bit system
Power V
Automatic Push the Bit system
No Downlink required
Power Drive Xceed
Point the Bit system
Power Drive Vortex
Power Drive plus Down Hole
Motor to increase bit rpm for
Performance Drilling applications

Power Drive Xtra Directional tool that allows changes

in direction and inclination of well
bore performing directional control in
2 or 3 dimensions while the drilling
string is continuously in rotational
mode
All PD components rotate with the
drill string
Directional control is performed in
real time from surface by sending
commands in form of flow rate
variations to make adjusts both in
direction and inclination
NO SLIDING IS REQUIRED!!!
PowerDrive = Schlumberger RSS
A 3-D fully Steerable tool capable

of changing both the inclination
and azimuth of the well bore while
maintaining continuous drill string
rotation
All external components rotate with

string RPM (Schlumberger only)

Power Drive Xtra Steering Principle
Apply side force to the bit to initiate a side cutting action

Pads extend dynamically from the rotating housing (bias unit)
TF controlled by orientation of internal valve assembly
Defines at which point during its rotation that a pad will actuate
Dogleg is controlled by alternating between non-rotary and rotary control
of the valve assembly relative to space

PowerDrive BHA Controlling Factors
Control variables
Bit characteristics
Stabilizer gauge
Mud Hydraulics*
Flex characteristics

PD Xceed Rotary Steerable System

Push the Bit / Point the Bit Differences


01 Introduction To Directional Drilling

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Quartz School fortoWell

8.1. Introduction Site Supervisors

C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 1/39

Definition of Directional Drilling

DD is the operational procedure

C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 2/39

Applications of Directional Drilling

C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 3/39

Directional Drilling Applications

Sidetracks Inaccessible Locations

Salt Dome Drilling Fault Controlling

Relief Wells Platform - Offshore

- the late 1920s

C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 6/39

200? Better Measurements/Data Rates, Multi-Laterals?.?

C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 7/39

Well Bore Deviation Methods

C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 8/39

All BHAs cause a side force at the bit, leading to

Positive side force-Build Inc.

Fulcrum Effect: Builds Inclination

C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 9/39

Three factors affecting bit side force are:

Positive Side Force Weight on Bit

With WOB we can induce Bit Tilt by

If the Build Force is great enough it will

C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 11/39

Negative bit side Force

C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 12/39

Build Hold Drop Drop

Stabilizer Placement and resultant side forces

Used in soft formations

One large bit nozzle oriented to the desired direction

Near Bit Stabilizer and limber assembly

Wash a pocket in the formation

Spud and rotate, wash, until angle is built

Continue building with rotary BHA

Azimuth corrections more difficult with > inclination

C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 14/39

Used in medium to hard formations

Bit, NB Stab. pinned to whip and conveyed to bottom

Tool Face oriented

Whip is wedged on bottom and pin sheared

Undersized pilot hole is drilled

Only one joint drilled before POOH the BHA

Pilot hole opened up and process repeated

C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 15/39

Well Bore Deviation with Dynadrill in early 60s

First commercial PDM

Hydraulic power to Mech. power driving the Bit

String kept stationary - only sliding

Bent sub above motor provides side force to the bit

Deflects the hole trajectory - kick-off from vertical,

Very efficient when compared to contemporary

C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 16/39

After kick-off, drill tangents, adjust

Efficiency achieved with motor bits,

C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 17/39

PDM - Basic Components

Power Section - Rotor/Stator

Transmission shaft transforms eccentric rotation to

C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1 18/39

89 models from 2 1/8 in. to 11 1/4 in.