Equivalent Circuits I
BY FRANK M. STARR*
Associate, A.I.E.E.
Synopsis.-Equivalent circuits have been found valuable in
the solution of certain problems in that they simplify the analysis.
Furthermore, equivalent circuits provide a means of replacing mag-
netic coupling with simple impedance links thereby permitting the
use of the calculating boardfor solution.
In Part I of this paper, the general equivalent mesh for the n-
winding transformer is derived, and other less rigorous transformer
circuits are discussed and compared.
In Part II the mesh equivalent for the general network having
(m + 1) points of entry is derived and its application is explained.
The generalizations of Parts I and II provide a background for
INTRODUCTION
VARIOUS authors have used equivalent circuits
from time to time in analyzing certain particular
problems.' The present paper presents general
methods of attack suitable for applying equivalent cir-
cuits to a great variety of problems. The particular
problems treated here concern transformers and
networks.
In general, any problem which can be analyzed with
an equivalent circuit can be analyzed without it. How-
ever, the equivalent circuit may be useful for any or all
of the following reasons:
1. Since the equivalent circuit represents only termi
nal conditions, it is frequently simpler than the actual
machine
machineororcircuit.
2. It facilitates and reduces calculation in some cases,
and even though the amount of calculation has not been
reduced, it will have been speeded up and systematized.
3. The equivalent circuit aids in visualizing the
problem.
4. Since the equivalent circuit is made up of simple
impedance links,ins,
impdace ay readily
itt may eail bebese on the calcu-
uponthecacu
set up
lating board,t thereby lending itself to the solution of
complicated networks.
The particular problem which prompted the present
study was that of representing a system of coupled cir-
cuits by an equivalent composed of simple impedance
links. This problem arose primarily through the diffi-
culty experienced in adequately representing on the
calculating board groups of parallel transmission lines
in which zero phase currents were flowing. In order to
represent such a group, it is desirable to replace it with
*Central Station Engg. Dept., General Electric Company,
Schenectady, N. Y.
The calculating board is referred to in numerous places
throughout the paper. It is understood that, in general, an a.-c.
board will be required since both resistance and reactance are
involved in the circuits developed here. If resistance may be
neglected, the d-c. board will be adequate.
1. For numbered references see BibliographyT.
Presented at the Winter Convention of the A.I.E.E., New York,
N. Y., January 25-29, 1932.
287
32-21
the particular problem treated in Part III in which the study of sys-
tem networks involving groups of parallel transmission lines is con-
sidered. The usually difficult problem of accurately determining
ground fault currents in such a system is readily solved by applying
the special equivalent circuits developed in Part III to a calculating
board set-up of the system. These circuits are particularly valuable
in the solution of any problem involving an analysis of the zero phase
impedance diagram of a system.
The methods and circuits developed in this paper are perfectly
general and have many evident applications other than those treated.
* * * * *
an equivalent circuit in which mutual impedances be-
tween the lines are simulated by simple impedance links.
Closely related to the problem of coupled circuits,
and probably a broader one, is the general network
problem. In the study of transmission and distribu-
tion networks, it is often desirable to simplify and reduce
them. One method of doing this (the method general-
ized in this paper) is to replace the actual system with
an equivalent network having the minimum number of
links required to satisfy terminal conditions.
In order to treat the above mentioned problems ade-
quately, the present paper is divided into Part I in which
the general mesh linkage to represent n electrically
isolated but magnetically coupled circuits is developed,
and the corresponding star-mesh equivalent is derived;
Part II in which the equivalent mesh linkage to repre-
sent a general network having any number of points of
entry iS derived; and Part III in which, by means of the
generalizatVons developed in Parts I and II, a number of
special equivalent
three, and circuits
four parallel representing
transmission linesgroups of two,
under various
c a
codtin ar deie. Temto faatn hs
circuits to a calculating board set-up of the zero phase
diagram of a system is fully explained.
The two generalized equivalents discussed in Parts I
and II are quite broad and should find many applica-
tions other than those cited in this paper.
It should be pointed out here that only linear circuits
and networks are dealt with in the present paper. It
should also be noted that the circuits developed here
are, in general, equivalent only at a single frequency,
although certain particular ones are equivalent at all
frequencies.1
Part I
THE TRANSFORMER PROBLEM
In practise, the multi-circuit problem frequently pre-
sents itself, that is, the problem of a number of circuits
each having a self impedance and a mutual impedance
with every other circuit. Notable examples are the
tCircuits independent of frequency are shown in Figs. 8, 9, 11,
12, 13, and 14.
288 STARR: EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS-I Transact;ions A. I. E. E.

multi-winding transformer, a group of parallel trans-
mission lines, the multi-winding generator, etc.3 The
usual problem in such systems is to determine the cur-
rent in each branch having given the voltage impressed
across each circuit.
The multi-circuit problem may always be solved
analytically. However, it frequently happens that to
A1
In Fig. lb is shown a conventional equivalent for the
two-winding transformer. This circuit consists of the
primary leakage impedance, Z1 (resistance plus leakage
reactance), the secondary leakage impedance, Z2, and
the load impedance, ZL, all three of which must be
expressed on a common voltage base since the same cur-
rent flows in each. If a is the ratio of primary to
secondary turns, then the values of Z1 and Z2 referred
to the primary are in terms of the characteristic A

