Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 34

Chapter 17

Kelarutan dan Keseimbangan

Brady and Senese


5th Edition

1
Fenomena garam sukar larut dalam air
Fakta-fakta menunjukkan terdapat sejumlah garam
yang mudah larut (... NaCl dan AgNO3, ...) dan yang
tidak larut (... AgCl dan CaCO3, ...).

Kenyataannya: pada garam-garam tidak larut, ketika


dimasukkan ke dalam air, terdapat sejumlah kecil
garam yang larut dan membentuk suatu keseimbangan
ion-ion terlarut, contoh:
AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Kajian lebih lanjut menunjukkan setiap garam tidak


larut memiliki karakteristik kelarutan masing-masing,
yang ditunjukkan oleh nilai keseimbangan Ksp.

17.1. An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it 2


Fenomena garam sukar larut dalam air
Fakta-fakta menunjukkan terdapat
sejumlah garam yang mudah larut
(... NaCl dan AgNO3, ...) dan yang
tidak larut (... AgCl dan CaF2, ...).

Kenyataannya: pada garam-garam


tidak larut, ketika dimasukkan ke
dalam air, terdapat sejumlah kecil
garam yang larut dan membentuk
suatu keseimbangan ion-ion terlarut,
contoh:
CaF2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2F-(aq)

17.1. An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it 3


Konstanta hasil kali ion terlarut
Contoh: Kajian lebih lanjut
menunjukkan setiap
AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) garam tidak larut
memiliki karakteristik
kelarutan masing-
Ksp = [Ag+][Cl] = 1,8 10-10 masing, yang
ditunjukkan oleh nilai
konstanta hasil kali ion terlarut keseimbangan Ksp.

17.1. An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it 4


Arti konstanta hasil kali ion terlarut
Contoh:
AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Ksp = [Ag+][Cl] = 1,8 10-10

Kelarutan AgCl = 1,34 x 10-5 M

Nilai yang tetap pada suhu tetap


penambahan salah satu ion ke
dalam air akan mengurangi
kelarutan (efek ion senama)

Apabila dalam suatu larutan hasil kali ion-ion


Q > Ksp lewat jenuh
terlarut (Q) melebihi Ksp garam akan diendapkan
Q = Ksp jenuh
digunakan sebagai dasar pada pemurnian
Q < Ksp tidak jenuh
dengan cara kristalisasi

17.1. An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it 5


Efek ion senama
Contoh:

6
Learning Check
Write the reactions and mass action expressions for the
dissolution of the following substances in water:

Ag2CO3
Ag2CO3(s) 2Ag+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
Ksp = [Ag+]2[CO32]
(NH4)2SO4
(NH4)2SO4(s) 2NH4+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
Ksp = [NH4+]2[SO42]

17.1. An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it 7


Learning Check
What is the molar solubility of AgCl at 25 C?

AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)


I N/A 0 0
C -x +x +x
E N/A x x

AgCl Ksp 1.8 10-10


x2 = 1.8 10-10
molar solubility = 1.3 10-5 M
17.1. An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it 8
Learning Check
What is the molar solubility of Ca3(PO4)2 at 25 C?
Ca3(PO4)2(s) 3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq)
I N/A 0 0
C -x +3x +2x
E N/A 3x 2x

Ca3(PO4)2 Ksp 2.0 10-29


> (3x)3(2x)2 = Ksp
> molar solubility = 7.1 10-7 M

17.1. An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it 9


Your Turn!
What is the molar solubility of Ba3(PO4)2?
Ksp = 1.30 10-29
A. 1.17 10-7 M
B. 2.17 10-20 M
C. 6.55 10-7 M
D. None of these

17.1. An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it 10


Learning Check
Given solubilities, we can find Ksp
The solubility of an salt, A2B3, is found to be
3.0 10-5 M. What is the value of Ksp?
2.6 10-21

If the solubility of a salt, AB2, is found to be


2.5 10-6 M, what is its Ksp?

6.3 10-17

17.1. An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it 11


Learning Check: Common Ion Effect
What is the molar solubility of Ca3(PO4)2 in 0.1 M
Na3PO4? Ksp= 2.0 1029
1. Na3PO4 is strong electrolyte - ionized at the start
Na3PO4 3Na+(aq) + PO43-(aq)
0.1 M 0.3 M 0.1 M
2. Ca3(PO4)2 3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq)
I N/A 0 0.1 M
C -x +3x +2x
E N/A 3x 0.1 + 2x 0.1

> (3x)3(0.1)2 = Ksp > molar solubility 4.2 10-10 M


17.1. An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it 12
Learning Check: Common Ion Effect
Calculate the molar solubility of BaSO4 in 0.1 M
BaCl2. Ksp = 1.1 10-10
1. BaCl2 is a strong electrolyte.
BaCl2 Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
0.1 M 0.1 M 0.2 M

2. BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)


I N/A 0.1 M 0
> x(0.1) = Ksp
C -x +x +x
> 1.1 10-9 M
E N/A 0.1 + x 0.1 x

17.1. An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it 13


Your Turn!
What will happen to the solubility of Ba3(PO4)2 if
solid BaCl2 is added?
A. It increases
B. It decreases
C. It does not change
D. Not enough information given

17.1. An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it 14


Learning Check
Will the following form a precipitate?
20.00 mL of 0.1 M CaCl2 + 20.00 mL 0.01 M Na2CO4
CaC2O4(s) Ca2+(aq) + C2O42-(aq) Ksp = 2.3 109
Ksp = 2.3 109 = [Ca2+][C2O42]
Qsp = 0.00025 Qsp > Ksp a precipitate will form

10.00 mL of 0.1 M Pb(NO3)2 + 10.00 mL of 0.001 M CaCl2


PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) Ksp = 1.7 105
Ksp = 1.7 105 = [Pb2+][Cl-]2
Qsp = 1.3 10-8 Qsp < Ksp no precipitate will form

17.1. An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it 15


Your Turn!
Pb(NO3)2 is added to a solution of HCl until the
mixture is 0.1 M in Pb2+ and 0.005 M in Cl-. Will a
precipitate form? Ksp = 1.7 10-5
A. No
B. Yes
C. Not enough information is given

17.1. An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it 16


Meningkatkan kelarutan garam atau oksida
Garam-garam atau oksida yang sukar larut dalam air, dapat
ditingkatkan kelarutannya dengan penambahan asam

Contoh:
Ksp (CaCO3)
1/K2 (H2CO3)

Ktotal = Ksp (CaCO3)/K2 (H2CO3)


Ksp (CaCO3) = 4,5 x 10-9
K2 (H2CO3) = 4,7 x 10-11

jauh lebih besar dari Ksp Ktotal = 4,5 x 4,7 x 102 = 2,1 x 103
[Ca2+] [HCO3-]
Ktotal =
[H3O+]
kelarutan semakin besar jika
[Ca2+] [HCO3-] = [H3O+] 2,1 x 103
[H3O+] semakin tinggi

17
Meningkatkan kelarutan garam atau oksida

Kelarutan CaCO3
semakin bertambah
pada kondisi larutan
yang lebih asam

18
Meningkatkan kelarutan garam
Garam-garam yang sukar larut dalam air, dapat ditingkatkan
kelarutannya dengan penambahan basa Lewis senyawa kompleks

Contoh:

AgCl AgCl dalam air


dalam dan ditambah-
air kan NH3

19
Meningkatkan kelarutan garam
Garam-garam yang sukar larut dalam air, dapat ditingkatkan
kelarutannya dengan penambahan basa Lewis senyawa kompleks

Contoh:

20
Meningkatkan kelarutan garam
Garam-garam yang sukar larut dalam air, dapat ditingkatkan
kelarutannya dengan penambahan basa Lewis senyawa kompleks

Contoh:

21
Kelarutan oksida dan sulfida
Kelarutan oksida atau sulfida dalam air bisa terjadi karena O2- atau S2-
bersifat sangat basa, sehingga bereaksi dengan air membentuk OH-

Contoh: +
Ag2O(s) 2 Ag (aq) + O(aq)
2-
Ksp

O(aq)
2-
+ H2O(l) 2 OH (aq) Kb
+ -
Ag2O(s) + H2O(l) 2 Ag (aq) + 2OH(aq) Knet

Ag2S(s) 2Ag+(aq) + S2-(aq) Ksp


S2-(aq) + H2O OH-(aq) + HS-(aq) Kb
Ag2S(s) + H2O OH-(aq) + HS-(aq) + 2Ag+(aq) Knet

17.2. Solubility equilibria of metal oxides and sulfides involve reaction with water 22
Learning Check
What is the molar solubility of BaCO3 in 3 M HCl?
BaCO3 Ksp = 5.0 109
H2CO3 Ka1= 4.3 107 Ka2 = 4.7 1011

BaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) H2CO3(aq) + Ba2+(aq)


I N/A 3 0 0
C -x -2x +x +x
E N/A 3 - 2x x x
K sp 5.0 10 9
K net = = = 2.47 1010
K a1 K a 2 ( ) (
4.3 10 9 4.7 10 11 )
x2
= 2.47 1010
( 3 2x ) 2
1.50 M
17.2. Solubility equilibria of metal oxides and sulfides involve reaction with water 23
Your Turn!
What is Knet for the molar solubility of Ba3(PO4)2 in 6
M HCl?
Ba3(PO4)2(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2H3PO4(aq) + 3BaCl2(aq)
K sp
A.
Ka 2
Ka 2
B.
K sp
K a1 2 K a 2 2 K a 2 2
C.
K sp
K sp
D.
K a1 2 K a 2 2 K a 2 2

