NeThe “Chinese” discussed in this book is the language of the Han nationality which makes up over 90 percent of China's one billion population, Students of the Chinese language who have already done their basic training will find that Every- day Chinese helps them to ac- quire a deeper knowledge of current expressions. The 60 ancient fables and anecdotes with vocabulary listed separate- ly can be used either as a self- teaching manual or as a class textbook. The six sections of Grammatical Notes and two of Language Notes are systematic pointers to important features of the language. For casual readers the translation of the 60 witty stories which are adapted from classical Chinese is most entertaining. These fa- bles are literary gems.Everyday Chinese 60 Fables and Anecdotes &® FH mM Be. RFATA Zhong Qin ME th NEW WORLD PRESS 1983Illustrated by Bi Keguan & a BRT Beye, c€ Nos. a First Edition 1983 ISBN 0-8351-1086-9 Published by NEW WORLD PRESS 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing, China Distributed by CHINA PUBLICATIONS CENTRE (GUOSI SHUDIAN) P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Printed in the People's Republic of China oe 8 Bumbolet-Univers':t zu Berlin — Univers thek — Eweigstelte AcienwiINTRODUCTION In Everyday Chinese —60 Fables and Anecdotes which can be used to learn China’s spoken language, the author has retold 60 ancient fables and anecdotes in about 2,000 frequently used words and expressions. An English translation of the stories which are adapt- ed from classical Chinese is included. Grammatical Notes and Language Notes are given at the end of every 8 texts, each with its own theme. Throughout the book the modern simplified Chinese characters are used with the pronunciation added in pinyin, the Latin alphabet transcrip- tions. The Chinese characters in their original forms are also given. The book is prepared primarily for use by learners of all ages as self-teaching material. The author hopes that readers who have already done some basic study of the Chinese language will also find the present book useful for mastering everyday expressions and reviewing their gram- matical knowledge. Teachers who employ the book in class are advised to compile re- view exercises by referring to the Grammatical Notes. Zhong Qin Associate Professor Peking Languages InstituteA OR CONTENTS x Text HROEE The Philosophy of Yang Zhu REGRE The Lost Sheep RA Excellent Eyesight! Hee AM The Poor Watchdogs THRE The Castrated Are Fiercer ARR Rich Relatives AGERE AAN BOR Jiao Qiong, Who Never Flatters Anybody REGRU Abnormal Weather RGD Selling Horses HR RP “Dan” Is “Dan” shat 5 AE Surgeon and Physician aT 65% The Functions of Sleeves 17 20 23 26 36 39 42 4519, 20, 2, 23, 24, 25, 26, 21, 28, SeRH Curing the Humpback KAR ‘The Ambassador BEES Verbal Swords 20 Aspirations waz24 ‘The Frightened Bird WLM Se The Fish in a Tree-Hole £84588 Good Wine and a Fierce Dog RGEEE The Vocalist REP, BAWE? To Protect Birds or Harm Them RARE Don't Violate the Emperor's Taboo HR Who Is More Handsome? #R The Neighbors’ Complaint ELT AG SFR Free Game LEM More Than Seven itik ‘Admonition oR Suspicion 48 SI 54 56 66 69 nR 76 80 83 86 90 103 106 10929, 30. 31. 32, 33, 34, 35. 36, 37, 38. 39, 40. 41. 42. 4B. BE Solo AZAR BE Two Different Feelings REER The King of Chu Beats the Drum EEHEF A Pretty Box he Recommendation ae Desperate Struggle BAUHSGR A Grand Tower Base FREE Yin Chuo Doesn't Like Ugly Things BA, AARHA Doctor, Patient and Pharmacy MARAT Which Is the Original One? TROER ‘The Worst Mice ‘The Secret of Talking Hein THF? Who Stole the Axe? HLOHE The King of Lu’s Hospitality Ba The Treasure Re Bold Men 112 11s 118 121 127 131 135 139 141 144 147 150 156 158 16245. 41, 48. 49. Sl. 52, 53, 55. 57, 58, 59, 60, RRTKE You Will Accomplish Nothing BR Magic Arts aS The Duke Likes Birds aR The Candle-Light ante He Wants to Present a Pig to the King ant The Impetuous Wang Lantian $F Sloppy Handwriting BR Watch the Sky RAT Oe The Condemned Pigs RAAB RE The Admirer’s Interest RPL ‘The Minister and the Monk FRALT The Character Has Grown Up RAG AT The Clever Guard Ade Re de I Should Not Have Got Up WEF Too Lazy to Move the Pancake Bk Faa The Prime Minister Who Fell into the River 165 168 im 173 200 202 205 207 210 213 216 220 226 228 230 2334&ik iz Grammatical Notes I. An Outline of Modern Chinese Grammar 29 Il, Words and Non-Words 59 II. On Classification of Words 93 IV. On Complements 123 V. On Subjects 152 VI. 40 Expressions 175 i5 = iz # Language Notes I. On Chinese Surnames 222 II, Some Major Considerations in Transliterating Characters into Phonetic Alphabet 235 & XK English Translation Po1 HR OF Y4ng Zhi de zhéxué HRA bb HR HK, HH FT Yang Zh you ge didi jito Yéng Bu. You yi tién, Yang Bu chuinle -EOMEHRMA NA, MERMAMSHET, yitao bai yénséde yifu chi mén gi. Lishang yifu jiao yi g&i linshile, th WRA-AMAMELBT—-HRM RELI. ME Yang Bu jit dao yige péngyou nali qi jidle yishén yifu huanshangle. _Néitao BARRA BME, LH, FH OMERMHE jidlai de yifu shi hei yénséde. —Zhéyang, chuanzhe bai yénsé yifu cha mén 4 HF, GRY F 4p R-HVMEWRM, de Yang Bu, hui jid sh§ chuan de qué shi yishén héi yanstde yifu. HEMAANHMH, L-FTURG HFT. Yang ji néizhi kin mén de gou, zhéi yixid ké rénbude Yang BU le YT LF RRMMASRMNA, UARNBLA, HM Lin jian chudn béi yifu de rén kuajin mén Idi, yiwéi shi ge mdshéngrén, ji) wangwangde iH & 1, zhuizhe Ivan jido. Hh ® KT KERR: Ying Bi huble, "da miailai: “Hed GL GEDR ERA RDB T 1" e— "Tamidel Zhe chiisheng jintién lian wo dou ba rénde le!” Ta yibian BAFIAG, MEAN F> VKH (AAW — M2214 ) we RAMEE GRMAF, HEA LR,3, Ukiah Zi, ma, yibidn jiinqi ba sdozhou yao di gu. HABEE HR LA PAR GLAS Ying Bide gége Yéng Zhai zhéng zai fiwo di shi, gé chuang jidn didi 4H, ED RARE OH, a ee teirenoeee “are Fl MR ANG RAH RL OR Sr eee eee ek AOMEY, GABHKEKRT RRB ARE —R shi bai yanséde, —hutlai de shihou bidachéngle zhi héi gdu, ni you bénshi yi yin RERCKR GB.” rénchu td lai ma?!” wUEIR = Yéng Zhi name of a philosopher BR didi younger brother 4 ido call; called we Yang Ba name of a person HR you yi tidn one day Fa chuan wear & to ‘measure word (m.w.) suit; set; suite 8 bai white me yansd colour 2k Yiu ($$t80 J¥shén} clothes: clothing * na (n@i, nd) that # chit out; go out CEFaD door ig road 7 by (passive) rain Pour; drench#08) kU) HUD ae arg) a RUE] an % a-F 7 WGI eat ae VA ALES RA ie ie aL] * x g 135 S24 36 GH) ap shi iit shén huan ‘hei zhé (zhi) zhéyng, huijid shi qué zhi kanmén gbu [Rzhigetido] zhé yixid ké rénbude yi. jit kud vyiwéi méshéngrén wangwang zhui ma ta made chisheng lian... dou GEGH--e) (liém... y8) Wt rénde wet borrow; lend (see Grammatical Notes VI point 25) mw. suit change; exchange black this thus; in this way go back home when; at the time when yet; however mw. for dog guard the entrance dog in this case; under this circumstance but; yet cannot recognize as soon as; no sooner... than... step across think; assume; take sb. for stranger bark; bowwow run after in disorder bark get angry curse; swear damn it; to hell with it beast; dirty swine even know; recognizeid 4k GRD Bln? ar x SE eB % BCP) EMR) bi, bi yibian ... yibian jin sozhou [868] di zheng Tiwi diishit ae cchuéing (tu) tiéo +++ de shihou bidnchéng you bénshi not (Bi is usually pronounced in the 4th tone, but when it is followed by another 4th tone, it is changed into the 2nd tone as in birénde.) while; at the same time as pick up broom hit; strike just; at that moment inner room read; study on the other side of sth. window hasten; lose no time run tug; drag; draw why; what for suppose we mw. for dog when; at the time when change into be able to yi yan jill rénchulai make out at first glance2 RF HBR Zhao yang de qishi — Ky HEMREWET—RAF. Yi tian, —Yangzide inj paodidle —_yizhi yang. AG KR HF HAM HR Fe Lina paolés zhdo Yangzi, xiing ging Ade parén bang ming qi zhio ydng. Ht RHE, ‘Yangzi hén qiguai, wen: “RAM ZS A, HE ILRY Be ” “Ni jia you name dud rén, nindao hai ba gou ma?” REDE th: Linja hufdé shuo: “REG AMER FT, RL EL SH, “WO jidde rén dou qi zhio yng le, WO di qing tingxiong tangdi, ARAL APHWNEHAL HH RTI, RERBKS, bidoxiong bidodi témen jidde rén qi bing mang zhdo le. —Zhéli cha 10 tai dud, Pr VAR MARES HH 4,” sub yi zhdo de rén y d&i dub xie céi xing.” MTEBNAKT. LT FR MADAT. WTA, Yangzide parén zdule. Gudle bantian, purén huilaile, —Yéngzi wen: “% RANT?” “Yang zhiodaole?” BAF AG, SAPINF-HRKREMEM,“3 gmaart HARRI T o " sana, KEMORT) Coie i” “3 -RF KLM RRA He? " “PREKGT, BHELA Rsk, toh FAK Gkaty atduo le, chlishang yOu yOu chat shel zhidao ying diodt WMA Ave 2 A) HA JPA, HE-BKH shin néitno chal plo de? Bié shud zénme jie tens 78) qh yibiige ve RAK MAA” zhiobuzho néizhi yang!” HTEARS, EABRM— HFM, NET “Yéngl rab yOu su6 si,” 202A shizhuogién yi dng bi dong, yige xiAwi ML HOB, CHPTLFEM dou méi shud yiit hud. © Téde dial rénbuzhit wen tl: “£0, ETRE RAKE, Bi, LER “Laosht,, diale zhi yéng suin shnme da shi, zAishud, yu ba shi tet, HAHA ke AR ARR? " ‘ide yang, of weishénme zhéiyang ménmén bi 1 ne?” WFREM ie ‘Yéngzi chénside shud “RRATMRAF. RABA KVM RF “Bu shi wéile néizhi yang. W6shl yinweilidnxidngdao womende qidxué, PREMEBREM MA, Ri SCE, RR ‘Jiashi women zhéixié qid xuéwén de rén, bi néng zhuan xin zhl zh dong zhua yi je, BR-d, MKARTRE KR S-H#, RE bi, xizhud yi bi, nA bG shi gEnchilishang zhdo yang yiy’ng, zuihdu zhi EAR # Re AERA RN ILE se yi wisud dé, yt shl wGchéng mat Zhe jiu shl wS chéngger xidwi -SARS HAM,” yizhi zi sikio de went” 6- BUTE HF UBL & AREBRLA URE He a 2 RENE 3 Bs EX Ee A yang [zhi] aishi Yangzi lina dia pirén bangmang aiguai name (néme) nindio gu huids tangxidng tngdi bidoxidng bidodi zanme (zhéme) chal #rtido] abi cai xing sheep inspiration ; enlightenment a respectful form of address for the Philosopher Yang Zhi neighbour lose servant help; lend a hand; do a favor surprise; wonder so; that; such Is it possible that . it be... enough; sufficient How could reply; answer elder male cousin on the paternal side younger male cousin on the paternal side elder male cousin on the maternal side or son (older than oneself) of the sister of one’s father younger male cousin on the maternal side or son (younger than oneself) of the sister of one’s father so; such; this way; like this (In speak- ing, zhéme is often pronounced as zénme.) byroad; side road should; need then; (only under this condition) then may do; will dost G8) HR al ah 4 RRA x SVR a Mit F AiR) BARS HUE at) aka T+ 4 aF BRE en # ¥ Fit ANZ RAR RUB) ae at BA RUBLES RFTB) th REA gud bantian zhodio jiu zénme zhaobuzh4o tai daodi shin bié shud . . . zai pass half a day; a long time find then; just how; why cannot find too; extremely ; excessively at last; finally along even... let alone... (bié shu6 ... jiishi) rud yOu sud st shiizhud dong yi dong bi dong xiawii ja dizi rénbuzhit Lioshi suan shi zai shud wei shénme ménmén bit Ie chénsi weile yinwéi liénxiaing gitixué Jidshi itt xuéwen seem lost in thought writing desk move not stir; not move an inch afternoon sentence pupil; follower cannot help (doing sth.) teacher regard as; consider matter; business furthermore; moreover why; for what remain silent and unhappy meditate for because connect in the mind seek knowledge if; in case seek knowledge; pursue one’s studiesFUNSRE RORY ik de 8 REE & — AURA FAK HA # SUA -i ae Ag zhuan xin zhi zhi dong zhud ba xi zuihou lud yi wa sud dé yi shi wi chéng jitt shi zhéngger yizhi sikio wenti with single-hearted devotion; wholly absorbed. east grab used as a verbal measure word denot- ing the action by one’s hand west at last; finally fall gain nothing accomplish nothing to be exactly; to be no other than whole all the time; all along think; ponder question; problem3 G¢ OR A Hio yanli H GALAR, RORBRLATHA, L You liingge jinshiyin, —buddn ba Kén chéngrén ziji_—jimshi, ha H—AAIMA YA CHIRA vigefinede Ruy aljide yan I, HK, FR AZLERET MAH -ALA You yitidn, tingshud midoli y8o gua xin bidnle, (4 lid yuéhio yitng qi kin RK, wH-wA AROMA, HHAFM—D F, BH bidn, biyibi_ dod! shéide yanli qiémg. Yuéhio rizi ging yi f€n shou, liingge Atk O AAGKET Arh A? ah Pea BE én jit) xiang reo dating ‘qile, Dating shtame ne? Dating néikuai xin bidnshang SHAEAE, xi€ de shi shénme 23, ATAL HAF, RH-PRRAAB, Diole yueding de rizi, 1 ‘lid yizo jit Ididdo midoli, %— AGAR Bie FIR T IR, ih, Di yige jinshlyin xiang gua bidn de difang pidole yi yan, shud “ERASH AW 2’ WAKE,” “Zhe bushi xi&zhe — ‘guangming zhéngehi” sige daz} ma!” FohHAR OY BRB WFHT OM, i: Di érge jinshiy’in xiang gua didn de difang xiéle yi yan, shud: BOUMDAS, 10“AMER GSFATPAK, BARR? & Angming zhéngzhi’ sige zi youdou name di, —sh$i kanbujian? Zhe Au LADS, RAR A” MRSA A FA a, liangbin héiyou xiio Zi, ninéngkanjianma?” Ta déyide yong 2ud shou xiang. Pe et ee D wT 4, “Sikh, R-HGHA'FRKEN’, Shing hilezhi, shud: "“Gaosuni, —zhéiyihng xié de shi ‘Xinhai Zhéngyut’, RRM EXALMHEHFE, ” shi Xiingyéng Wang diren Wang Fitingde shoubi.” EHR PULA T RY AMMA, KDA Zhé shihou pangbianr yi weile bit shio kan rénao de én, Yige én SKE BATA haha da xidozhe zougudlai shud: “ate AA, WMH HEF, MEAHARG “Erwéi xidnsheng, nimen shud de zhéixié 2}, dou xigzai shtnme dongxi LWT, SKLAR ALHMA,MUFEZRA, shingbianr a? Yoshi shud zhé shi xin bidnshangde tici, nd yéxa_— chau, RLFLT, BX, MES PT THERA ” WO yé tingshudle, —buigud, xin bidn yao zhongwii ci guachiilai ne!” RA yanli eyesight; vision LAR jinshiyan shortsighted; myopia Bit ien biidan,. .h4i... not only... but also (or: yet)... auta AGEL ae te AH IL AHN UEC aU 4B UH B 16 ay ANCE BF ae UE] 581 z HR -¥ eo ca aA kén chéngrén aii jinshi yigejinrde kuayao tingshud mito gua bian [sekuai] lid yus yiténg bi gidng riz gang fEnshdu dating kuai xié a yuéding yizio diyi pido guangming zhéngzhi xié déu to be willing to admit oneself; self shortsighted; nearsighted persistently brag about; show off be told; hear of; hearsay temple hang a horizontal inscribed board two make an appointment together compete; match strong; better day; date barely; only just say good-bye; part company inquire about piece m.w. for board; plank write character agree on early in the morning first look sidelong at; cast a sidelong glance at bright; brightness upright; honest look sideways at @ Chinese measure which resembles 4@ big dipper without a handleARR ik ae a & + wk 48 ai cd A RAC KA Fete) PL aa Lie ERB Rit et % kanbujian liangbian déyi yong zud shou xidngshing, zhi gaosu hang Zhengyu’ Xidngyang daren shdubi pangbian yi wei kan rénao haha daxiao wei xidinsheng dongxi yaoshi tici ex chabuli bugud zhongwit ne cannot see two sides look triumphant use left hand upward point at; point to tell line the 1st month of the lunar year name of a city His Excellency some noted man’s own handwriting nearby; side already surround watch the fun roar with laughter im.w. for persons sir; mister thing if inscription; dedication maybe; perhaps not far off; just about right but noon; midday particle, same as *f 134 xoee ew #1” Bang daomang de kan mén gou KELLER, AVERT AL AE A fae Tia chivin ziofin, dioménwaisin bl, Kinjlan tide Jinja yong bigndan BA ARRMAL LFA: tidozhe lidngzhi st g6u zougud, —Alzi_ went “te aka BE MILT?” “Ni tidozhe gdu shang mir git a?” ARE 4 Linjo shud: “al EPFLE RE.” “Dao jishishang ql mai qu.” XRF Ps Aldi wen: “KRAKEM A NMG? BART? “Zhe ba shi ni jidde kan mén géu ma? —_Zénme shale?” MEAT ART, HAM RMB th Linjo fingxia tidozi, zhizhe giu hénhénde shud: “EAA GL ADL, FLAT BA, CML “Zhe Wing zhi chisheng guang hui chi, ili Maile qlngdio, tdmen ye RA— BAT OM, EMNLA— FRY SR-KF bbajido yi sheng; Mile xiotou, men hdisbi yi shéng bi jido. Jintiin yidazio BLT BRE. LF SHRM HM (1368-16444 ) YE Hh #4) (1497-1537 ) HERE, 4KTLABA, CM HE YPRA, Bie BA RM ile jige Keren, tdmen dio wangwang jidoge méi win, hai bi kéren ySoshdng. T+. @HRHHAN BA HA AM ” le yige. Litzhe zhéiyangde kin mén gou you shénme yong a!” MFRARK, BA the KAT Hr KTH Aizi diindién t6u, lidnshéng shud: Shile hao! Shale hao! oe bang daomang _ be more of a hindrance than a help LF Aizi name of a person Fe zHofan breakfast Ke sanbit take a walk; go for a stroll; prom- enade Aas biindan shoulder pole eo tido carry on the shoulder with a pole & si die; dead & shang g0 to ae jishi market; country fair bi shi...ma isn’t that so; is it not 4&4 zénme how was it; why 0) sha kill a fangxia put down Ue hénhénde fiercely x guang only; nothing more Be giéngdao robber aUR] shéng voice; sound aa xidotou thief SOA haishi still; again KE yidazio early in the morning BA kéren guest a dao ‘on the contrary 15AREA jidoge méi wan bark unceasingly me yao bite 458) shang be wounded we) Tid keep; reserve AKAD diantéu nod #GHA liénshéng repeatedly; say sth. again and again5 qT 4% 8 wR Yanle de géng xiéngméng KER ARE F RRAUHR, AM BE Tallin héng xing bi fa, zhudn quan wit gu6 de shihow, rénmen wangwang Rib AAMT HE, KBR. fohua Tai Engel péngit, ‘® biman, LF FLT GR At, BELIMAA F Aid jiali__yangle liangzhi gOngydng, gongying jidnle méshéngrén chang MEA HAD AGL HFA WT OF RM cézhe t6u yong jido zhuing rén, “Lai baifing Alzt_ de xuésheng changchang béi wh bin yi xk ARF HH. zhé Viangzhi yng zhuangshing, KR, FAN ALTA Yi tidn, xuéshengmen tong Aizi_ shingyiz “Se AH WH, BASSMMA, wR thie “Gongying shéngxing xiéngméng, zéngshi ai m4 jidodingrén. Rgud nl ba ENET ENRLAMRAA BT MIM RABR tamen yanle, tamen jit bé hui nme xidngméngle, women yé ji bd hui zi bei ei) wT.” ‘men zhuangshangle.” RFA, tt: Aizi xidole, shud: BRFSHAS, SAPURPORKF HEM,“RR @ z AR AB RARE +H) ROY AM BB % Rie AIA 4&0] AC Rm $C] BE * aH A & ig A aw an EUR RUE) bat wT H, Rajin yanle de, héng xing bi f& zhuan quan wit gud rénmen wangwing bian xiaohua féngci péngji faxié bimin yang gOngyang chang cy jido zhuang baiting tong shangyi shéngxing z6ngshi ai RAL wR 2 bb shi géng xiongméng m: castrate; spay more; even more ferocious; fierce (court) eunuch tyrannizing and lawless usurp authority bring calamity to the country people often; usually compose; compile; fabricate joke mock; satirize (in speech or writing) attack let off; air; give vent to grievances ; discontented raise; keep; grow ram often lean; incline horn dash; barge; rush visit with consult natural disposition always be apt to; be in the habit of; be fond ofeR 44 nd ding réigud réjin use; with gore; butt if nowadays 196 ae mR Rén qingi KF h-hMA-BREB HB, HALHRFT ‘Ala -hé yige péngyou yidio chOgh lid mali, You rén zudzhe jidozi “eX BAH “Zhé shi wode — yige GH, MARL RAG, yingmitn é Iai, péngyou bi Aid! lad’ labidn, shud: A PEA) A Sh — ie, AA LT ARIK A AT 48 F 2” Gigi, 2nmen 7Ai labiin biyibi_ ba, shéngde t xia jido I4i gén wS di zhdohu.” ATR, LHALGE HHA, MARU LF ‘Zoule bir yun, you yu rén zudzhe ché yingmidn ér Ii, péngyou you ba Aizi HA HL, MAGI WA, v8 A A Si ie — isk ve, adio labidn, shud: | “Zhé shi wode hio péngyou, zinmen zi labidn biyibi ba, ACT RAR ATIF,” shéngde (3 xia ché 14i gen wO da zhiohu.” EQPHDAS, ohiA—Kee 101) BAM AAR, ted RL (1368 20KBAR, HMA LRM, MY —A Yili zéul4i, ‘zhéiwéi péngyou zongshi name yitao hua, name yizhong HA. onions LFVBHR. —SNL, HMHATARRMH, LF Aizi xinli hioxiio. —Yihuir, —giinmian Idile ge yao finde, _Aizi de MAAS EID, AK RM.” BI —D R bi péngyou liddo lubian, “Zhe shi wode gingi.” —Péngdioyige shud fer, Lit: “KARAHMA, ” bixi de, td yOu shud: “Zhe shi wode péngyou.” LF HMA RSE, ALF: ‘Alzide péngyou hén qiguai, wen Aizi: “TOMA AG HRM, HF MA” “Ni ni lai name dud giéng gingi, qiéng péngyou?” LF iit: ‘Aizi shud: “HR AG OA EDA T RR RAT EH “You qidn you shi de du rang ni g&i réngule, wo ba jit shngxia zhéixié RLY RAM AT? ” méi gin méi shi de qingi péngyou le?” shud: Hw rén adopt; admit; recognize FU qingi relative ae yidao together iC oh Hid mal stroll on the street US Jidozi sedan (chair) em ying mian head-on; in one’s face % or conj. which links the element of man- ner with the action and 22 AR Fit ariaet 20H) BR kit ec a ae HE We SH 3231 Be RUG He mR wUBI AUR 7 FEL ar b shéngde xia jido da zhdohu yuan zongshi yitko hud zhdng xingdong xinli hoxido gidnmian yo fan de péngdao shua bixi de qiguai na Idi aiéng you qian ydu shi evade; avoid 50 as to save or avoid get off or descend the sedan greet far always stereotype; the same stuff kind; sort action; act in one’s heart ridiculous; funny ahead; in front beggar ‘meet wandering acrobat strange; surprising; odd where from poor rich and influential by (passive) remain; be left over7 KRERAKRAW FB Y6ngyuan bi féngcheng rén de Jido Qidng BR RAHA, WAR-DAEEH, ZARA Jido Qiéng shi ge qiéngrén, 4 rénshi yige jidoTén Fi de, shige hén you BRwWEH. A-K, HEAR gidn defiweng, Yéu yi tide, Tan FO wén Jido Qidng: “RAMS BARA AMARA BR RY” W6 you name dud de qian, nf wei shénme cénglai bi kén féngcheng w6 ne?” BRR ths Jido Qidng shud: “RAR, LAA BER, AFAR A AME "Ni ydu qian, ydu bi kén baibdide song wé, wd ganmé yao féngcheng ni Ra" “do RAF HR RP BB, tRRR KA?” Ragud wo ba érchéng jidchdn sOnggéi ni, ni fengcheng wo ma?” “MERA, RB AR te." ‘NA héishi bi gongping, w6 bi fengcheng ni.” —FH th, HEA KARR ver” “Fén yiban gti nl, ni zing kén féngcheng wo le ba?” “M4, Rae tea PET, RAWAZRL BAR ME Nayang, wd hé ni jit pingdéngle, wd wei shénme yao qu féngcheng ni BALFHP EKG. KAARONF KF EMKr” ne?” fa te oe bhi, te mae eee & ane i , Q ang edi féngeheng wo le! BR RT, Jido Qidng xidole, shud: ‘Mit, AUAEHT, OARARA AK te “Na shihou, wo ji shi fawéng le, _-yé yongbuzhao Ai gu féngcheng ni Tt.” le.” yOngyuan always; forever yOngyuan bi never fengcheng flatter; fawn upon Jido Qidng name of a person giong poor WGREBB—renshi recognize; know ee Tan Fi name of a person ae youqiaén rich; wealthy ea fweng man of wealth ces cénglai always; at all times RURIRR —cOnglai bi never w kén be willing to; be ready to a ne particle eae baibdide for nothing; in vain ih song Bive as a present 7 ganma, why; for what dR ragud if =m erchéng 20% RP EY jidchin family property ORR haishi still 4gongping fen yiban zong nayang (néiyang) pingdéng quan gai yongbuzhio fair; equitable divide; part; fall into half after all; anyway thus; in that way; that equal; equality all; total ought to; should; most likely there is no need to; it is not neces- sary to 258 RR MWR A Fanchangde _tiingi AAR RE GE ARE BAH BS RA jiingjin zai zhangli he jid. Tade liéngpdng dianzhe yp, FmG’ST, AH zai jid ji edusle, ——_jidjin Yige dongtiinde yéli, Kejikk, RP WG 2AAK da lizhd, — zhudzi qidnmian shéngzhe da hudl Re, BE KE KGL RZ AVTATA. fazud, -jiingjin tGushang jing miochu huingddu di de hanzhOzi Iai At F — id a DL: “KRUKR EF T, ‘Jidngjin yibiin yibién langi shud: = “Tiangi tai bu zhéngchang le, REBRKE KT, MEL” xitnzdi g8i shi da Léng tidn le, qué hai zénme re!" TRI 3k MR TS ERS, MRAP IEE ‘Zhangwai zhinging de bing tingdao jingjinde zhéifan hua, jinlai dul jidngiin ‘Ass HOF, RAE 2H, HER “WO zhan ging de difang, ingi dao hai sudn zhéngchéng, jidngjan bi BF fanchang abnormal; unusual RACAL tiangi weather te (1368-16444 ) SEHET A Hos 26AR a2ue, 20 AEF GHD cs 3 a as au eR RGD Rt we 2 A # ~~ 15 05) RRM «GAY x ® RE it AF 4 RAL aR KBR # 2G 3 C8 x * déngtiin yeli giénmian shéng hula iia jidjin fazud tou jing mao huangdou han zhivzi ct tangi zhéngchang da Jéng tin qué re zhangaing bing fan winter at night general tent drink wine both sides; either side light; burn; kindle candle table; desk in front of; before light (a fire) (heating) stove besides; moreover add; in addition strength; energy; power break out; show effect head unexpectedly; go so far as to emit; ooze, pass out soybean sweat pearl; bead wipe away; rub; scrub sigh; heave a sigh normal very cold days however; but; yet hot be on sentry duty soldier mw. 27ae 4 SRL fe Re ah 28 difang dao suan xin bifang shi place however; on the contrary consider; regard as believe might as well; there is no harm in uyGRAMMATICAL NOTES I An Outline of Modern Chinese Grammar I. MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES Chinese words are classified into two categories: Notional Words (or Solid Words)—% i, shici Function Words (or Empty Words)—i& i) xiici. Notional Words include: nouns; pronouns; verbs; auxiliary verbs; adjectives; numerals; measure words. Two Sub-categories: prefixes and suffixes. Function Words include: adverbs; prepositions; conjunctions; particles; interjections; ono- matopoetic words. Nouns (444 mingci) wu shin #2 pipa #44 tudlaji #42 lobaixing iF paizi 4% shitou 3&4 lobing R£ minzhi Bah maténg x4 hudché HiqZiq (Nouns of Time): 4X jintiin wit gangcai %4z4 iq (Nouns of Locality): Lig shangbian (shangbianr) iq zhOngjidn = 4&iq (Proper Nouns): 38a Gud Morud dk Nanjing Pronouns (448) daici) A Kia (Personal Pronouns): 4 WS “Ait zAnmen AR rénjia LAA RIQ (Interrogative Pronouns): tt %shénme ML nar And 48% RQ (Demonstrative Pronouns): ik zhéi_ AB nbi He Mei HERI (Other Pronouns): Hw qita Ke aiysVerbs (#78) dongct) es ie eliza ainsi (Transitive Verbs): # kan it) jindéng it sizio sh glinddng FAAy shin (Intransitive Verbs): tik jinghulng AL gingxing Mk qifi 2H jinbi Ave shibai 42K shéngzh’ing £9) zOuddng sd} chanddu Auxiliary Verbs (34 7%8 zhiddngci) Tn Keyl Bik yingedi Ken tk aingyuin HE yudnyi Adjectives (438) xingrongci) Kd’ i yun # ping F fi a timian 4A Si9 (Nonpredicate Adjectives): Aut zhénzhéng XM daghi i #f tOngching RH (Non-attributive Adjectives): A wéifeng fbi déxing # chobio #14 cloji Numerals (#44 shiici) — yi + shi + qién 7 win + ban Measure Words (#78, lidngci) 47) (Noun Measure Words): 4 ge %% zhang # tido de bi zd E19 (Verb Measure Words): xk ci 34 tang @ hui Prefixes (18% cit6u) Ha # lio Suffixes (in ciwéi) & tou # zi 4 men 2 er(r) Adverbs (234 ficiy #& hén % bi aK dou Al ging + cdi 23) ke Prepositions (4» ia, jieci) AM cong st dui t+ dulyd XF guanya Conjunctions (#58 lidnei) a he Fl tong 422 danshi Particles (3434 zhiici) HHI (Structural Particles): de 1% de 1 de 30i649] (Modal Particles): ma % ne *@ ba a BAIA (Aspect Particles): 7 le % zhe it guo jiesnia (Other Particles): &T bale me éryi Interjections (28 tanci) R wei % hai He haiys Onomatopoetic Words (% #4 xingshéngci) ny dang #4 (2%) shuashud(de) #4 sist eee (98 ) kéngkéng(de) Il. SYNTACTIC FEATURES 1. The Component Parts of a Sentence 1) Subjects (24 zhityii) [see Grammatical Notes V] POR —F, HR RR ART. Diér tian yi zi0, BOlé gudran 14i le. Ek eR, hai méi gua ne. Fa Bh ARG AA HT Héyan xidnde zhirdu weidao tébié hio. 4% mA # KS Héngyan shi zhong da niio. 2) Predicates (448 weiyii) 4 he # kS Hongyan shi zhong . Ta mama nanfang ré 3) Objects (#4 binyii) * RR Ke AN Si Dongpé ai chi r 3132. 6) BA A A, Kéren ging zou. om Ab OME KT —& &, Yofan zii shi ddngli fingle yitiéo ya. Complements (4+i& bilyii) [see Grammatical Notes IV] ‘AANE (Descriptive Complements): 2 4 _He Hongyan feide hén gao. HE RANE (Resultative Complements): #2 4hi& (Directional Complements): RB eRAT, Bidn gua qilai le.AZ RGIE (Complements of Degree): a} EabiS (Complements of Time): Hk AZ SR HE GT - EF. Chén xiansheng hé cha zhéngzhéng héle yi shingwi AZ itabi& (Objective Complements): ATQ BAT A Wazili zudminle rén. 2. Classification of Sentences 1) Classification Based on Structure A. S-P (S-Subject/P-Predicate) Sentences 24% 4 zhiweij a. P-verbs (#) i848 3&4) dongei weiy’ ju): 4e ak at he Ta xihuan da lié. & kT. Nido féile. TF te & KT. Gége ba niko fangle. b. P-adjectives (4324978364 _xingrOngci weiyt hd LF Be Weidao h4i bio ma? ¢. P-nouns (4078384 —minget weiyt ju): AF ROA Kéngfazi Shandong rén. ae SH F K FR T? Lingziin jinniin duo da suishu le? 3334 d. P-subject and predicate constructions wei weiyd ju): Be KR RR Rt He Jinhua hudtui gudrin weidao hao. RR RA Ke Zhéiwéi lao xidnsheng hudgi da. B. Impersonal Sentences %2.4 wizhiiji Ti -k % eT. Xidle yitian xué, 2dngsuan qingle. 44, Fe GAT? Zénme, xiagi yii Iai le? C. Single-word Sentences %%i9 4 dicta Er Zhiyit a! Xie! 2) Classification Based on Function A. Declarative Sentences ez 4 chénshaja F AT, Xia yii le, B. Interrogative Sentences APL yiwenjir Fo T Be Xia yi le ma? X Fm eR Shi xia yi hdishi RAAF AT? Shi bu shi xia yi te? SR OF RM, th aRE Yaoshi xia yi, ni hai qu bu ai?LH, NRE 2 Aiya, wode ydoshi ne? Imperative Sentences #14 qishijt Al de Hh ten 7 Bié ba shi sthuai Ie? om, 4B — BILL Wéi, ging yidianr! * 9 Bl Qing wit dao zhi! Exclamatory Sentences #28) gantinji iB & FS & ML Zhéizud lou dud gdo al 359 $ R Mai mi de hio banfa HAASTESS HHL, ME FE You yige rén qidnle pi mi dio shichdngshang qu mai, TA Ai shichangshang BTLK, MRAARK, BOK, WAARBER, dhinle santidn, douméiydurén lai mai. —-Diisitidin, 14 dio Bole ali qu, #10 Rik: dul Bole sh “SHR LANARK, RM HAL NAMA 5b “Wo dui nin méi you bitde ydoqid, zhi xing qing xidnsheng dio wade ma zhin YeAeA—A: AMHR, AAAS, AULA, de difang qh zouyizou: qi de shihou, kankan wode ma; zougudqu zhihdu, RGKKAN-RRAT, ” aj hul tou kan women yi yn jit xing le.” HER-F, WRRART, WAM EY 3b ih Diwi ‘iin yizio, BOI gudrén laile, Ta zdujin_ntipi ma zhan de di A, KKNLUANET—G, AALS, LOK fang, cong tou dio wéi ba mi daliangle yifin; —_zdugudqu zhihou, yu hui tou AMES BI—B, RAT, chio néipi ma wangleyiwing, jit zdule. HRALALRATG SB, RMT RES A, Jem Bole zouchiqu hai ba dio shibi Ii, TikE yonggublai xiduo ren, ba. nei . eon HORS, RAVARMAM (AA HATS— HALE) BAL ZEGRR THY, AGR( LAMA LH) AH OH the 36EB BLAS NOK Ae A KE DHEART ARH pi mi wéidege shui xit bi tong, Bala xing mide zhirén le wishisde wen M, $H SEROWKES ARLHS, AT YF, ti, zhéngzhe yéo mii zhéipi BOlé céngjing kanguo de mi. Diiole zhongwi, zhai- EH ah HT RA T +e. pi mide jidgian tigdole —shibai, 4 ma [pi] horse Irie banfa method; way * ian lead along UH) shiching marketplace ta Bole a well-known connoisseur of horses SK yéogit request 4-m kan yiyin have a look; glimpse RR gudran as expected; really RANE cong tou dao from head to tail; from the begin- wei ning to the end ak daliang look sb. or sth. up and down; measure with one’s eyes Bx huitou turn one’s head a chao toward; to x wang look ahead 37ARE RATA AR +8 we +e Pr 38 bi Tike yong xiidud wei shui xié bi tong ti wenti wish zhéngzhe céngjing zhongwit jidgian step immediately; at once swarm; throng, many enclose; surround not even a drop of water could trickle through raise question countless strive to outdo (sb.); vying with each other; in eager rivalry some time in the past (sth. took place) midday PriceRARE GM WR You rén zai Liéngwang miangién chéoxido Huizi: “SRET, HR Mew, RA He Ares, “Zhége Huizi, —shudhua ai yong biyi, ——_jidshi bit zhin 14 yong biyd, W-RTALRRAAT. ” @ yiding shénme yé shudbumingbai le.” HARK, RE RULE, Rei: Diér tién, Lidngwéng péngjian Huizi, jit dui ta shu: Ae He, HHKT Si, TAA A row.” yihdu jiinghua, ijélidodangde shud, bi yao zai yong biyit le." BT it: Huizi shud: “BARA, Both “” ATA ARG, “Xidnzdi you ge ren, bb zhidio “dan" shi shénmeyangde yizhéng déngxi. Ake he, “PR” HL HR”, MURA Ge” Ni giosu ta, “dan jit shi “dan, t@_tingdemingbai ma?" RE ih: Lidngwang shud: “WEL He AG Ry” “Na zénme néng mingbai ne! BRE, HAKATA AM206—A ABH) ARO. nH, HHR(D 39BF ih: ie ass eR Ab, He BR (3, BAMATEH “Ragud wo plosa 1@, — dinde xingzhuang xiing gOre, xm shi yong zhurt 2yp h, SOHHR, RH GL, HE Ae Ae” de.” chi yizhdng shéji, wo ahtiyang shud, td néng mingbai ma?” RE it Liangwéng sub: “Tuma yt.” “Kéyi— mingbai le.” at Hui shuo: “WM MAM CAT MH, Krew wiL AT MY, AY “Yong biéren sud yljing lidojié de, lai biyd thai bi Hidojié de, midi RAR TH. Mik RII HM row, AE tree" shi yoshi t& liéojié. Ni ring w6 shudhua bi yong biyd, md_zEnme xing ne?” RE Libngwang shud “AAT RT FL” “Ni shuéde dui ya!” Cm dan instrument which resembles a sling: shot or catapult RE angwang Duke of Liang a miangin before (sb.); at the presence of (sb.) ne chioxiio laugh at; jeer at at Huizi name of a person ie shudhua speak; talk rear biya. metaphor; analogy; be likened to te Jiashi ‘Suppose 40at -z HR teen Ae a vB EY bls KAT SU eR ei RU of a % at Mh HA ALA ee T ft Am te a * zhiin yiding shénme yé... bi... mingbai pengjian yihou jianghua jodang riigud ghosu xingzhuding xiang gong xian zhizi zud shejit biéren sud yijing Widojié midi shi rang ya permit; allow surely; certainly nothing; not a single one; not in the least clear; make clear; understand meet later; later on; afterwards speak; speech; talk straightforward if tell form; shape be like; resemble bow bowstring bamboo make shooting implement others a pre-verb supplementary element already know; comprehend aim; purpose make; render; cause sth. to be (in some condition) ask; make particle 41Il gt oA Waiké yi ndiké —hAF A —H. te RS] -—PES BM HARA AU ELSIE aR Ge ie oe Bie G ERA OAR UMAR UR, THLE eee oe tae aha BWM EG, Ri HH eH, MEWS - zhéng t@ dou néng zhi. Wijiang ba shingshi dui ta yi jiding, 14 lian shud sin shéng “Hie”. KRUPA —UKY A, “OER” — Bahde “bio zhi", Zhi jidm ta élai_yibi- dA jiindio, “kacha” —_yi shng jit ba AM (84136816445 ) SBT HD AR a2SAKA HHA HRT. UM BR FAK AH Tizai_pirdu_waimiande jiingén jifndidole. TA yong lidngzhi shouzhitou niézhe jian- Hy RAG ths gin, dui wajiang shud “ELH? REIMER LAE Hey Kl — Ria »Zénmeyang? W6 zhé waiké yishéngming bi xichuén ba? Badio yidai_yan- HARB em eHT. ” de gongfu jid géi ni ba bing zhihdole.” KA RRA: Wijiang kasangzhe lian wen: “Mk EA AZ NA jiantéu hai zai rouli sk “Sb AE AL” 9 Zhéiwei —“waik€ quénwéi” shud: “AUER BMHEA SE, HER AMES H “Roulide shi bd gui wo waiké yishéng guin, ni qi zhdo ndiké yishéng kin TEAR , KE zénme bin ne?” rey” ba” Shae waiké surgical department 400 ya and Att neiké department of internal medicine a yuan mw. for warrior at wiijiang warrior; general UI zudzhan fight; engage STUBS] shi at the time when; when te zhongiian be hit by an arrow Ral zhiodao find RUDE yishéng doctor Rie yizhi cure; treat & wei m.w. for person, a polite form 6) zichéng claim to be; call oneself 43UELA, sett BRE GUSH 4 Hie ev BREET RIG LR * eat RRA BK C88] ES € ARE 44 quinwéi renhé yinén 24 zheng ahi shangsht lian ho zhi na ba jiandao [4e bi] kachd tw pi rou jiangin jiandido shduzhitou (Rzhi] nig ming bu xi chuan yidai yande gongfu bing zhihio kisangzhe lin jiantou gui waiké yishéng guan a person of authority any; whichever; whatever difficult and complicated cases of illness cure the condition of a wound in succession; one after another easy to cure; easy to treat take mw. scissors crack; snap reveal; show skin flesh arrow shaft cut off with scissors finger hold between the fingers live up to one’s reputation for a short time; it takes only a few minutes illness to be cured put on a long face arrowhead put in sb.’s charge surgeon be in charge of; manage physician12 wa F 4) te OA Xiizide —_ zudyong AS LE MRE SAKA OE You yige xin shangrén de xiangudn dingzhe 2hongrénde min xuanbi: ‘KR4 RP, RRRA-OT, MTL, B Wo dang xidngudn, zhé bi shi (éu yi hui le,” nimen Keyl qu iting,» shei RseGRRAFHR-FURT. ERT AL, OG K bit zhidao w6 shi tidn zi diyi_ haode qingguin? Laotiany¢ zai shang, jinhou w6 RAL FREMG, LAKE FEM, BF RS yoshi zud shéu jiéshdu huili, jit rang wde zué shu landido; you shou jiéshow Mik, Wik FAH, ” huild, jit ring you shou lindido.” LT RMR, -D FRB RER-—TART. HH Gudle bit if ti, —yige xijh g&i ta song yfbaliing yinal, ” Kanzhe 2hé SEEMRF, BEATA RE, WEA: “Hat baihuadhud de yinzi, xidnguande xin yangde ndnshdu, —uili qué shud: “Wo dui RRL, MRF PRERT, MRF RK UHH,” tin giguo shi, —néizhi shou nd ni zhé yinzi, _nizhi shou jit yao landiao de.” BE FPARARMUESH, FROT BEE Xidngudin shduxid you ge rén génsui tA yi dudnidn, 240 mingbaile xianguin lio~ FHS, pai yede xinshi, TA shu: RTA OAG, SAPQNET-HUF HEM, 45“2%, bwsekt sLaoye, rang ta ba yinzi FRAZER E! zi you shénme yaojin ne! BE Roh He Xiingudn xidomimide ba wt eA & at SURE SEA ih BRIA 2 a ‘I-@ ar FUR RER—TORI ae £RSURI AB 46 xilzi zudyong xin shangrén xiinguin dangzhe ... mian zhongrén xudinbi, dang tou yi hui dating tidn zi diyi hao qingguan Riotianyé jinhou KERB AT LC ‘angi ninde xiizii bat Landido yichi xi, Ri ite T he. xilzi_shénle chiiqu. a sleeve function newly assume office county magistrate insb/’s presence; to sb.’s face everybody declare; announce to be; work as; serve as the first time inquire about; ask about the first one in the world honest and upright official Heavens afterwards; in the days to comejigshou huild Tandiao you bi ji tian xidji ling yinzi baihuahud xin yang nanshou zui tian aishi na; shouxia génsut yi dudnién laoye xinshi fang yaojin xidomimi shén receive; accept bribery rot; fester right a few days subordinate teal, a unit of weight for silver silver shining white; gleaming (silver) heart itch; tickle feel ill; feel unwell mouth sky; Heavens take an oath; swear which under (sb.’s) leadership follow already many years master; lord worry put important; matter smilingly stretch; extend 4713 +i e F Zhuan zhi tudbei AAR BE EREMA, & LET — 3k 18): ‘You ge zichéng néng zhi tusbéi de rén, zi jéshang guile yikuai zhGopai: “KAS BRR, LVR 3, BH, RG ER pansén zhudn zhi tuébéi:wallin tuéde xing gong, xidng xia, xiang tiolué haishi tht, AMAIG, F Bl A oR” xing fingud de, wi sud bi zhi, shéu dio bing chi.” AABH—L IM, Bh Bot, Rez wR, ‘You ge tuébéi yi jin zhdopai, xi ch wang wai, jit’ piogi qing ta yizhi EBERT BA AP Ath, RAP HBR. Gua zhiopai de bi kai yaofing, bu wen bingging, zhi shi ndch lidngkudi mibin. fede ehh LL, WREAAML, F-KRBAM ‘Ta ba yikuai fangzAi dishang, ido tu6béi pizai banshang, ling yikuai yazAi tu6- HAL, Re M Mi ie Hk KM te MERE, bei shénshang, rénhdu yong cishéng ba lidngkudi miban kinjin. TA tidoshdng bin ai, a Hi LH, —RIL LK, RH RMBATAT, CR Iuin bing ludn tito, yihuir gongiu, tudbéi jilk géi zhigudlaile, — danshi MAKEUP LH JRKRT, nnéige tuébéiv yé zo yi yi ming gui tian le. REMERAR EE “RA” BRR, “BA” ths Tudbeide jiishi 14i zhdo zhéiwei “yishéng” sudnznang, — “yishéng” shud: CTH, SHPQHET-BAE HH, 48“RAI OAV a a, ‘“Wede zhdopai shud de mingmingbaibai, zu guin zhi tudbéi, —zhisi_zhihud, 40H) zhuan special; focussed on some definite subject Re tuobai humpbacked at jie street aU) gua hang U8 kuai mw. for signboard, plank, etc. ad zhiopai signboard BA bénrén I; oneself; in person Litt) willin ‘no matter how or what, etc.; regard- less of g tuo humpbacked 5 gong bow UB) xi shrimp 309 GR taolué a bamboo basket for washing rice in a fangud cauldron; rice cooker RM TRIB wa sud ba zhi there is no disease that (he) cannot cure i chit get rid of; eliminate Sh Bop xi chi wang wai be pleasantly surprised FHA kai yaofang write out a prescription ae bingging patient's condition Ati mibin plank % di ground HR pa lie on one's stomach 3 ling the other UY ya press a shén body 49eR 5,08) tk 50 ranhou cil shéng kin jin tiao juan beng gongfu gti zhi yi ming gui tin jidshit suanzhang zhi si hud guanbulido after that; then thick rope tie up; bind tight jump in disorder; random leap; jump; bouncing time to be (passive) straighten die; kick the bucket family members; family dependents get even with sb.; settle accounts with sb. only die live; alive cannot guarantee14 KR te Dashi FOGHAT, PRARBA, RE GFKAFRERK Qiguode Yanzi, —chishidao Chiigué qi. Chiwang tingshuo Yanzi 14i ding di- kh, AER HART H HBRFG. shi, yOuyi yao dangzhe Yanzide mian wird Qigué, Kk, RETA, BART, £ SMILE SH Yitiio,” Chiwing baile jidxl,” zhodAi Yanai. “Zheng dingtimen chide glo- ROHR, HAR FRR -PILARRRE, xing de shihou, yOu lidgge xiéo guan bingzhe yige fanrén 1Ai jiam Chowéng. REKEME, Chiwang giyi wéendao: “KAIMWT HAR? ” Zhei rén fanle shénme zul?” FES it: Xiio guin huldé shud: “RR-ABB WRFHA, ” "Ta shi yige qidngdao! Ta shi Qiguérén.” BRE QKUET i: Chiwang huitou dui Yanzi shud: “RAFRBARET 4 BE H.” "Yuanldi Qiguorén shi guanyd dang qidngdio de.” WRF ADORE, RFAMO RRR DAMTIOM AEF) FOLM, KRREARSWHAT ERO TH. 51ZF RRR E: Yanzi zhinqilai didio: 4 + Ske, ATH SEE RATED CHS a2 HA EX RH KOREA, Benets ew Ji bui bidnchéng zhishd. Cong waibidosbang kan, j0 be zhide yézi thi. #, i AAKTHABA LET A. AN KEY de,” din zhelingzhing guivide wéidaoqui winquin bi tong. Women Qiruog, », SHRBATRREHHY eee Se Tandumeit wea an ee RA, LEHFAKLHRAT, wo Kin, 2 yéxd shi shuitide guinti ba.” RE —6 RRERKAT. Chinwing fi hn doa shedborhilai le aR dishi ambassador at Yaozi name of a person 013 Gino the State of Qi ae chishi serve as an envoy abroad Ra Cited the State of Chu 3 cng to be; to work as te yoosi intentionally ia vol bomiliate; insult eal beak acd Sive a feast to a ia entertain = zie Jest; eaculy STEER Ging dsb at the time when; while hm : sh official * bine bind sbs hands behind him: =pA Ee we BE Bk RA at Bb KE ak ae tO) oh eae SUBIR ae Sha EF — OR] RE KARRI fanrén giyi dao fanzui giangdao huftou yuanlai guanyti zhangilai daiwang shéngzhing Huainan jashi yizhi Huaibéi bianchéng zhishd waibiéo yezi yiyang gudzi weidao wanquan bi tong laobaixing criminal intentionally say; saying commit crime robber ‘turn one’s head it turns out that accustomed to; used to stand up; rise magnate grow to the south of Huai River ‘orange tree; tangerine tree transplant to the north of Huai River change into; transform into trifoliate orange tree outward appearance leaf the same fruit taste completely not the same; different ‘common people as soon as begin to do deal; activities; business perhaps; maybe environment and climate reason; relation; affect 5315 & it & 4 Chin qidng shé jian RE PHAWKRET I: Chiwing dui Qiguéde dashi Yanai shuo: “UME BKEAAT! ” “*Nimen Qigud tik méi you ten le” EF its Yaz! shud “KH RAFOMAMRACATPER, HEM AR “Guang shi Qiguéde shdudd jit ydu qi bA qidnhis jamin. Jiéshangde réngin ERAS, BRT, Wi deKMie te, DM PK, mé jidn jié zhong, huihui xiizi, ji méng ba tAiyang zhézhi; shudishudi hanshui, jit REH-H, EZ KRAMNARRA AR? * gén xia yi yiyang, — Zénme shud women Qigué méi you rén ne?" RE ik: CChiwang shuo: “BARBRA, AZ RRL BARY KR?” “Jirén Qigué you ren, wei shénme yao pai ni zhéiyangde rén lai ding dashi?” Yanzi_ shud ‘PAF ARARA DAM FRED BE, “Women Qiguo pai dashi you yige yuanzé: Duifaing shi zénying yige gudjid, BEFAOKS, SAPIRETORRE HEM, 34MRE AL, HAHA, RRBAL, HF jia pai zénylngde rén qi. Duifiingde guéwing hio, jit) pai hio rén qi, duifang BHRL RAR, RRAA TRMAL, RAAB de guéwang méi you ciinéng, ji pai méi you cdinéng de rén qi. Wé shi Qigué zul LA THEA, PARSE RILAT, ” méi you cfinéng deren, sudyi_paidao nin zhér Idi le.” #88, HG chingqidnshé cross verbal swords; a battle of SIC), 1 jian words x guang (take sth.) alone; only was shoudit capital 4AF qi ba qian more than 7 thousand P hit household; family AR jamin inhabitant; resident At réngain crowd RR BE mé jin jié jam-packed with pedestrians zhong & hui wave ALB) taiyang sun Fra zhé shut out; block; screen au shudi move backward and forward; swing ik hanshui sweat Sho AE gén...yiyang as; the same as ra xidyd rain ER iran in this case; as; now that R pai send Ral yudnzé principle 1a duifang the other side me guéwang, king the cdinéng ability % zui most 5516 & Zhixiing KH EH-RAVMGKG, AMT, BEA HET Da haili you yitido jito kin de da yé, da jile, shi y& bis zhidao a AS K KAMARA WK HR BK you due chang. Di hai néibian hai you yizht jido peng de da bei xing zud da hh, RA MG SHAKE EE, —CMAAAE, shin, zhdngkdi chibing, néng bi bange tidnkOng zhézhi, yi fei jit. shi jitiwan Ii, SRE ARDS, HA BMMMBAK, PRR T Haitanshang you zhi xigonido, kanzhe péngde néigii jintou, xixide xidole gi Rs hai: “Wik Phy ES BRAM LSM RAR HH, “Qiso zhézhi péng! Ta xing feid’o mdr quia! Wo sultan féibugio, _esiirg HADAR APL HE LETOEREK AT OH AM 36I—M 2864) FAR, 56Rite ETUR CA RAARURET CHEK, bu yénéng fEi shi chi yuinma? W623i rénjidide waydnxid fei lai fei i, Rade eS HE, MAT, RIL KAMILLA? ” bir yéting kudihuo ma! Hai, pénga, ni hdixiing (Bidao nar qual” Khe EPFULR EHH, EL EAPO fo my Ay | Zhi néng (6 shiji chi yudn de xiio niéo, zénme néng Iijié kin hé péng de 2 xidng ne? ao zhixiding aspiration; ideal * hai sea Ue. tido mow. for fish * jido called; call B kin enormous legendary fish which could change into a roc StU ya fish AUT jile very; extremely RL Roi shéi yé bi no one knows zhidao & dud how x chang long 20H néibian the other side R zhi mw. for bird Ly péng roc SURI nido bird # bai back & zd mow. for mountain 4 shan mountain ar zhangkai spread; stretch; open UE chibang wing RE tidnkong sky oR fi fly 57ea) AUR ae SUED a s2 08) AR Bat RE at 58 haitan gu jintéu xixi ido suiran B80 chi yun rénjia wilyan wll ting kudihuo hai lijié qu 10 thousand i, Chinese unit of length (1/2 kilometre) beach mov. vigour; zeal giggle look though high chi, Chinese unit of length (1/3 metre) far family; household caves to and fro quite; very happy On! understandGRAMMATICAL NOTES I Words and Non-Words It is not easy to differentiate Chinese words from non-words in Pu- tonghua. Yet, it is important to make such a differentiation in studying Chinese language. For instance, 4 hudché (train) is made from hud (fire) and 4 ché (vehicle). Is this a word or, are there two words in this combination? How can a learner know which conclusion is the right one? The second question: Why is it important for a learner to know how to make this differentiation? We know that there are definite measure words for definite nouns, and for # ché we use 4 liang. Then, should we use this measure word for X 4 huéché as well? If hudché is not a new word but a combination, in which hud plays the role of an attributive, maybe liang is used for this hudché? But, no! For hudché, we use lie 5] as its measure word. In Putonghua, words differ, on the one hand, from non-words which are bigger than words; and from non-words which are smaller than words, on the other. 1. Words differ from non-words which are bigger than words Semantically, a word denotes an independent meaning, but, an inde- pendent meaning can be expressed not only by a word, sometimes it can be expressed by a group of words—a construction, a certain combination, etc. Here, semantic consideration is closely mixed with the grammatic ules of a given language. Such is the case, for example, in Chinese language. 1) Verb-Object Construction FH — kai-yéché (work late into the night) ark di-zhing (to fight) 59ark (come to blows) 304% ji-gong (bow; make a bow to sb.) 48-0 % sOng-yikdu qi (have a breathing spell) ariaef da-zhdohu (greet sb.; say hello) ga gud-yin (do sth. to ones heart’s content; enjoy oneself to the full) wast jito-hio (shout “Bravo!”; shout “Well done!”) AB jié-jid (stop drinking) ark di-gii (beat a drum; feel nervous) AK —-yong-ginging (be carried away by emotion) aa tan-qi (heave a sigh) 52% — xian-yuanxing (reveal one’s true features) aR diao-dui (fall behind) if% — sikit (pour out one’s grievances) Hk — jitthud (fire fighting) fit pai-dui_ (match; make a pair) ike tho-hud (talk) ba-guan (dismiss from office) gud-mi (look over for approving) cha (quarrel) ‘The grammatical characteristics of the V-O constructions are as follows: A. They are reduplicated in VV-O form, never in VO-VO form: dadi-zhaohu ir4rie*# — gudgud-yin id it # gudgud-mi iit Q tantan-hua kikié B. “le” 7 or “zhe” # and “‘guo” it are placed after the V, never after VO: kaile sn tidn yéché #7 = dile yijia ay TR C. Resultative complement or its potential form is placed after the V, never after V dawn zhang zai jianshe ay 24k Babak jidbulido jit AKT a REpéibuchéng dui a7 Aah D. In these V-O constructions, the O (object) sometimes can be modified by a certain attributives (either numeral plus measure words, or even adjectives): tidole yige wi se 7/3 chaole yijid 9 7 — da chi yi jing Ket There is a clear transition from V-O constructions to independent words which is marked by the breaking of the above four rules, ¢.g.: #% dongyudn (mobilize; mobilization): ~## & ~the masses ka chixi (attend): ~2it ~a conference 4H dézui (offend): ~AA ~a friend w& inst (polish; touch up): it &X#tkE~— You should ~ this piece of writing. AH rénzhén (serious): #47~#) 54 make a ~ study 2) Verb-Complement Construction We may easily discern the etymological origin of a large amount of contemporary words in Putonghua which bears the characteristics of the V-C construction. E.g. 488 tigdo (raise); 4%) tuidong (push forward; promote); # © kanjian (see); 8 tingjian (hear) ;4r 4s] dad&o(overthrow); 24 jizhu (remember; memorize); 4# i tuifan (overturn; topple); 477 dakai (open); fi JF gékAi (separate); $F naxia (capture; seize); AZ shudbuding (maybe); 7% fanbushang (not worthwhile); 4 73 kanbugi (look down upon; despise); 24# 4 hAdelai (get along well), etc. The resultative complements and directional complements are at- tached to the verb preceding them, and they may be turned into potential complements with the help of “Af” or “7%” inserted between the verb and these complements. Since “le” (or “‘guo”, etc.) are placed after the V-C construction as a whole and there are no reduplicated forms of such constructions, it makes the transition (from construction to word) easy to realize, at least easier 61than the transition from V-O construction to a new word as we have scen above. We can say with confidence that the above-mentioned examples are new words, because they are morphologically fixed (fanbushang — no cor- responding construction in this sense such as 2.4 could be found in contemporary Putonghua), and some of them carry even other comple- ments (tigdo-tigdobuliio; tuil 3) Subject-Predicate Construction Let us investigate the following two sets of expressions: AL KR tOuténg (have a headache) 4% qichun (gasp for breath) ©%& —minshi (look familiar) om xinténg (be fond of; love dearly) 4 ini (become dejected; be discouraged) ‘sa ———-xinsuin (feel sad) Fe shéuruan (be softhearted) B. FX — danzi da (bold) XA — hudgi da (have a bad temper) MEXR pigi da (hot-tempered) Rod — wéikdu hio (have a good appetite) FAR — Erduo long (deaf) “ATLA singménr di (have a loud voice) Group A — words; Group B— non-words, or, S-P constructions. Why? Let us test them with the adverb 7 bit (or, in most of the cases, & tai and 4& hén yield the same effect): AIA AGA yidianr ye bir xinténg EAA SURG He. Zheige rén wo hén mianshd, BAA cong bi ging In Group B, you never put bit % (or hén J, t8i &) before the con- Struction as a whole. You put the adverb 7 bi only before the Pred- ‘cate, just like the cases you find in other sentences: @wFRK — dinzi bi da KAAK — hudgi tai da $2iR% — shduyi hén gdo EAARH — Erduo bi long AITLa X sngménr ting da This is the reason why we call Group A — words and Group B— non- words. If one makes the differentiation only according to their sentence function (both A and B can play the role of predicates in a sentence), cor only investigates the problem etymologically, without considering the most important part of the question — their grammatical characteristics, their ability in combining with some essential “empty” words such as AR hén, X tai, % bid or ji aL, ete., he unavoidably leads the readers to make wrong sentences. 4) Certain Combinations You can’t call ya ndn-béi (north and south), Ay sb néi-wai (inside and outside), %, 3,8 chang-kudn-gio (length, width and height) etc. independent words, because grammatically they do not bear any specific feature different from those they originally possess, and semantically, they denote nothing new as compared to the notions they originally con- vey. But the following examples are quite different from the above com- binations: CET) EF (wishi) shangxia — around fifty; nearly fifty (295) 2e (sangbaiwan) zudydu — about 3 million (KT) $F CA)? (hile) dudshao (rén)? — How many people have come? REY CAR RAR) tuijido (bi lingbian)— have difficulty in walking Fe (RFA) shéujido (bi ganjing)— questionable in money matters CRSA) Rem (lai érjin) féishour — 2 jin of meat which is not too fat and not too Jean 63Kia (ESE) changduin (zhéng héshi) — just the right Iength Fae (AAPA) zAowan (hui jigjué de) — It will be solved sooner or later. Thus, we have two independent words — shang and ¥ xia, yet we see in Putonghua a new word F shangxia which is a particle and has the meaning “nearly; around; about, etc.”. If you do not pay attention to these differences between words and non-words in Putonghua but stick to the old conception “A character is a word”, you won’t be able to do correct analysis in reading (as well as in speaking) contemporary Chinese. 2. Words differ from non-words which are smaller than words A foreigner usually does not raise questions regarding the component parts of such words as ‘f i& Iéidé (radar); 2 & shafa (sofa); M hOnglong (rumble); i # xili (the patter of rain); #8 pitao (grape); #43 mazha (locust); #4& panghudng (hesitate), etc. It is only natural because they are simply poly-syllabic words — onomatopoeia, transliteration or in- dividual word denoting a definite object. But what about the other components? There are three categories of non-words which are smaller than words: 1) Prefixes In Putonghua, we have only a few prefixes: € ldo —#2% Wohi (tiger); #28 loying (eagle); # Moshi (mouse); 9% lMoshi (teacher); #44 Mobiixing (common people); #4 lobin (boss); # 4 loxiding (fellow-villager), etc. & 4 —M& Amio (Amao—a pet name); m¥ Agdu (Agou—a pet name), etc, 2) Suffixes In Putonghua, we have only a few suffixes, e.g.: “#1 men” in 441 women, fii) nimen, Afi] rénmen. 3) Bound Words (fei-ziyou-ci) 64Bound words are used in contrast to the free words. All words (olid or empty) which can be used in contemporary Putonghua freely and independently, are called free words. In contrast to these free words, there are many words in Putonghua which cannot be used freely or in- dependently, these words are called bound words or non-free words. For instance, 44 bai (cypress). This word differs from other free words (nouns) in its usage, not in its meaning: we say 44 #} baishi: or £4 gibai, s48H-4 sOng bai ching ging, but we never say #547 mia, _LAo Wang zhongle lidingké bai. It does not take the specific measure word for trees “#& ké” as the others do. So we say that this # bai is a noun, but it is a non-free word (noun). In dictionaries, we put a © mark before such non-free words. ‘Another example. In 3x Yingwén + < ZhOngwén or even #4 4+4%2 TA hui shénme wén? (What language does he speak?) x “wén’”” means “language”, but in contemporary Chinese, you never use it freely or independently, in the sense of “language”. So in this notion, we call it a bound word, or non-free word. 6517 ma2G Jing gong zhi niso HAUHFS Lh, RM HE ARGHR LR Weiguéde shéshéu Géng Ying, génsui Weiwang zAi Jingtai youwin, Jian _yizhi ACY hk, LKPOAKETH HP, BEB ido 24 Kongzhong pénxuén, hAi bishide fSchO\ qillde jidoshéng, Weiwéng ti KATO, HK MH ths tou kanle yihulr, dui Géng Ying shud: “tA LARS Te th RICH PAB? ” “Ni Kanjian néizhi nido le ma? — Ni néng ba ta shéxialai_ ma?" Rm it: Géng Ying shud: “ER, RAM iat HITHER, ” “Zheizhi nido, wo bi yong jidn jit néng bi td shéxialia.” ell, ARH GT, Rk MS, KATE Yiulr, neizhi nido feijinle, Géng Ying lamin gong, baddngle _yixid 3%, SRA AAR. ‘BOngxian, nido jit yingshéng ludzai timen géngidén. ee HE NR ik: Weiwang jinggide shud: “RATA A HM A RM Hat dete % HA ‘Ni she jidn de_jishi zhén gdoming a! BG ydng jidn jit néng bi feinido sbe- MRBOAE. (KLFION PRRKE GEA, ) 66LR mh is Geng Ying shud: “KE, AHARMUARGM, ER-RWEH SH, “Daiwang, zhé bd shi wode jishi gioming. Zhé shi yizhi dioméide nido. KREWE EG, CEMERS. COBAT Hy, Ni ting t@ jidode nayang ili, feide naying pifi. Ta yijing file shang, AR KAY I RAEI S, PR RRA HR. HK hhén chdng shijidn zhiobudao banld, —sudyi_jingbuai yi inde zhénjing. Wo- ZR, CHUARHPT, ACK BH RE de gongxién yi xing, td ji yiwei bei shézhongle, ji cng kOngzhong diélud- FR. THRASH ” xialai. Kéliénde jing gong zhi nigo a!” 4091 4 2 4, LAS] jing gong zhi a bird startled by the mere twang of nido a bow-string £B Weigud the State of Wei nF shéshou shooter Rae Géng Ying name of a person HE Weiwang the Duke of Wei RE Jingtai name of a place BR youwan go sight-seeing x jian see AUB panxuan wheel; circle A bishi frequently RUBLE fachi give out; send out 28 UY ali sad and shrill "a 0RL jidoshéng cry (of birds, etc.) 4B a raise one’s head tt shoot 67aa RAH & aa sh as UE RS 85) He HER C55) Pt “UBT uA ae TAPER 68 jin a man bodong g6ngxidn yingshéng wd géngidn jinggi jishit zhén gdoming feinido dioméi ting pif fishing baniii Jingbugi yidiindiin zhénjing xing yiwéi diglud kélian near pull in full pluck bow-string right at the sound of sth. fall in front of sb.; near surprise skill; technique real; really brilliant flying bird have bad luck; be down on one’s luck listen tired; weary be wounded companion; mate cannot bear a little bit; the least shock make a sound take sth. for; think fall; drop pitiful18 Rime He & Shir donglide hus ya Ki RAMA, MEE A-D>BEKMA, Da laping zhingzhe yiké da shi, shiganshang you yige lianpén di de dong. KHiLS, WALMART K, Da yd gud hou, shis ddngli jit jimanle shui A-K, —PGMBLEP, ALAAZ ARK, You yitidn, —yige yin igud zhéli, Kanji shis dOngli you jishui, RRAM, RMFRI-FESHA MME, jude yOuqi, jit suishu zhuale yitido hud ya fangzai shi dongli Nyy LSA AL Bhi Yige guolirén Kanjiin shi. dongli AiG So, RHP, you yitido hud yé, jude aigu “BALELS HGS? “Shi dongli zénme hui you hud yo? so e KMR & ip Ben” ‘Dagai shi tiso shén ya ba?” “Gp &” Fel ay “Shén yo" —jidmglin d= eA, ABLT EAA ap chuankai, zhduwéi jishi lide ren dou & hit KE, HM DRS ERME, HAAMMR ( 420— ATO ) 4h i dete. 6HA ERGR SPH KMS Bn wg stel0| ju sho sng Kou ou. DA ah fining FR -H. shiji_yiyang. CTSA, MASMATKLER, AA KM, Guble wie im’ neige yotin you di zhili jinggu®, Kando hi aingxing, RRERRBA: Habuhi di sioaia “EBA, RAG RET! RE ESAAK HL “Nimen zhéisié rén, 2hén shi hud jin guile! Zhvitiao hud yo shiwo qidn jie AGT ALIHAKAHAMLH, MA, AARC CH tian lgud —zhéli shi fangzai shi dongli de. -Xianzdi, w0 d&i ginjin bi 1 dai. A, AANA iA AP A BA,” zu, shéngde nimen zi ndo shén ndo gui de.” He, BMRA “PS” BRALHS EF, Shudzhe, ifn zhudqi néitiéo “shényo” —saijinaijide yd uz, FH, th K mH, hénggi xifodiao, ying ching é& qu. a dong hole é hud living; alive Se 1 Toad k zhang grow e ké mw. for tree TD shiigan trunk of a tree ee lidnpén. washbasin BUR) hou after eR ii ‘store up; amass a shui water om yufan fishmonger Shit ligud Pass by 70ae Ae mF i SRA Khe * Abs CBD we HUGE AAD #0] eI PI A am FR ar 3232 0B) WH BRE LS % ae A PCD g RF + 58 PBR RE juéde yougit sufshou zhua guoliirén dagai shén jianglin xidoxi chudngkai zhouwéi gin shdoxiing koutou fijin rénao shiji da jinggud qingxing rénbuzhii hué jian gui a gnjin shéngde mio sai Wuzi héng xidodiao yang chang ér qu feel interesting without extra trouble snatch; seize passerby probably supernatural; magical befall news spread around; surrounding hurry; rush burn joss sticks (before an idol) kowtow nearby; in the vicinity of lively; bustling with noise and ex- citement fair from; through pass by state of affairs; situation cannot help it’s sheer fantasy must; should lose no time; hasten So as to avoid; so as not to stir up trouble fill in; stuff basket hum ditty; tune swagger off; stalk off 1ROARK, GR, PELR, BEA Songguo you jid mai jid de, ji nidngde hio, fenliang yé zu, din zhixen AMEEREL, BELT EF, MBit, LH-R dai gike {Gichdng kéqi, — didntangli ganganjingjing. Zhao li shud, zhéiyang ifs ii, RE-RA MRAM, ARERR. & EAE jiidian, —Shéngyi yiding shif€ichang xinglongde. —Qishi_biran. Shi BHA SETH, GREK KHOA K YT, Jid de rén shdode kétian. JG -maibuchGqu, fang de shijidn chang le, _jidnjiande KRaT. bian suan le. ZAREK NU, BRAY, BARBI. RR, Dian zhiiren kin zhé qingxing, jude biimido, —jide —_biidélido, Yi tian, tested hE AR: t€ piogi' wen yige 40 xidnsheng: “£AL, RAFR Othikh, MINE BY “Lao xiansheng, w6 you shi lai xiang ni gingjido. Women dianlide Jia weidao, A, PRA, AYME AF TA, RW DA. chinméi, jidgian gongdao; wo dui giké — hehéqiqi, weikong zhdodai bizhou. TAA HH AMMMBLREA LL, Ha RR T 2" Késhi_wél shenme wémende jid Lioshi maibuchaqu, — ydude dou bidnsuan le ne?” MEAT IAG, HRM NAM 20—233-F HE ER, Chak PO BRBHURE, BARROS, mo LBA GEE da FAL TF Reh, nR#£AL BTR, PF Lao xiinsheng xilinglexiing, wen: “Re HH, A BAR Be ” “Ni ying de gi dui rén xiong bu xiong?” fe ZA th: Din zhiren shuo ee es “We ying de néitido gou quéshi hin xiGng. Bogud, zhé HU ZKRR? ” you shénme gudnxi ne?” "ARULRFETR, RUG, Ah RELA, “Rénjia ring hdizi ndle qian, tile hi, dio nlde didn qu da ji, Ji AE jiidiande shéngyi WI iste PLA, APLAR AT Be, A te AT AD ni yangde gu wangwing jidozhe, pishingqu yo Umende jie, si_tdmende AM, KH, PERSE KY EEL, AT & vifu. Zhéying, — shéi hai yuanyi shang nide dianli qi di ii ne? Youle 2he- HM ANH, RMBRA AG, LAOB ” yangde kan mén géu, nide jid nidngde zai bio, —-yé shi baida a!” Kis good wine sue egou a ferocious dog aa Sodnggud the State of Song R ja mov. for shop, publishing house, etc. 73RUA RE R & BA ae AE ae BL BE Tt MBL ae ae AUR PRIRIAK + a zg mm ay hae BK PU, at eH 45 4 niang fenliang za dian zhiiren dai gike feichang kéqi dianténg ganjing zhio li shud jin shéngyi xinglong aishi biran shang jidnjian biin suan bimido it bidéliio lio aingjiao chinméi jidgian gdngdao hégi weiking make (wine); brew (beer) measure; weight full; enough shop owner; host treat customer very polite; courteous the front room of a shop clean in the ordinary course of events; normally wineshop trade brisk; srosperous in fact it is not so come to gradually become sour far from good worry exceedingly old ask for advice Sood (wine); mellow (wine); un mixed price reasonable gentle; amiable for fear that; lest48 AUB TH #(A) nH #] 4 Ele] AF UEP Rit Hon KA AE 200 RF zhdodai bizhou késhi Yao (shi) youde yang gdu xiong quéshi biigud you...guanxi rénjia rang haizi th hi dajitt wangwang pa yao jido si yuanyi kan mén gou entertain; serve (customers) not to be considerate or thoughtful but always some (of those) keep; grow; raise dog ferocious; vicious actually; indeed but have (sth.) to do with people; the others ask child; kid carry in one’s hand (with the arm down) pot; kettle buy wine bowwow; bark pounce on; spring on bite foot tear be willing to watchdog even (more) no use; no good 7520 a a Géchangjia Qin Qing AFAAOELWROE, TAT EURA & Qin Qing shi Qingué zhimingde géchingjia. Yu ge jito Xué Tan de gén Qin Qing GR, FT UNA MAA Cited I AA Ap xué ching g&,wutlejige yué, jit renwei yijing ba Moshide bénling dou xus- HFT, TAWSHAA, UeTHAT A TRA Gio shou le,” yushi 12 glosu Qin Qing, shud td disuan z6u le. Qin Qing mei you RE, RA eH ee ACH FA, winlid, zhishi shud 1 disuan songsong —zijide —_xuésheng. HE AFMK, AH Bie hI, BAI —h ‘Xué Tan ddngshén ni tin, Qin Qing sOng {a chi chéng, zai jidowai yige SF VRTAX, HAS SA RH. BELLE, tingzili baile jidcdi, suanshi gti xuésheng jidnxing. Hégud jibéi zhihdu, AHL 8 LKR ZB tree, Rs RH, BT Qin Qing shud chang zhi gé gtixuésheng sdng xing ba, _jili boddng qinxian, changke RR. ail BA AHH RAM BRAT, BMA Zhe shi shénmeyangde géshéng a! Shiilin zhéndOngle, —shiszhi sulzhe gio- Te KB RAE AAR, HTH, SOL RR HE kkangde géshéng qingging ySobii; shiyé sisi, _jio"dode wei yidai géshou ban- WAPAR, LAPIN PBR GEM, 16Ko RHUKAD HAR, GARTH, KTR zou. Qin Qingde gishéng zhi chong yin xido, bai yin Uingxidlai, —xinshang zhé gin AMR, HAS BMRB, rin fei fa, dong ren xin xidn de géchang. EAST OKARAT, Mie RT te Xué Tin béi lioshide gishéng jingdiile, _yanlei jianjiande mohule 14+ HMR. UWRF AW K4, LAF AH RAM, MEE deshixiin, Ta shi dudmede wizhi, —ydu shi dudmede kudngwanga, 14 lidn lao- WH REAVER AS, PAA RRA BH) Eth shide piméo dou hai méi you xuédio, qué ai yiwei bi zhide zai xidng zhéivéi wei- KWKFRKT. dade gshéu gingjiiole. BRAK TARHSK, BRA HUET. A Xué Tan dixidole hui jid denidntou, —kéngid Qin Qing ba ta lidxid, Qin Aiea a HF -—ABLT. Qing réqingde lazhe Xué Tande shou yiténg huigile. KBE géchingjid vocalist; singer ae Qin Qing name of a famous singer &B Qingud the State of Qin BS zhiming famous iE Xué Tan name of a person RATER) rénweéi think; consider 207 laoshi teacher AG bénling skill; ability Pap xuédio shdu learn and master TR yushi thereupon; hence Sif gaosu tell at d&suan intend R zdu leave 7RE 8 a, ant $F az GE] HCA) UREN % 26 * kt RUA RE RA a RA HE Ma x ee a eer URy #K BURL TREE HA 78 wanlid song dongshén chéng jidlowai tingzi bai cai sun (shi) jidnxing vei zhihou zhi eéshéng a shilin zhéndong shizhi suizhe sdoking qingging yaobai shiyé susit jido"80 w yidai géshou banzou persuade sb. to stay see sb. off set out on a journey city; city gate outskirts pavilion set; lay; arrange dish count as; regard as give a farewell dinner cup after m.w. for song song see sb. off pluck strings of a musical instrument voice of a singer; sound; singing particle woods vibrate; shake branch following; in pace with; echo sonorous slightly sway leaf rustle proud for the best singer of this generation accompanyate a ca aE BAMA DASE te aia ca aR $4 te oS ne i RE ap aur hE TRU A ari BK SURE ar aM zhi chong yin xido bai yan ting xingshing gin rén f8i fi dong rén xin xian Jingdai yankei méhu shixian dudme wizhi you kuangwang dng pimdo qué zi yiwéi zhide weida dixiio niantou kéngid lidxia dash high into the clouds white clouds stop admire; appreciate touch one to the depths of one’s soul tug at one’s heart-strings stunned; astonished tears blur; obscure sight how ignorant and; in addition to arrogant even superficial knowledge yet regard oneself as; consider oneself worthwhile; worth great give up idea; intention implore; beseech; earnestly request stay warm; warmhearted 7921 ZR, EAE? Shi biohii haishi shanghai? sea Mow A At AS EKA I, peie ee eu yizhng féngsd: Méi féng diniin chayi, dou Hpk BE, LAE Ke, HMA % Rope AE Oe oe non’ say alto ARS BEGET dou hui dédio guéwangde shangel. A-+AKM BE: You yige rén git wén guéwang: “PRT Kesh B, WHA EL" yaole 2héixié banjid lai fangshéng, you shénme —_ylyi ne?” BE ik: Gudwang shud: “km hi 2, AWHRATKM “Danian chiyi fangfangshéng, _weide shi bigioshi wé “KE, SARs Rem RA LKEMFA “Diiwang, lobiixing zhidao ni yao banjid Iai fingshéng, dajia dou zhénezhe Hie sith, ie MRT, BARR ETAT Qi zhud banjid le, Hudzhud de dou xidngéi ni le, haiydu zhudbuzha —dasile He. TH CRASS) AR Bk 2,6 dene? Kénéng bi huézhud de dude du lat Ni yéo zhén xiding fingshéng, 440 BADPAG, SAPINE-BRE HEM, 80Zhe yi zhud yi fang, HEL HH AR seth, IRA Rap sic ih oh EI pk, Kiobiiixing 7huo banjia, nA cai shi biohi banjiti de zhéngjing banfa, HK, AKAR, Hows $y wemh, they wei fang ér zhud, bizhi shanghaile duashao banji, Nide “Bie” , RAAK SH ZB My ” ay HEY UIA UBLE a6 a aH ULE Bike don Kem R He sie RE Ba UB) x ERR) shizai shi sha biohit haishi shanghai Handan difang baixing” fengst danian chiiyi zhud pi banjitt fangshéng dédao shngel yao yiyi zhi dio al” protect harm name of a place place; district people custom on (certain occasions); each time when the first day of the lunar New Year catch mw. group; lot turtledove buy captive birds or fish and set them free; free captive animals receive; get reward ask for; want meaning; significance for; this is for the sake of express kindness; favor particle all; everybody 81Bo Ryo By FA 82 zhéngzhe hudzhud xiin zhudbuzhit disi kénéng bi dude dud vie with each other (in doing sth.) capture alive present; offer cannot catch; not be able to catch kill possible; probably compared with; in comparison with much more particle= le plus a if really; indeed would be better forbid only (under a certain condition) decent; serious on the one hand..., on the other hand... for; for the sake of how many in fact; actually kill arch. particle used as contemporary 4) de way; method22 ae HR 2 Yudnzhang de jihui He MUA RRA, WR a BE RBA Nanjing chéng fijia ydu yidwin dran, changchéng b&i hiizha gong td. Ming KA AK MUHKEMN ATE BA. Taizi Zh Yudnzhdng wen tide dAchénmen shi shénme yusnyin KEM oi KA HM SHR GS, HiT eH Se Dachénmen zhidao Zha YGsnzhdng de jihui hén dud, shéi fanle ‘dee Hh, RRA K, WAKE il 6 AH se, KEM hui, ji yo sha tou, sudyi ji shuohuad dou feichdng xidoxin, Dachénmen MAS HK LR RH) A ” fo “KR” Fh nfige gin shud gong ti drain de shi haizha! —Yinwei “zhi” hé “Zhd" tong a, KR A RH ERGRT thrk $F -EKE yin, Zh Yudnzhang yi ting hai bu dei mile ni jidzd! — Duokui_yiwéi dachen MaTik, WR, RHA “KE URAB GH,“ E” niozi kuai, xing yoshi shud shi “dayudn" ba didn gong tide, “yudn” fo “Ah” Be, RA R-RARX, BA AMER he “Yuin” téngyin Zh Yuinzhang yiding gioxing, _yinwéi Yuancho zhéng shi TR Aw RI H, RE KES, jido Zhu Yuanzhang géi miéle de. —Zhéiwei dichén liké huidi: “PARR Hak MBH THY KE’ “Gong ta dan de ji shi néixié kewide — ‘dayudn’t” RTH WAS, KHPQKST-ARFHEM, 83Kt HAWES NORE ROKER FH, Zhai Yusnzhing Tit KEK-TRTI RAZR, id ling, ba chéngli chéngwaide diyudn xidomie gin TRRALR He Dayuin zhé yixii ziole mig ding 2hi zai, Késhi An hAlshi nimi eng HEH AR Ro zhi: gong ta. RAK aU) ae aR Abit fe RA Se ae a ey al kia asas AA Ae 84 Zhai Yudnzhiing name of the first emperor of the jihui Nanjing chéng fajin duan ran changehang haizha gong a Ming Thi dachén yuanyin fin shatéu sudyi xidoxin gan yinwei t6ngyin Ming dynasty taboo Nanking city nearby; neighboring section; sector embankment often akind of fish wriggle; dig collapse Ming dynasty dynastic title of Zhu Yuanzhang (his title of reign was i & Hong Wu) minister cause; reason violate behead 80; therefore careful dare because; since homonym; of the same pronuncia- tionRABI 550) MLE RR BOP ROR &-F it RAZR TR ER Fe hia mié jidza dudkui niozi kuai yaoshi yudn Yuin Yudnchéo zheng (shi) jido...g8i... Tike kéwit xialing chéngti chéngwai xidomie zhe yixid zo mié ding zhi ai késhi haishi niannian rang exterminate the Nine Degrees of Relationship (Great-great-grand- father; Great-grandfather; Grand- father; Father; Seif; Son; Grand- son; Great-grandson; Great-great- grandson) thanks to; luckily quick-witted if soft-shelled turtle Yuan (dynasty); character “yuan” Yuan dynasty exactly by (passive) immediately hateful at once; promptly issuc order inside the city outside the city wipe out; climinate so doing; thus meet with (disaster); suffer disaster of being drowned or com- pletely exterminated but; however still; as before ycar after year; every year by (passive) 8523 a Bi méi RAH ZRT FRAP, AER: Zou Ji duizne jingzi chun dai wanbi, wen liopo: “Gedy dR FRAG MIME DR TER I “Ni kin, wo tng chéngbéide néiwéi Xugong biqilai, — shéi géng pidoliang?” ER its Laopo shud: HP RRA EH He MRR re” “Ni pidoliang dus la! XG mOurén zén néng gén oi bi!" eR BHAA HART, BEG CwAI S XiigOng shi yuan jin wenming de méininzi, Zou Ji aiji_yé biLxidngxin hui Heike if HR MAM DER, igOnghai pidoliang. TA yu qi wén xidoliopo: “WA, KIRA LR Gee” “Ni kan, wé gén Xigong shéi ging pidoliang ** pe DER ths Xiaolopo shud: “de RAM AE Lt “Xi méurén nll bideshang ni pi wy” TAIL, AT-AEA RSL BARR AY Yihuir, —Tdileyige Keren, Zou Ji you sing kéren tichd téngyanede WORDLE, SARIN EAR KR KL, 86WM, SAM: wenti, ‘Keren shud: “URHOIE DS HE ST 1” “Ni bi Xugong pidoliang duote!” HORM KG. MShiawiweeATET-—F, Vér tid, Xigong laifang. Zou Ji zixide ba Xiigdng diliangle yi fan, BARD RGA TRE. Lee T RAF, & juéde Xiigong zhingde bi ziji_ pidoliang. Ta yOu (Outoude zhdolezhdo jingzi, geng EEG CHEURERD, juéde 2iji__quéshi bibushing Xtgong. REBT FR, MAKE: Zou Ji xidngle bantian, — huingrandawi ERR, HU R, ERR, HU BRR Liopo pian’ai, sudyi péng w6; —xidoldopo pa wo, sudyi fengcheng wo; BALNAK TR, PUKE RTM. —PA RH kéren shangmén you qid yd wo, sudyi giyi xiang wd tdohio, —_Yige rén yaoting- HSK HF, AF AZREDM dio fahé shiji de pinglin, shi duome bi réngyi a! % bi compete; match; compare & méi beauty SEBS Zou Ti name of a person a duizhe facing AF jingzi mirror ¥ chuan wear dai put on; wear EU] wanbi finish eh laopo wife A tong with; and % bai north 87KGF ae ae ata Hoe one ee me wea BA RCE) Aa Fit Aa tia at é x bre # AE EH TERRA th & ca 88 ‘Xugong, etng pidoliang dué (la) mourén zn néng yudin jin wén- ming méindnzi zit xiangxin tongyang laifang diliang fan zhang tdutdu zhao quéshi huangréndawit pidnai péng the revered Mr. Xu more; even more handsome; good-looking much more that man; so-and-so (instead of the real name) how can be well-known far and near a (very) handsome man oneself; itself; own believe be likely; be possibly even more ... than concubine how could it be; how can compare with guest raise questions same come to visit sb. carefully; attentively look sb. up and down mow. look; features stealthily ; covertly Jook (in the mirror) indeed; really be enlightened show favoritism to sb. extol; boostshangmén you gid yo gyi xiang...tioho fiahe shiji pinglin rongyi call; drop in turn to sb. for help intentionally; on purpose fawn on; toady to tally with; conform to reality comment easy 8924 =e RK Gao zhuang A-RM FAS DLEBR, You yizhi gu ching 2&i jingtsi_bidnshang Id shi HEATLPARMAL OH LAK, WRTR Cnli you shijih) —renjid dou zai 2hdik6u jingli di shui, men hén toyan Bie FSA EA, ik MMi EA te H jing ba zhé shi giosu gude zhiren, rang néiwéi zhiren bi géu WRDOAG, SHPIOREARRE HER, 90TARAS BAS RK HAAMREZAMHKM, Keéshi méi dang xing qii go zhuaing de rén z6ujin 2héiwéi zhirende dimén, i MRA LAL LK, THEURK ETT. zhéitiio gOu jid pashanglai you jido you y4o, —_xilide shéi ye bi gin shangmén. HR, LAM MABKRACHAWA, KH WIR Kanlai, fanshi pa biren jiafa ziji_quédiinde rén, dagn ye gén LDH, SRBEMA, RAMAKBRNAS zhéitvo g6u yivang, zng yao dingzhi bitten, shi timen bi gin jinmén ai gio wea AR, tade zhuang. Sku) gao zhuang lodge a complaint against sb. with . his superior + jing well & tai anything shaped like a platform or terrace wae bidnshang side; edge BR 1 shi empty the bowels of excrement P ho household AE rénji family ark a shui draw water (from a well); fetch water * lio always FL pangbian beside 7 RU téoyan be disgusted with; loathe ¥ shi matter BA zhiren master; host ik rang ask; make; let fe guangzh keep under strict control ar méi ding whenever; every time AL approach xAN damén gate; front door 91mR “Fas ae zn aR RR ta lA BR UI ‘ 92 bite frighten; scare dare visit; come to see sb. it appears; it seems; evidently every; all; any fear other person bring to light; expose; unmask shortcoming same as; as always; invariably get in the way of; block make; cause; so thatGRAMMATICAL NOTES Ii On Classification of Words Words are classified in accordance with the following criteria: 1) Their ability of combination with words of other parts of speech — morphological characteristics in a broad sense; 2) Their usual function in sentence construction; 3) Their semantical features; 4) Their morphological characteristics in the narrow sense. According to these criteria we differentiate Chinese nouns from verbs; nouns from adjectives; verbs from adjectives; verbs from prep- sitions; adjectives from adverbs; measure words from nouns. 1, 4 shiyan, etc.? And what about # 4f ¢ 4 zhishéngfei etc.? 49 lianxi, 42iF piping, etc. are verbs, etymologically. Yet, Nouns and Verbs Take 4 sud for example. It is a verb: 414i sud xidngzi; 4X11 L ba damén sudshang. Itis alsoanoun: —4e 44 yib& sud; ik 42444" T zh’ib sud husile There are quite a few words like this 44 sud: 4 — chui (n.;v,) #& di (n5v.) He xing (nv) 4¢i% fOl (n.; v.), etc. What about the words like 49 lidnxi, ati piping, & i daft, ix i yt, xus, they can be modified by ordinary adjectives and nouns, moreover, they can take measure words such as zhéng ##, xiang *A, etc. Thus, we can say that #9 lidnxi, 483# piping, ik shiyn, etc. are verbs and nouns. Verbs like #3 gindOng, #£58 zhéngli and #44 baochi, etc. are verbs etymologically, but they do not take measure words as their modifiers, 93and usually they are not modified by ordinary nouns or adjectives, there fore, we cannot classify these verbs as nouns simultancously. In English, “helicopter” or “rain” and “snow”, etc. are both nouns and verbs, but in Chinese, sift € #t. zhishéngféiji and 7 yit or > xyg can never be regarded as verbs. The reason is quite simple: they do not tally with the four criteria mentioned above concerning nouns in contem. porary Chinese. 2. Nouns and Adjectives In contemporary Chinese, both nouns and adjectives can take the position of a modifier (attributive), so you can never judge whether the noun <4 wenhua in £{¥ i wenhua shénghué is at the same time an adjective. ‘As we know from what we have learned in CHINESE FOR YOU, adjectives can be modified by adverbs like 7% bit and 4R hén, etc. And in contemporary Chinese, nouns are not modified by such adverbs. Then, we may conclude that <{& wénhua is only a noun, but not an adjective, since you don’t say 7.4 bir wénhua, or #RX Ae hén wenhua. Semantically, <9] wenming is not far from the word <4. wénhua, but wenming is not only a noun, but also an adjective. In Chinese, we can say 79 bu wénming or 49) hén wénming. Owing to this reason, we should make different grammatical classifications no matter how alike <4 and 4 are semantically. Here we give some other examples of this kind: Nouns and Adjectives: HF kexué (you can say K4}4 bi kéxué or AR4PH hin kexué) hip jingshen (ditto) +# pingchang (ditto) 41% quanmian (ditto) Nouns (not Adjectives): ALK fish (you can never say 74k bit jishti or {RAE K hén jishi) 44J% wizhi (ditto) FH pingshi (ditto) 94448 quanbil (ditto) 3. Verbs and Adjectives A learner of Chinese usually does not find it difficult to differentiate #£, chi, iA % renweéi, 364 juéde, #51 gindio, #2 xiwang, #8 kiolii from 4 @ xuebai, for instance. Xuébai } is an adjective, and those #%, chi, 4 rénwéi, etc. are verbs. Who would ever confuse verbs with adjectives? No matter how strange it seems, but the fact is: the more you know, the bigger becomes the difficulty in differentiating Chinese verbs from adjectives. Besides “$4 xuébai and +f, chi, you come into contact with ap zhong, 4 léng, af ji, 4% sOu, # han, # ido, 4 mang, 1 xian, & fa, wa kin, #F 2ui, 3% ké, #2 Ian, »% xiding, # min, ete. There are moun- tains of such words which denote something between a state and an ac- tion, a quality and a movement. They look like verbs, yet remind you of the characteristics of the adjectives. We know that for verbs and adjectives, “ik” or “i #" are not the ideal touchstone, because #& or 4 #f can combine with adjectives as well as verbs in a notable scale. “..APAR" is a good touchstone for these ambiguous words. We usually use “‘... 4 2" after an adjective. Only a very small amount of verbs can be used before this “*...4¢4R" (like 44 pa). “#1 T jile” some- times can play an additional role in testing verbs and adjectives. Thus, ## zui and 4% sdu should be picked out of the above list. The other touchstone is the method of reduplication. 3434 —X4% mnmin yi di gud, here i min is reduplicated in the way other adjectives usually do. The reduplicated adjectives convey a certain descriptive notion (while the reduplication of verbs adds a tone of lightness to a sentence). Let us reduplicate the word # HAMH-FRE jijide yiché chéngke 4 ji is reduplicated in the adjective-way. 4 ji is an adjective. But in: KRAGL RR dajid zai wang li ‘4 ji is reduplicated in the verb-way. That means, 4 ji is also a verb. This method of reduplication tells us a lot: 95e584 RK dudinzhéng dudnzhéng thidu (verb-way) 342.66) — dulindudnzhénezhéngde (adjective-way) 8) wilyé (verb) wth B 8 wiwiyéyé (adjective) ae zhiwu (verb) REE zhizhiwawi (adjective) ik chéngdié (verb) EERE chongchéngdiédié (adjective) ee jigba (noun) HEE jigjisbaba (adjective) Some adjectives are reduplicated in the verb-way: & % @ xuil xuébai; 4.248 wihéiwGhéi; KH Rif wilanwilan; FATA gin. shduginshdu. These are exceptions for adjectives. 