An2
At(
A}2 (a)
coefficients,
Z A= A11-A12a (1)
Z2= A22a2 - A12cx (2)
Note in particular that this circuit neglects magnetiz-
Zi 22 <}) (b) ing current, and that it does not simulate the voltage
ZL7 transformation of the actual transformer. The circuit
of Fig. lb is quite useful in calculating regulation since
Al- A12 A22-A1 2 magnetizing current in a loaded transformer can usually
be neglected. This equivalent is universally used to
^1:2
A (C) represent the two-winding transformer in the single line
, : !2 diagram of a polyphase system. Similar circuits have
been developed for the three-winding transformer* the
1 Zni double-winding generator, etc.
Now consider the circuit shown in Fig. lc, which like-
za rzj2'
i (d) wise represents a two-winding transformer with loaded
secondary. Unlike the circuit of Fig. lb, this circuit
gives actual voltage transformation. Moreover, it does
I All 1 not neglect magnetizing current. The magnetizing
-A12 12 (e)
A2 ~~~~~~2 )2

FIG. I-VARIOUS EQ-UIVALENT CIRCUITS FOR THE Two- r A 21

WINDING TRANSFORMER 12
a. The two-winding transformer
b. Equivalent circuit used for calculating regulation, magnetizing current AlK
being neglected. This circuit gives no voltage transformation tA/
c. Eqwivalent circuit which gives voltage transformation and does not AKn
neglect magnetizing current. This circuit must be viewed from one winding
only, since it falls down when viewed as a 4-point network
d. A rigorous equivalent for the two-winding transformer which cannot be
distinguished from the actual transformer under any imposed terminal
conditions
e. An equivalent equally as rigorous as that of Fig. ld, but much simpler

do so involves a prohibitive amount of labor, in which

case it is desirable to set up the system on the calculat- FIG. 2-A SYSTEM OF n ELECTRICALLY ISOLATED BUT MAG-
ing board for solution. If the board is to be used, the NETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
system of coupled circuits must be replaced by an Such a system may be replaced by an equivalent mesh of n(2 n - 1)
equivalent linkage, since magnetic coupling of ade- links connecting each of the 2n points of entry in all possible ways. For
quate flexibility usually cannot be simulated on the example of equivalent mesh when n = 2, see Fig. Id
calculating board.
calculating board.
Before discussing the general equivalent circuit for the ~~~~impedances
of the primary and secondary are respec-
o A22. The short-circuit
n-winding transformer, which is derived in Appendix A, tively A11 and impedance of the
it seems pertinent to consider other well known equiva-
fl A
lents for coupled circuits, and to point out their limita- A IA22 -A122
tions as compared with the present development. Z A22 (3)
In order to study the various types of circuits, the
two-winding transformer shown in Fig. la will be *Mr. A. Boyajian demonstrated the value of this type of circuit
in analyzing the three-winding transformer in his paper, Theory
analyzed. Here,
Hee, A11ll is$ te
analzed the prmar
primary self
sef oor magnetizin
impedance, A22 iS the secondary impedance, and A 15i manetZ12 of Three-Circuit he
the sa,me pa,per, Transformers, TRANS. equations
writes the general Feb.setting
A.I.E.E., for 1924. upIna
the mutual impedance between the windings. similar type of circuit for the n-winding transformer.
June 1932 STARR: EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS-I
Thus, it is seen that the circuit of Fig. lc more nearly
represents the actual transformer. However, as a net-
work having four points of entry (i. e., 1, 1', 2, and 2'),
the equivalent of Fig. ic is still not strictly correct.
For example, the impedance between points 1 and 2,
ZI-2 is infinite on the actual transformer, whereas on the
equivalent circuit, this impedance has a finite value.
The General Equivalent Circuit. A true equivalent
circuit for a transformer is one which cannot be dis-
tinguished from the actual transformer by any observa-
4 A11
/ XX
"IN>
WrL\_\\
2 (a)
\2 3/
i t 9 % (b)
4
FIG. 3
a. Diagrammatic representation of the general network composed of
many erratic links a,nd having (m + 1) points of entry. A general network
of this type may be simplified by replacing it with an equivalent mesh whose
links are easily evaluated in terms of simple impedance measurements made
at the termiinalssetn
b. Example of the equivalent mesh for a network having five points of
entry, the fifth point being considered as a ground point
tions which can be made at the terminals. Evidently
the circuits (b) and (c) of Fig. 1 fall down in this respect.
In Appendix A, there is derived a general equivalent
circuit for the n-winding transformer having 2n points
of entry. This circuit is a mesh composed of n (2n - 1)
impedance links, one connecting each point of entry
with every other point of entry. It is shown that the
impedance of the link connecting the two points of entry
of some winding j, i. e., points j and j', is the driving
poin impdanc
fro poit j;and he lnk cnnecing
two points of entry of two different windings, say points Geo. A. Campbell in his pa,per, Cisoidal Oscillations, PROC.
j and k' of windings j and k, is equal to the transfer A.I.E.E., 1911. Equations for the n-winding transformer, how-
impedance between points]j and k '. ever, have never been published.
289
In Appendix A, it is further shown how these link
impedances may be measured directly or calculated
from known transformer constants, the A coefficients.
The general equivalent circuit for the two-winding
transformer* is shown in Fig. ld, and is seen to consist
of a six-link mesh, the values of which are4-8
2
z AIIA22-A
A22
A 11A22- A122
=
A=-ZI2 Zl2 ~~~~~~
Zl = ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Zi72
A11A22- A12
A12
(6
Although there are six links, it is evident from the
above equations that only three of them are indepen-
dent, since four links have values differing in sign only.
(a) (b)
FIG. 4-THESE DIAGRAMS ARE GIVEN TO SHOW THAT AN
EQ-UIVALENT MAY NOT ALWAYS BE UNIQ-UE
The circuit (a) has 11 links only, 9 of which are unique and indepen-
dent since, by the indicated Y-delta transformations, it may be reduced to
circuit (b) which has only 9 links. Note that the number of points of entry
has not changed
A circuit which is much simpler than that of Fig. ld, but
equally as rigorous and having identical properties, is
that shown in Fig. le. This circuit is seen to be a com-
bination mesh and star arrangement, and may be ar-
rived at by simple reasoning from the mesh of Fig. ld.
Since the self-impedance of any winding is independent
of the other windings, its value need not appear in any
of the mutual links if it be lumped as a radial link at the
A adA
terminals of the circuit. Thus,s1a22
equal to zero in equations (4), (5), and (6), and inserting
radial links having impedances equal to A11 and A22 in
terminals 1 and 2 respectively, one will obtain the cir-
cuit of Fig. le. This latter circuit is much more useful
than that of Fig. Id since the mutual links are purely
reactive, the resistances appearing only in the terminal
links. This arrangement avoids the possibility of nega-
tive resistance appearing in any link.
In an entirely similar manner, the mesh equivalent of
any number of coupled circuits may be simplified and
rendered more useful by reducing to a combination star-
*The circuit for the two-winding transformer was given by
290 STARR: EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS-I Transactions A. I. E. E.

mesh arrangement. A rigorous proof for this trans-
formation is given in Appendix A.
Part II
THE NETWORK PROBLEM
In the study of the behavior of a large transmission
and distribution system, the transmission lines and con-
nected apparatus are commonly represented by an ap-
propriate single line diagram, all units of connected
equipment being replaced with suitable impedance links.
In most cases, no trouble is experienced in mapping out
the single-line diagram, at least none for the positive and
A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A-
1 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The values of the links of the equivalent mesh which
is to replace the general network may be determined
either by direct calculation from the network constants
or by measurements made at the terminals of the net-
work. It is shown in Appendix B that the impedance of
A
f
2 d
ia 2 4

1 2 1 2 3

p4

2 2 2- 4 ~~~~~~FIG. 6-EQULIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR THE ZERO-PHASE DIA-

FIG.GRAM OF THE SYSTEM SHOWN IN FIG'T FOR ATGROUND.FAULT AT
POINT P
S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L 2

fy~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A

B ab2 C
f f

FIG. 5-SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM OF A SYSTEM OF TRANSMISSIONab

LINES123
This system is made up of several groups of parallel lines. In Figs. 8 to D LC
14 is given a number of equivalent circuits to represent such groups when
the zero-phase diagram is to be set up on the calculating board b

G
negative phase diagrams,* since standard methods are 4 t C

available for doing this.9'10

In setting up the single line diagram on the calculating
board, for purposes of simplification, it may be desirable
to replace either the whole system or some section of it L-3
with an equivalent impedance mesh which has the same
number of points of entry but a greatly reduced number
of links.12 For example, Fig. 3a shows a complicated FIG. 7-EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR THE ZERO-PHASE DIA-
network of impedance links having (m + 1) points of GRAM OF THE SYSTEM SHOWN IN FIG. 5 FOR A GROUND FAULT AT
entry. It is shown in Appendix B how such a network POINT Q
may be replaced with an equivalent mesh having
m (m + 1) the link connecting any two points of entry such as j
2 11nks, one connecting each point of entry and k is equal to the transfer impedance between the
pointsyj and k, i. e.,
with every other point of entry. The equivalent mesh Z =jk(7)
for a five-point network is shown in Fig. 3b (note that=
m = 4 and that the m + 1 point is considered as a It is further shown that the impedances of the links
ground point for purposes of analysis). of the equivalent mesh may be calculated by determi-
nants in terms of the through impedances of the net-
*The zero-phase single-line dia.gram of a system is not so easilywok(ytruhipdnebwenaywoons
set up if the system involves groups of parallel transmission lines.
TLvis particular problem is discussed fully in Part III of the paper. such as j and k is meant the impedance between these
June 1932 STARR: EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS-I 291

points with all other points open). In terms of the The methods developed in Appendix B apply to any
notation defined in Appendix E general network provided the impedances are linear and
Am~c provided there are no internal voltages. Note that,
zj - -c (8) although a network is usually composed of simple

I I 01 1 1
1 2
0 C 2 C
2 3

___ _-
a ~~~~~~~~~a
~~~~~~~~~~ fh ~l
0b
0 22
Fig.8
2 ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~0
k
3
Links: | d
b =(MII-Mi2) Conditions: AllI Mutual Impediances Fi.1
Cb (M22-112) Indapendent. Fig. lO
Links: I1mpedances Independent.
Conditions:All Mutual
a= ( Mii-Mn- Mz3 t Mi3) Links:
ab(MjMj22 M23 MM13 MM13(M13-M14)1034) (M1-Mi4(M13M24-M12M34)
Mi13
c - (33 M12- M23 + M13)
- b= (M22z M24 M12) h= (M13 M24 M12 M34) -

. (M23+ Ml2) (M23 - M 13) M4 M24- M34

M13 C= (M33- M34M13) i (M-Mi2 )
5=(M2l+
Mil) ( Mu - Md3) (M24-M34)(Mi4-Miz) k(Mj3M24-M12M34)(Mi2M34-M23M14)
d= M,44-4+ (M3 1-Mi2)
M 13 M14(Mi3M24-M23M14)
f_(M23+ M12) (MW.M-14 )( M2;MZM3)) I-(M 12 M34)
M~ M24~-M34 \3M14.
a
d a
0 2 h

j 2
3 0O >
f e
c
Fig.li 3
Conditions: M13= M23 g d
Links: 4
a= (Mul
- M12i c=(M33-M13) Fig. 12
b= (M22- M 12) d=(M12 M 13)
-
Condition5: M23= M13 M24
e=M 13 a=M13
~~~~Links:
Lnk: M14-