17.2. Solubility equilibria of metal oxides and sulfides involve reaction with water 24
Pengendapan garam secara selektif
Suatu ion dapat berkompetisi dalam mengendapkan suatu
garam dari campuran ion-ion karena nilai Ksp yang
berbeda-beda

Contoh: penambahan ion Cl- ke dalam campuran garam


nitrat dari Ag dan Pb, akan mengendapkan AgCl ketika nilai
Ksp-nya terlampaui

17.3. Metal ions can be separated by selective precipitation 25


Learning Check
What concentration of I- is needed to precipitate one ion but not
the other in a mixture of 0.1 M Pb2+ and 0.1 M Ag+?
AgI(s) Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) PbI2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq)
Ksp = [Ag+][I-] = 8.3 10-17 Ksp = [Pb2+][I-]2 = 7.9 10-9

[I-] = 8.3 10-16 M


AgI tdk mengendap AgI mengendap
AgI
batas konsentrasi I- jenuh

[I-] = 2.8 10-4 M


PbI2 tdk mengendap PbI2 mengendap
PbI2
batas konsentrasi I- jenuh

AgI dan PbI2 tidak AgI mengendap AgI dan PbI2


mengendap PbI2 tdk mengendap mengendap
Learning Check
At what pH will one ion ppt but not the other in a mixture of
0.1 M Mn2+, 0.1 M Fe3+?
Fe(OH)3(s) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) Mn(OH)2(s) Mn2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
Ksp = [Fe3+][OH-]3 = 1.6 10-39 Ksp = [Mn2+][OH-]2 = 1.6 10-13

Fe: pH = 1.40 Mn: pH = 8.10

pH

17.3. Metal ions can be separated by selective precipitation 27


Your Turn!
When a solution containing 0.1 M Ca2+ and 0.01 M
Mg2+, what concentration of CO32- will precipitate
one but not the other?
A. 5 10-8
Ksp
B. 5 10-7 CaCO3 4.8 10-9
C. 5 10-6 MgCO33H2O 4.0 10-5
D. All of these will do
E. None of these will do

17.3. Metal ions can be separated by selective precipitation 28


Learning Check
What pH will prevent the precipitation of any metal ions
in 0.1 M H2S, 0.1 M Cu2+, and 0.1 M Pb2+?
Cu2+(aq) + H2S(aq) 2H+(aq) + CuS(s)
Kspa = 6 1016
Cu 2+ [ H 2S]
6 1016 =
2
H+

Pb2+(aq) + H2S(aq) 2H+(aq) + PbS(s)


Kspa = 3 107

Pb 2+ [ H 2S] CuS pH= -6.61 PbS pH= -2.26


3 10 7
=
2
H+

pH
17.3. Metal ions can be separated by selective precipitation 29
Complexation and Kinst
Complex ions are charged particles in which a
metal ion is surrounded by anions or molecules
called ligands, L
Complex ions are soluble, hence complexation is a
means of dissolving some solids
Complexes are governed by the instability
constant, Kinst
M(L)nm+(aq) Mm+(aq) + nL(aq)
When we reverse an equation, we invert K, thus
Kform = 1/Kinst.

17.4 Complex ions participate in equilibria in aqueous solutions 30


Aqueous Metal Ions are Complex Ions
In the solvation of ionic compounds, ions are
dissolved in water through ion-dipole interactions
Water acts as a ligand, the Lewis base that forms a
coordinate covalent bond with the metal

17.4 Complex ions participate in equilibria in aqueous solutions 31


Learning Check
What is the concentration of Cu2+ available when
10.0 mL 0.1 M Cu2+ are combined with 10.0 mL of
0.01 M NH3?
Kform = 1.1 1013

Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq)

0.048 M

17.4 Complex ions participate in equilibria in aqueous solutions 32


Learning Check
Calculate the molar solubility of Ag2S in 2 M NH3.
Ag2S Ksp = 6.0 10-51 [Ag(NH3)2+] Kinst= 6.3 108

Ag2S(s) + 4NH3(aq) 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + S2-(aq)

1.8 10-12 M

17.5 Complex ion formation increases the solubility of a salt 33


Your Turn!
What is the molar solubility of Co2S3 in 6.0 M NH3
A. 1.8 10-11 M Co S + 12NH 2Co(NH ) 3+ + 3S2-
2 3 3 3 6
B. 4.6 10 M (2x)2 (3x)3 Ksp
-57
57
= = 5.37 10
C. 2.3 10-3 M (6 12x)12 Kinst
2

D. None of these 108x 5 57


12
= 5.37 10
6
x = 1.61 10-10

[Co(NH3)6]3+ Kinst = 2.2 10-34


Co2S3 Ksp = 2.6 10 -124

17.5 Complex ion formation increases the solubility of a salt 34

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi