Biol 436

Suggestion -
You are welcome to
(encouraged/strongly advised
to) record the class lectures!
 Biol 436 - Human Physiology Lab

Dr. Karin Norgard-Sumnicht

AKA Dr. Norgard-Sumnicht

Office (South) SLS 346

Office hours: To Be Posted on Blackboard under "Syllabus" in a week or less. I will
not have office hours this first week.

E-mail: knorgard @ mail.sdsu.edu

I teach a few different Physiology courses, so please let me know which class you are
in!

Blackboard - Biol 436-CX is the combined sections of this class, it will have all class
material.
NOTE: Cover May Be
Different Color

This is Optional, the CD will be available in the

lab and background material will be provided.
 Biology 436 Human Physiology Lab Syllabus Fall 2016
Department Reminder: Students Are Responsible for Paying Lab Fees
Dr. Karin Norgard-Sumnicht - Office (South) LSS 346, E-mail: knorgard@mail.sdsu.edu
Office Hours: Will be posted soon on Blackboard under "Syllabus"
Week of: Topic (N) Norgard-Sumnicht et.
al.
(Z) Zao et. al.
Bring Your Lab Manual To Every Lab Meeting!
Aug. 29 Notebooks, Computers, Graphs & Homeostasis (N) - All Intros & Ex 1
Write-Up Sept. 5 Online Lecture & Lab Due to Monday Holiday. (Z) - 1 & 8
Subject Transport & Digestion Must be
completed before Lecture on Sept. 12th
Sept. 12 Diffusion, Osmosis, Cell Membrane Permeability (N) - Ex 2
Write-Up 19 Earthworm Nerve Study (Read Ex 3 Before Lab) (N) - Ex 3 & 4
26 Human Reflexes & Receptors (N) - Ex 5
Write-Up Oct. 3 Human Skeletal Muscle Study (N) - Ex 6
10 Exam 1 October 10th during Lecture Time (Z) 11
Blood Analysis Simulation in Labs
17 Cardiac Muscle Demo & Simulation (Z) - 6
24 CV Dynamics (Z) - 5
Write-Up 31 Human Electrocardiograms (N) - Ex 7
Nov. 7 No Lecture and No Labs - Veterans Day Extended
Holiday
14 Human Respiratory Study (Z) - 7 & 10A
21 No Lecture and No Labs - Thanksgiving
28 Human Response to Exercise (N) - Ex 8
Dec. 5 Kidney Simulation (Z) - 9 & 10B
FINAL Dec. 12th. Last day of lecture. No
Exceptions!
* Norgard-Sumnicht et. al. - Lab Exercises for Human Physiology
** Zao et.al. - PhysioEx 9.1 is a simulation provided for in the classroom

CLASS ADVICE: This will be a very fast paced course and at times intensive, it is assumed that since
you have already taken a physiology class (or are currently enrolled), that only comprehensive reviews of
the material covered in the labs will be required and given. Being an upper division, undergraduate
laboratory course also implies that you demonstrate a fairly "in depth" knowledge of physiology as
determined by examination.

Important Note: Attendance of labs is mandatory! Attendance is taken at

each meeting, and missing more than one lab without a legitimate excuse
will result in a failing grade.
The Body is Predictable If
it werent, we wouldnt be
able to practice medicine!
 What is Physiology?

Physiology: study of how body

works to maintain life
Pathophysiology: how physiological
processes are altered in disease
or injury
The Blue
Planet
Body-Fluid Compartments
Body has intracellular &
extracellular compartments
Intracellular is inside cells
Extracellular is outside cells
Separated by cells outer membrane
Extracellular is composed of blood
plasma & interstitial fluid
 Homeostasis
Is maintenance of fairly constant internal
conditions
Around physiological set points
Maintained by negative feedback loops
 Negative Feedback Loops

Sensor: Detects
deviation from set
point
Integrating center:
Determines response
Effector: Produces
response
Homeostasis

Fig 1.4
As organisms increase in complexity, this leads to
specialization.
What systems do humans have?
 Transport Across Membranes
1. Diffusion
a. Passive/Simple
b. Facilitated
2. Active Transport
a. ATP-Driven
b. Ion-Gradient(Electrochemical)-Driven
(AKA Secondary Active
Transport)
3. Exocytosis and Endocytosis
 Transport Across Membranes
1. Diffusion
a. Passive/Simple
b. Facilitated
2. Active Transport
a. ATP-Driven
b. Ion-Gradient(Electrochemical)-Driven
(AKA Secondary Active
Transport)
3. Exocytosis and Endocytosis

The key to any diffusion is that molecules normally

move from areas of high concentration to low
concentration.
 Transport Across Membranes
1. Diffusion
a. Passive/Simple
b. Facilitated
2. Active Transport
a. ATP-Driven
b. Ion-Gradient(Electrochemical)-Driven
(AKA Secondary Active
Transport)
3. Exocytosis and Endocytosis

Channels & Carriers/Transporter

Rates of 107-108
ions/sec
 Discovery of Carriers/Transporters

Transport via Channels

Living Cell

Micelle or Artificial Cell Membrane

Normal blood glucose concentration = 80-120mg/dl or 4.4-6.6mM

 One molecule MUST move down its concentration
gradient; the second molecule DOES NOT have to,
if it doesnt, this is referred to as Secondary
Active Transport.
 Transport Across Membranes
1. Diffusion
a. Passive/Simple
b. Facilitated
2. Active Transport
a. ATP-Driven
b. Ion-Gradient(Electrochemical)-Driven
(AKA Secondary Active
Transport)
3. Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Active transport using an ATP-powered pump
 ATP is required

Na+/K+ ATPase Pump

 Transport Across Membranes
1. Diffusion
a. Passive
b. Facilitated
2. Active Transport
a. ATP-Driven
b. Ion-Gradient(Electrochemical)-Driven
3. Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Transport of nutrients through intestine and into
cells can only occur if food is digested (broken
down to their basic monomers).
There are 3 major categories of biomolecules
whose monomers are given below:
Biomolecule Monomer
carbohydrates -> monosaccharides
proteins -> amino acids
lipids -> fatty acids and monoglycerides
The digestive system is
actually a long tube
which stretches
throughout our body and
is continuous with the
outside world. (It is not
really part of our
insides!)
Accessory organs include:
liver, pancreas and gall
bladder, which dump
substances into the small
intestine to allow for
digestion.
 Buccal Cavity (Mouth)

Mastication = Chewing - shears food to

smaller pieces and mixes with saliva to add
high water content to food.
Amylase begins to chemically breakdown
some of the carbohydrates covering the
cells.
Deglutition = Swallowing - Initially
voluntary (1st 1/3 of esophagus under
skeletal muscle control, begins movement
to stomach. Last 2/3s involuntary under
smooth muscle and autonomic nervous
system control).
Sterilization of food by addition of HCl (part
of immune innate system).
Mixing, separation and unfolding of
biomolecules (carbohydrates, proteins and
lipids).
Preliminary cleavage of proteins to smaller
peptide molecules by the enzyme pepsin.
Regulates Homeostasis by slow release of food
into small intestines. This has two important
consequences: small amounts of food entering
small intestine can be completely digested,
prevents huge surge of food molecules from
entering blood stream preventing plasma from
becoming hypertonic.

Stomach
The Small Intestine is considered the only real site for
Chemical Digestion!
Liver makes/secretes bile. The
bile is a solution of salts of
cholesterol and pigments from
the breakdown of hemoglobin
that is stored in the gall
bladder: serves as emulsifying
agent to disperse fat droplets,
so that lipase can act upon the
lipids (primarily
triglycerides).

Pancreas secretes HCO3-

(bicarbonate) to neutralize
acid.
It also secretes enzymes ie.
trypsin, aminopeptidase,
amylase, maltase, lipase.
 Digestion: The Role of Enzymes
What is an enzyme?

A type of catalyst, almost all of which are proteins! In fact, of all

the proteins which cells make, a huge percentage are enzymes.

What is a catalyst?

A substance that promotes a chemical reaction without undergoing

permanent change. A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.

Enzymes are very specific as to which molecules they interact with,

this is referred to as their substrate specificity.
7.3 7.4 7.5