1 M1a-Ml.
a- 12+(MTZ.M13)(M14a-M24) f=(MI2-Mi3)
(liM4 9
o ~~~~~~~~~~(M.34-M24)
0
d b
2
b= (Mz2
\ MI2M24)\
M14 I 9M24M24(Ma2M34-M15M24\
(M23- J M12-MI3 J
C 3
C=4M33 M34)M
M14 I
h=(Mi2 M34- M13M24)
-(M34- M24)
Fig. 13 (M34-M24)(M14-Ml) =(Mi2 M34 -M13 M24)
Conditions: M2=M23= M13 d 44M31 (Mi2-Mi3) (MiZ-?l3)
Links:_M3
a=Mhl-M12
3)MV.M34-M1aMz M
2=M3 M34..3M24
*P
b= M22-M12 a
I c M33- M12 e
d M 12b
2
C 3
C.
vAC4
Fig. 14
Conditions: M13=M23, M14= M24=M34
Links:
a=(Mii- Mi2) d=(M44-Mi4)
b2(Mu2-Mi2) =- ( M 12- M13)
C=(M 33-M 13) f = M 13- M14)
g=Ml4

FIGs. 8-14

where the characteristic coefficients of the determinants impedance links, the general network as it is considered
z\?, 2and Qc jiare here may involve magnetic coupling between any of its
Cj= Zjo(9) elements. In fact, the general network mesh may be
= ZIC.O
OAk Ci k = Z/>- (~ ~10
( ) applied directly in obtaining an equivalent mesh derived
~in Appendix A for the n-winding transformer is much
Ik__
-7H ~~25AL_Z (11) simpler and more appropriate to the transformer prob-
lem than is the general network mesh.
292 STARR: EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS-I Transactions A. I. E. E.

Part III canonical equations which completely define such a sys-

THE ZERO PHASE SYSTEM DIAGRAM tem are'7
As pointed out above, the zero phase diagram of a V1 = Ali Ii + A12 I2 + . . A1in In
system which involves parallel transmission lines does
not lend itself so readily to a calculating board set up.
This is owing to the fact that, when zero phase currents
are flowing in the parallel lines, the mutual magnetic
coupling between them cannot be neglected; neither can Vk = Akl 1 + Ak2 12 + . An In (la)
it be adequately represented with the usual calculating
board equipment.*
A typical example of a system involving groups of
parallel lines is shown in Fig. 5. The analytical deter-
mination of the currents in every branch of this system
due to a ground fault is practically impossible, but if V, = Anl Il + A,2 12 + . . Ann In
each group of parallel lines is replaced with an equiva- in which Vk is the voltage impressed across the terminals
lent linkage, the calculating board may be applied to k and k' of any circuit k, and Ik is the current flowing
obtain an exact solution. from k to k'. If Ak is the characteristic impedance co-
A group of circuits representing two, three, and four efficient, there is in a conservative system
parallel lines under various conditions is shown in Figs. Aik =Ak1 (2a)
8 to 14 inclusive. The derivation of these circuits is
discussed in Appendix C. Since more than four parallel Note that coefficients of the form A1k represent mu-
lines seldom exist for any great distance, equivalents for tual impedances (or reactances in this case) of the sys-
groups of more than four lines have not been derived. tem, whereas coefficients of the form A11 represent self
However, should a case arise in which more than four or magnetizing impedances.
parallel lines do occur, appropriate circuits may be Solving equation (la) for the currents
readily developed by applying the rules outlined in B1, V, + B1, V2 + . . . B1. V,
Appendix C.
In regard to this special group of equivalents for
parallel lines, it should be noted that:
1. The values of impedance links are short usable
expressions in terms of the self and mutual impedances
of the lines, which are constants usually known. Ik Bkl V1 + Bk2 V2 + . . . Bkn Vn (3a)
2. Negative impedance links may usually be avoided
in the application of these circuits (the circuit of Fig. 10
being excepted) thereby permitting the use of the d-c.
calculating board where resistance may be neglected.
3. The self-impedance of each line appears only in the In = Bn1 V1 + Bn2 V2 + . . . Bnn Vn
radial link at the terminal, the mutual links being purely in which18
reactive. This arrangement insures that negative re-
sistance will always be avoided. QA- jk
To illustrate the utility of these special circuits, the Bik = Bk3 - (())+t (4a)
zero phase diagram of the system of Fig. 5 is set up for
the solution of ground faults in Appendix D. The where
equivalent network is fully developed for two different All A12 . . . . Aln|
fault conditions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Z\nA = AklAk2. . . Aic,, (5a)
The author gratefully acknowledges the aid of Miss
Edith Clarke in critically reviewing the manuscript.
Appendix A Anl-A,2. . .A
THE GENERAL EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR THE and QA- k is the cofactor of A1k, in /\n-As (i. e., the minor
N-WINDING TRANSFORMER of An1A with the j'th column and k'th row deleted), the
Consider the system of mutually coupled circuits sign of which is (- 1)i +k
shown in Fig. 2, and having 2n points of entry. The n (n 1)
*I is conceivable that actual transformers might be used for Teeaencofietsneqton(), 2
this purpose, but the multiplicity of windings with the highly
:lexible couplings required make such a method impracticable. of which are independent. Therefore an equivalent
June 1932 STARR: EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS-I 293

linkage which represents the system must have 2n indicated in equation (7a), or calculated as indicated in
n (n + 1) equation (4a).
points of entry and at least 2 independent The Combination Star-Mesh Equivalent. The general
equivalent developed above for the n-winding trans-
links. A convenient equivalent linkage which satisfies former may be reduced to a much simpler combination
these conditions is the straight mesh consisting of a sys- star-mesh equivalent, the derivation and proof of which
tem of links, one connecting each point of entry with follow.
every other point of entry (for example of mesh when Let equation (4a) be rewritten as
n = 2,seeFig.ld).
Evaluation of the Links of the Equivalent Mesh. In V1 - All I1 = 0 + A12 I2 + + Al, In
order to evaluate the links of the equivalent mesh, let
all points of entry of the actual system be grounded
except point k of circuit k. Then all impressed voltages
except Vk will be zero and equation (3a) becomes
I = Blk Vk Vk- Akk Ik =AklIl + Ak2 I2+. + Ak In

Ik = Bkk Vk (6a)
Vn-Ann In = A II + An2 12 + .. . O
I,n = B.k Vk (1Oa)
If the condition of grounding is likewise applied to Considering the left-hand members of equation (lOa)
the equivalent mesh, there results the analagous group as the impressed voltages, and solving for currents as
of relations before, one obtains
- Vk Vk I= Bli1 (V1-All11) + B'12 (V2- A22I2) +
I1= Z
- + B'1l (Vn - Ann In)

Vk
1k
= (7a) Ik = B'kl (V1 - All I,) + B1k2 (V2 - A22 I2) +
+ B'kn (Vn -Ann In)

-Vk Vk
in - 8_ -t
kjn Zkn'
where ZyI, is the impedance of the link connecting any in B'nl (VI - All I,) + B'n2 (V2 - A22 12)
+
two points of entry j and k. The relations of equation B L - nn
(7a) follow from the fact that the link connecting point The B coefficients are primed in this case to distin-
k with the grounded point k' carries current Ik, and the guish them from those of equation (3a). In the same
link connecting point k with any point such as j or j' manner that equation (3a) was interpreted to represent
carries current Ij. This must be true since all links be- a 2 n-terminal mesh (such as that of Fig. 4b for n = 3),
tween pairs of grounded points can carry no current. equation (lla) may be interpreted to represent a simi-
From equations (6a) and (7a), the following general lar mesh except that the impressed voltage on circuit
relations are evident: k is (Vk - AkkIkk) instead of Vk. The impedances of
the links of the new mesh will be
Zk\ = B
Bkk (8a) B'I1 (12a)
=

B,k= -ZJ'&=-Zjrp'=-Zjm (9a)1

It may be observed that links of the equivalent mesh Zk'= Bkk(1)
connecting the two points of entry of the same winding 1
are driving point impedances, and links connecting Z'p* = B, = Zyjtk = - Z/'k' = -Z'Jy;
points of entry of different windings are transfer im- B 'k
pedances, all of which may be measured directly as (14a)
294 STARR: EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS-I Transactions A. T. E. E.

Since Ik flows into point k, and since AkkIkk is a volt- where

age drop due to Ik alone, then this drop may be replaced C1l C12 . Cl
with a series impedance link equal to Akk in the terminal
of point k. It is evident that the combination star-
mesh is exactly equivalent to the pure mesh since a volt- 'Amc = Clcl Ck2 Ckm| (4b)
age Vk is impressed at terminal k and a current Ik flows
into terminal k in both circuits. Note that the radial
impedance link may be placed in either terminal k or k', Cml Cm2 . . . . Cmm
or may be distributed in both.
The relations between the C and D coefficients of
Appendix B equations (lb) and (2b) are exactly analagous to the
THE EQUIVALENT MESH LINKAGE FOR A GENERAL NET- relations between the A and B coefficients of equations
WORK HAVING ANY NUMBER OF POINTS OF ENTRY (la) and (3a). In equation (3b) above, Qc-Sk is the co-
Consider the general network shown in Fig. 3a, which factor of C,k in Am-C, Since a mesh composed of
it is desirable to replace with an equivalent mesh link- m (m + 1)
age. Assume this network to have (m + 1) points of 2 links connecting (m + 1) points of entry
entry, where m is any number. Let the (m + 1) point
of entry be the ground point or point of zero potential. in all possible ways may be just as completely defined by
If a point of zero potential does not exist, this terminal equations (lb) and (2b) as the network itself, it follows
may be arbitrarily specified as such in order to provide that the network may be replaced by an equivalent mesh
a reference point for the voltages impressed at the other m (m + 1)
m terminals. having (m + 1) points of entry and 2 links.
The canonical equations which define the network at
its terminals are17 The equivalent mesh representing a network having five
V10 = CllIl + C12 I2 + . . + ClmI. points of entry is shown in Fig. 3a.
Referring to Figs. 3a *and 3b, let a voltage Vk
be impressed at point k of the network and let all other
points of entry be grounded. Then equation (2b)
becomes
Vko = CklIl + Ck2I2 + + CkrIn1m (lb) Vko 1
I, Dlk

VmO = Cm1I1 + Cm2I2 + ... + CmmIm

where VkO is the voltage impressed from any point k to Vko 1
ground, Ik is the current flowing into point k, and C1k is Ik Dkk (5b)
the characteristic impedance coefficient whose value is
to be determined.
The solution of equation (lb) for currents gives
I, = D11V1o + D12V20 + . . A+ Dim VmV
VkO 1
Im Dmk
Now let the same conditions obtain with the equiva-
Ik =D.1Vlo + Dk2V20 + .k. . VmO (2b) for
lent mesh (the five-point mesh of Fig. 3b may be used
reference).. Current entering ground from any
grounded point j will be negative in sign and must flow
through the link Zjk, since links connecting all grounded
points can carry no current. In general then
Im =DmiVio + Dm2V20 + . . . . + DmmVm0 k 1
Expressed by means of determinants as functions of l = - Z}i = - Zi3 D- (6b)
the C coefficients, the D coefficients are iDjh
* jikj=
~~~~ _ 1)'
QkAm-c k (3b) The link connecting points k and o is not the driving
~~~~~point impedance from k to ground as might be supposed
June 1932 STARR: EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS-I 295

by analogy with equation (8a), but rather the transfer through impedance measurements (or calculations) of
impedance between points k and o. Thus, the network.
VkO (71) Appendix C
1
= Z.> =
j =m (7b) EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS FOR Two, THREE, AND FOUR
xDk PARALLEL TRANSMISSION LINES BUSSED AT ONE
END
j=1
j=m rnFor purposes of analysis, a group of parallel lines
=m
bussed at one end may be considered as a network.
where 10 = Z) 'I Thus, two parallel lines constitute a three-point net-
J=1 work, three parallel lines constitute a four-point net-
The method of measuring the D coefficients is evi- work, etc. Since the lines are bussed, the through
dent from equation (5b). impedance between any two points of entry of such a
Evaluation of the C Coefficients. The C coefficients of network will be finite, and therefore equations (13b),
equation (lb) may be, evaluated by measuring . volt- (14b), and (15b)outmay
~~~~~~~As
ppointed
applied. B, a network having
in beAppendix
ages, whereas the D's were evaluated by measuring cur- .
(m + 1) points of entry might be represented by the
rents. In equation (lb), let all currents except Ik equal general mesh equivalent.
equivalentHowever, a network may
nmbe
zero (i. e., let all points of entry except k be opened up). rened byohother s avngthe sam
Then, Then, ~~~~~~~~~~~represented
by equivalents having the same num-
ber of independent links provided the arrangement of
VkO = CkkIk (8b) links is unique and non-reducible. Circuits of this type
V2O = CjkkI (9b) are shown in Figs. 8 to 14 inclusive, and are seen to be
combination star-mesh arrangements. The reasons for
whereu Vwishen vorrentltagewappearimeng betwe
pointJan adopting
ground when current ',k flows. By impressing a voltageevdnfrmteolwigeiainsthese particular linkage arrangements will be
to ground on each of the terminals in succession, and
measuring the voltage to ground appearing on each of Two PARALLEL LINES BUSSED AT ONE END, FIG. 8
the open terminals, equations (8b) and (9b) will suffice
to determine all C coefficients. If it is not convenient Consider the case of two parallel lines bussed at one
to measure voltages, the following method is available. end and having self-impedances of Mi, and M22j,* and
Referring to equation (lb), let all currents equal zero having a mutual impedance between them of M,
The system is a three-point network, and may be repre-
except I, and Ik where j and k are any two points of
I.
entry. Also let the condition + Ik = 0 be imposed. sented by two voltage equations. If the bus be con-
sidered as the ground or zero point, there is from equa-
Then tions (13b), (14b), and (15b), noting that the M coeffi-
Vjo IjCjj + IkCjk
=
(lOb) cients replace the C coefficients in this case,
Vk0 IjCik + IkCkk
= (llb) Z10 M (IC)
which when solved for currents give = (2c)
V2O - VkO ZI-0 + Z2 - Z1- 2
I =Cii + Ckk -2 Cik 2 =M12 (3c)
(12b)
Zj-k m (m +A1)
where Z0-k is the through impedance between terminals Since there are 2 or 3 independent coeffi-
jiandk.
Referring again to equation (ib), let VO be impressed cients which describe the system, there must be a mini-
to ground at k with all other points open. Then the mum of three links in the equivalent. Either a Y or
through impedance from any point k to ground is a delta satisfies the necessary conditions, but a Y is
simpler and will be used here. Referring to Fig. 8,t
Vk0 one may write
k = -= Ckk (13b) = aA- c (4c)
Z2-o= bA-c (5c)
Also Zjo= C2, (14b) Z12= a A- b (6c)
From equations (12b), (13b), and (14b) ____
A-o Zk O-i
= C10 (15b) x is a reactance corresponding to self-inductance. The mutual
*By self-impedance is meant a term of the form (r + jx) where

2 ~~~~~~~~~coeffcient Mjk iS purely reactive. In some cases, resistance may

be neglected, in which cases all coefficients aJre reactive.
Equations (13b), (14b), and (15b) give the funda- tThis circuit was derived by Edith Clabrke in Simultaneous
mental relations between the C coefficients and the Faults, (see Bibliography 5).
296 STARR: EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS-I Transactions A. I. E. E.

From equations (1c) to (6c), it follows that where D = e +f+ g + h +i (20c)

a = Mll-M12 (7c) Applying the general equations (13b), (14b), and
b = M22-Mt2 (8c) (15b) simultaneously as before, and solving equations
c = M12 (9c) (lOc) to (19c) simultaneously, one obtains for the im-
pedances of the ten links,
FOUR PARALLEL LINES BUSSED AT ONE END, FIG. 12 (Mll - M13) (M14- M24)
M
Here the method of attack is exactly the same as in 12- (M34- M24)
the previous case. In this case,
m (m +1) b = M22- (22c)
m = 4, =10, M1
2
and the minimum number of links is ten. The radial c = M33 - 1M~34 M1~3 (23c)
links a, b, c, and d identify the self impedance coeffi- M14
cients, and the links in the loop identify the mutuals. (M34 -M24) (M14 -M13)
Link j has been included to illustrate a principle. d = M44- M34 + -M(24c)
Note in the simultaneous equations below thatj appears
in exactly the same manner in each equation. Hence, it (M23-M13){M, -M13 M24 \
will be automatically eliminated in the solution and can- e = M12 M34 - ) (25c)
not be considered as an independent link. The circuit 13 34- 24
of Fig. 12 does not have, then, the requisite ten links (M12 - M13)
but has only nine, one mutual link being deficient.
Since six mutual impedances are being expressed in
f =(M - M14) g (26c)
terms of five links, it is necessary that one of the mutuals ( M23- M24 M12 M34 - M13 M24 \
be related to the others in some manner. In general, g = (27c)
one may choose which mutual is to be independent. M2 M12 - M13
From Fig. 19, the ten circuit equations for this case M12 M94-M13 M24
are h = M?4-M2 (28c)
M34- (M24
(e 4f +D g 4i) h
Zi-o= a +j4 (+ (lOc) M12M34- M13M24
=-
=(k (29c)
Z2- 0 = b +j + (b+g+i)(^+ (1c) j=0 (30c)
D and the condition that

Z3-0 =C + + (h + e +f)
D
(g + i) (12c) M23
M142)M2 M13M24
(h + e + f + g) If the parallel lines are grouped at equal spacings in
Z4-0 = d + j + D (13c) the same horizontal plane, the above relation is closely
approximated, and the circuit may be used without
(f + g + i + h) e great error. However, it is shown in Appendix D that
Zl2= a + b + D
D (14c) when this circuit is used as a part of a major network, it
may be applied without any error by shifting the un-
(g + i + h) (e + f) balanced part of M23 to another part of the system.
ZI-3 = a + c + D (15c) The circuit which provides ten fully independent
links for the case of four parallel lines is shown in Fig. 10.
(e + f + g) (h + i) Preference is to be given to the circuit of Fig. 12 how-
ZI-4 = a +d+ D (16c) ever, when it can be used, because of its simplicity and
because of the absence of negative links.
(g + i 4- h +7e) f Rules for Setting Up Equivalent Circuits. From the
Z2-3= b + c+ D (17c) foregoing analysis and discussion, the following rules
for setting up an arbitrary equivalent circuit to repre-
(h + e 4-i) (f + g). sent any network having (m +-1) points of entry and
Z2-4=b74+d4+ D (18c) having finite impedances between each pair of terminals,
may be inferred:
(h + e 4-f4-i)g 1.points
The equivalent circuit must have the same number
Z3.4=c4-d4-
Z3-4=c d +
~~~D (9)of
(9) of entry as the network.
June 1932 STARR: EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS-i 297

2. Assign the (m + 1) point of the network as the dotted lines shown in Fig. 5. Further note in Fig. 5
ground point to which all voltages may be referred. that D and E are the same bus but are considered as
3. Set up an equivalent linkage having a minimum of separate circuits since the lines form no mutual with
m(m + 1) those from D. Circuit J is not associated with a bus,
2 links, remembering that: but merely consists of two parallel lines with four points
of entry. It is necessary to segregate this portion of
m(m-1) lines 1 and 4 emanating from G for the case of a fault at
a. 2 of these links must be mutual with Q. For the case of the fault at P, the constants of cir-
cuit J are included with those of circuit G.
more than one circuit. Bus G has four lines, all of which are mutually coupled
b. It must not be possible to reduce the equivalent, for a certain distance. Space does not permit the inclu-
by a Y-delta transformation or similar artifice, to sion of the circuit constants which were used in the solu-
one having fewer links (for example, see Fig. 4). tion of this particular system. However, although the
c. There must be no link common to all of the m relation M23 = M13 M24/M14 is not quite satisfied by
circuits in the same way (for example, see link j the actual system constants, (the actual value of M23
Fig. 12). being slightly greater than that obtained from the above
d. More than the required number of links, if used relation), the circuit of Fig. 12 was applied. The addi-
judiciously, often simplify the result (for example, tional impedance mutual between lines 2 and 3, which
see link c Fig. 9). could not be included in this circuit, was added to the
e. If less than the required number of links are mutual link between lines 1 and 2 emanating from bus I.
used, there will be as many coefficients which are not Of course this shifting of mutuals is permissible only
independent as there are deficient links. provided it is not intended to examine voltage condi-
4. Evaluate the M coefficients by measuring or cal- tions at some point in the equivalent circuit between
culating the through impedances of the network and buses G and I.
applying equations (13b), (14b), and (15b). In setting up the equivalent system shown in Fig. 6
5. Set up the values of the through impedances of the for a fault at point P, it was found that in no case did
equivalent circuit in terms of the unknown links. any of the circuits involve negative links. The signifi-
6. Solve simultaneously the m (m + 1) relations of cance of this fact is that, in case resistance may be neg-
items 4 and 5 above. lected, the lay out may be adapted to a d-c. calculating
board. Note that the circuit shown in Fig. 6 may be
Appendix D used without change for a number of fault conditions
APPLICATION OF THE SPECIAL CIRCUITS OF APPENDIX C such as any bus fault for example.
TO THE ZERO PHASE DIAGRAM OF A TRANSMISSION The zero phase impedances in the machines and
SYSTEM transformers are included in the L links shown in Figs.
To illustrate the utility of the special circuits shown 6 and 7. Incidentally, it presumably is evident that any
in Figs. 8 to 14 inclusive for representing groups of lumped reactance in a line, such as a transformer reac-
in the zero phae
transmission lines inthezer
parallelparaleltrasmisionlins phase dagrm tance, may be added directly to the self reactance of the
diagram oOf
a system, the following typical problem and solution line and the total used as a coefficient in setting up the
given.
are
equivalent circuit.
Problem. Map out the zero phase impedance dia- Appendix E
gram, in a form suitable for setting up on the calculating NOTATION
board, of the transmission system shown Fig. in 5.* Ai Characteristic magnetizing impedance of any
Solution. It may be noted that this system includes winding j in the multi-winding transformer.
eight buses. Four of them are connected to rotating A, -Characteristic mutual impedance between any
machines two of which are grounded, and three are con- two windings, j and k, of the multi-winding
nected to transformers all of which are grounded. The transformer.
zero phase diagram of the system of Fig. 5 is shown in B2 -Characteristic admittance of any winding j of a
Fig. 6 for a fault at point P, and in Fig. 7 for a fault at transformer with all other windings short-
point Q. circuited (also driving point impedance from
The method of obtaining the equivalent diagrams in point j).
Figs. 6 and 7 is evident. The group of magnetically Bjk - Characteristic admittance of the multi-winding
coupled parallel lines emanating from any one bus transformer corresponding to a voltage im-
(each bus is designated with a capital letter) has been pressed on winding]j and a current in winding
replaced with an appropriate equivalent circuit. Note k with all windings except]j short-circuited,
that each equivalent includes line constants up to the and vice versa.
*This lay,out is that of an actual system which was received for C ,2 -Characteristic impedance between any point]j of
solution. a network and ground.
298 STARR: EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS-I Transactions A. I. E. E.

CiA -Characteristic mutual impedance between any
two circuits of a network j and k-the voltage
appearing between point of entry j and ground
when unit current flows from point of entry k
to ground, and vice versa.
D i -Characteristic admittance of a network mea-
sured from point j to ground with all other
points of entry grounded (driving point
points ofe
admittance).
D1k -Characteristic admittance of a network corre-
sponding to a voltage impressed from point of
entry j to ground and a current flowing to
ground from point of entry k, when all points
except j are grounded (transfer admittance).
Mj1 -Self-impedance of any transmission line, j.
Mjk -Mutual reactance between any two transmission
lines, j and k, i. e., the voltage induced in one
due to unit current in the other.
A ,A-N*th order determinant in A.
Am, 0 -M'th
-M'th order determinant in
order determinant in C.
C.
QA jk-Cofactor
QA- k-Cofactor of A
of Aikjk ln A
in A
Z.k -Impedance of a link connecting any two points,
j and k, in general mesh.
Zj-k -Through impedance measured between points j
and k of a system or network (assuming all
other points of entry open).
Zjk -Transfer impedance between points j and k of a
network or system.
* ~~~~~~~~Wiley
Zij -Driving point impedance to ground from any 14. "Transmission Circuits for Telephonic Communication,"
point j of a network or system.
Vk -Voltage impressed across any winding k of a
multi-winding transformer.
VkO -Voltage impressed from any point k to ground in
a general network.
Ik -Current flowing in any winding k of a multi- J. H. Jeans, MacMillan.
winding transformer, or the current entering
any point of entry k of the general network. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
m -Any integral number referring to the number of
points of entry of a general network (exclud-
ing the ground point).
n -Any integral number referring to the number of
windings of the multi-winding transformer.
.i
Bibliography
1. "New Theory of Transformer and Auto-Transformer Cir-
cuits," by A. Boyajian, Gen. Elec. Rev., Vol. 32, Feb. 1929.
with TappedCircuits
2. "New Equivalent for Auto-Transformers and
y gTransformers Secondaries,"
Gen. Elec. Rev., Vol. 32, February 1929.
by D. R. MacLeod,
3. Theory of Three Circuit Transformers, by A. Boyajian,
TRANS. A.I.E.E., February 1924.
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Vol-30, Part II.
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and K. S. Johnson, Bell System Tech. Jl., Jan. 1925.
6. Progress in the Study of System Stability, by I. H. Summers,
J. B. McClure, TRANS. A.I.E.E., 1930.
7. "A New Network Theorem," by A. Rosen, I.E.E. Journal,
Vol. 62, November 1924.
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Clarke, TRANS. A.I.E.E., September 1931, p. 919.
9. Method of Symmetrical
Fortescue, Applied
Networks, by C. L.Coordinates to the Solution
TRANS. A.I.E.E.,
of Polyphase 1918.
10. "Calculation Single-Phase
of Short Circuits by the Method
of Symmetrical Components," by A. P. Mackerras, Gen. Elec.
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E. H. Bancker, TRANS. A.I.E.E., 1930.
12. Synchronized at the Load, by S. B. Griscom, TRANS.
A.I.E.E., 1929.
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W &s Sons, Inc.
by K. S. Johnson, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.
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Dannett and Dalgleish, Isaac Pittman & Sons, Ltd.
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Discussion
For discussion of this paper see page 321.