4. Verbs and Prepositions ‘Most of the prepositions in contemporary Chinese are originated from verbs with only a few exceptions as F ytiand » yi. Therefore, we notice the morphological characteristics of some prepositions which belong solely to the verbs (and adjectives, in some cases); 7 le in 4 7 weile; # Zhe in Ka bEnzhe, etc. Prepositions, however, do not have the reduplicated form of the verbs. Prepositional constructions usually function as adverbial adjuncts in sentences, rarely, as attributives. In sentences like Baad) wizi chao nan, and eM A AEH HN ILF miigin cnglai dou xiangzhe xiko érzi, 44 chéo and ¥ xiang are verbs. There are many prepositions which are at the same time normal verbs, e.g.: 4 ti, # géi, # zai, 48 chfo, xidng, $ nd, »4 jido, ik rang and 36 bi, etc. “31” (dao) is a verb, not a preposition. It is correct if you say #4 AT Gsee TA xiing wizi waimian pio qi, or ess B pas ‘TA piodao wizi waimian ql, or tes sks] 7 Ta zhongyd paodaole. But if you accept the theory that “|” (dao) is a preposition and accord- ingly make a sentence as 4.1849} 8-4 TA dio wiizi waimian pio i, you are making a grammatical error, because you use this ver 96as a preposition. 5. Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives differ from adverbs mainly in grammatical functions: adjec- tives can play the role of predicates while adverbs do not play such a role. Adverbial Adjunct is a syntactic term, not a term in the Parts of Speech, adverbs and adverbial adjuncts are not the same thing. Adverbs always play the role of adverbial adjuncts in a sentence, but adverbial adjuncts can be expressed not only by adverbs, but also adjectives, nouns or different constructions. Therefore, you cannot judge an adjective by its role of adverbial ad- junct. One can hardly differentiate adverbs from adjectives with a com- mon but not distinguishing feature — the test of adverbial adjunct. We use the “predicate-potentiality” as the touchstone. BRA lian hén bai (bai — adjective) 4s87—Ai bai pole yitang (bai— adverb, which cannot take the position of a predicate) #a%Ah — xuexi niili (niili— adjective. In 442 niili_xuéxi — niili is also an adjective playing the role of an adver- bial adjunct.) LieRM — gdngzud ji (jiji — adjective. In RML4¢ jiji gong- is also an adjective playing the role of an adverbial adjunct.) Some adverbs and adjectives are classified by the “...%... #9” con- struction, This is a construction which plays the role of a predicate. E.g. ‘8’ Ou’ér and 4% 4 Surdn, scmantically they are just alike, in the role of adverbial adjunct they are the same, but in “...%...#” construction we find only 4% 4% Ouran, not 4% 4 Su’ér. Therefore, we conclude that 482% duran is an adjective while 4% ft Su’ér is an adverb. 6. Measure Words and Nouns Incontemporary Chinese, there are only Iess than 200 measure words for nouns. These measure words are used before nouns in combination 97with numerals or demonstrative pronouns. These words have been grag. ually transformed into functional elements not only grammatically but also semantically in their historical development. Some linguists argue that there are much more measure words in Chinese. They clas. sify a large amount of nouns (free or bound) as measure words. Ac. cording to their theory, ““#f tong” in —4#4a yi tong fan, “4x bE” in Hx ig yi bai jid, “i ping” in —ACiA yi ping jid or 7 yi ping réshui, “se tanzi” in 32-76 yi tanzi jid, “se eng” in 4K yi ging mi, “p (#) zhud(zi)” in HT —R ( F ) i sale yi zhud(zi) ji, “ve air in a 7 —982Ki jidnle yi di shuini, and so on and so forth, have become measure words. That means, most of the modern Chinese nouns should be classified as measure words plus nouns. This is, however, not a cor- rect approach, ‘As we have seen in GRAMMATICAL NOTES II, there are free words and bound words in contemporary Chinese. Both free and bound nouns can be “borrowed” as “temporary” measure words while placed in the position which is usually occupied by the measure words. They look like measure words only in the position they temporarily occupy. Seman- tically, and grammatically, they have not undergone even the smallest transformation. Let us make an interesting experiment: Quite a few measure words, placed after the nouns they usually modify, transform the combinations thus formed into collective nouns, e.g: zhi after 45 chudn—chudnzhi; A bén after 4 shi —shibén; 4 zhing after # zhi — zhizhang; 4 liang after # ché — chéliing; = pi after # bii— biipi; pi after 3 ma — mipi, etc. This is one of the main characteristics of the measure words. Then, what about the above-mentioned “borrowed” m.w.? #4 tng after 4 fan —r 44 fantdng(!) 48 bei after iG ji —ig ap jilbei # ping after ak reshui —2 9k # réshuiping 35 F tanzi after % jit —iqszF jititanzi 4 ging after # mi— #4: miging 98& zhud after 4 shi — 47% shizhud ae di after Ki shuini — Kits shuinidi You may translate these combinations in different ways, but you can never omit these cups, bottles, tables, floors or jars! These combina- tions will never appear as collective nouns like 4$% chudnzhi or 4 © mpi. Let’s turn to the next argument. In Chinese, what we call attributives include, in fact, two different functions, one is attributive of descript on, the other is attributive of restriction. The structural particle 4 de is used after the attributives of description, nor after the attributives of restriction. The longer the description, the bigger the necessity of this # de. For example, 4741 A. hao péngyou, a short description, & de is not necessary; #RiF¢4 M1 AL hén hdjode péngyou, a Jonger description, # de is needed; feof A A Zi# ST KREG GM tA zudtian zai Wangfijing Baihud Dalou mii de dianbingxidng, a very long description, you should use ¢) de. For attributives of restriction, # de is not used, rather, not permit- ted. You say “shis man” — zhéige rén, or zhéi rén, but never zhéide rén; “which book” — néibén shi but never néide shi; “three feet" — siin- zhi jiio, but never sande jiio or s&nzhide jiio;"ten cars” — shiliang ché, but never shiliangde ché. If this is true for the measure words 4 ge, & bén, % zhi and 4aliang, etc., what do we find in those “borrowed” measure words? mI-RF sale yi zhudzi jill, we can say: sale yi zhuGzide ji wT —#F A péngle yi bizi hui, we can say: pengie yi bizide hui. -ATA yi wiizi yan, we can say: yi wizide yan. -Kha yi lian xié, we can say: yi lidnde xié. What is the reason for the existance of this phenomenon? We could find the explanable reason only in the descriptive character of these temporary measure words: — #4} se yi liinde xi means i Hey de min Wnde xi8. It is an attributive of description, it is not an attributive of restriction — the attributive which the ordinary measure words like to perform. 9925 LMA AY FR Sdngshang mén Idi de yéwei KEL PALATKA. FTHRAL SE, ‘QiXuanwang zhinbéi gi gongds Weigud. Chinyd Kin lai jidn Xunwing, “KE FUL FP eR WP ROKK FS “Daiwang tingshudguo Han Zild hé Donggud Qande gishima? Han Zila ARTF RR RB RABARR. MTP AI 3k, shi tinxia Hing quan, Dénggud Qin shi hdinéi jido ti, Han Zila zhui Donggud Qin, Ki #3 BL, RH WRLTAR, AMA WA D cong qifnshin zhuidio hdushdn, riozhe shanyo zhuile waquan, yuégud shdnding you LT EAAD KF WRAT, PURKT BRR zhuile wige Isihui, TOzi paobudong le, gou yé Iéihuiile, —jiggué dou sizai UME To APRA, REAKKAA, WIR shinjidoxia le, You ge néngfa lgué, bu fRi chul hui zhi Ii, jit jiindio _yizhi Rife —RK A. wSFAR LY CY SH, LRA Si gou be yiehi si th. Rejin Qiguo tong Weigué yi duizhi duonian, shibing cou RED, SZFRURAS DR, KK & id, di pibéi bikin, laobaixing yé shi tongki wanzhuang. Bu yzo wangji, womende HEE HRA AD fo RA AL mM E-poe, Ms\ beihou hai you qidmgdide Qingud hé Chigué zAizud shan gun hi ddu ne! —_Jidrd BH RA kt HH, AMARA LA BAYH women chi bing qi gongdi Wéiguo, —kongp ntige néngfd you yéu xidnchéngde g6U HRDOKG, KARIN RAR KE ZH, 100foeTee Ts” hg tazi clit Ie!" z ey — Xudinwang tingbi, xidngle wENA songshang mén Iai seek yéwsi FUNNEL Qi Xudnwang a CEH zhiinbéi sar gongdi a0 Weéigué BTH Chanya Kan 2 jian SbF UR Han Ziti RIL Dénggud Qin aE giishi RF tianxia RA liang quan A haindi BRR jido th ik zhui aw ain & hou pac) ro we shanyao a quan at yuegud aL! shanding RO laihui RF tizi yihuir, L, it: “HT, BRKT.” shud: “Suiinle, ba chi bing le.” send sth. right to sb.’s home game (food) Duke Xuan of State Qi prepare; intend attack; assault the State of Wei name of a person call on (a superior or a senior in the clan hierarchy) name of a dog name of a hare story world excellent dog throughout the country wily hare chase; run after front back move round; circle; bypass halfway up a mountain circle cross mountaintop round trip hare 101RA Re T BR & Cae RUBIA RRKRLN & do aR +h RSUOIE REDK Sit BRK BL AAA fide aR Bia Sh FEUD CREA)T 102 paobudong IRihuaile jiégud si shanjidoxia nongfi bai féi chui hut zhi ti in rijin duizhi shibing pibéi bikan tongkit wanzhuang wangji giangdi zud shin guain hi dou jiara chi bing kdngpd xiinchéng tingba suanle (bit chi bing) le cannot run; unable to run for lack of physical strength be dead tired finally; at last; as a result die at the foot of a hill peasant as easy as blowing off dust pick up now; nowadays confront each other soldier utterly exhausted extremely painful forget strong sit on top of the mounta in and watch how the tigers fight (watch while others fight, then reap the spoils when both sides are weakened) supposing; in case send troops Tam afraid; I think; perhaps ready-made after hearing (this) let it be; forget it; let it pass particle which emphasizes a changed condition or a new state of affairs26 aq ok te NY Hézhi gige ET H-KMATCARLA SE, EE EG Chinya Kin yi lidn luijidnle giming xidnshi gei Xuinwang. Xudnwdng jutde Hie, its aiguai, shud: “RW, AT RMR, A-FEM He Sl “We tingshud, ‘encfi shi én niodé do.” ZAi ylgiin “Hyindi ntng. xudndio AME, TERRHY T,-FFUA He RM—H yige xidnshl, xidnshi jit bi suam shio le; yibii nian yinéi néng faxian yige ZA, BARRE YT. th-RRBRBBT oH shéngrén, shéngrén jiu bi sudn sho le, Ni yf Uidn jit g&i WO luljidnle —qige 4, AHF, ANTE AKGST.” Xiiashi, Kin yingzi, womende xidashi zhén ti du6 Ie.” aT # Chinyi Kn shu: “MAS SARKA-KH MAH HE LER “Tongléide nido zong shi jujizai —yiqi de, 16ngleide yéshou 8 z6ng shi HFA ede AMS FR RAPBRLABS, yidao xingzdu de. Bird shud, women yo xinzhio chaihu he jiégéng zhéiléi yaocdo, RN BEGLS, RAF-EFRFERI—H, to Rk ni ddo zhiozédi qu xin, jilshi xin yl bei y€ ximbuddo yizhG;” —rigud al BRARAS, SARIWOAF LAKME HEM, 103HEAL, RLY RGLR, MRTWAKS RY Gio Zéshi shin,” Lidngfi shdnde béimian qizhéo, na jit kéyiyong diche 1) ig To AF MFHMA ARR, RMALAEH, p le, Tiinxidde shiwa dou sbi téngléi xiang ji de, women rén y& shi zhéiyang yj ER GET HMB +, APHATLLR KAR, yao wo Chunya Kain tigoxuan xidnshi, zhén hiobi dio heli gi qi shui, yong hudshi AAkK-#, AHA Pe RE RERB HE i di hud yiyang, - yéu shénme nan bin de ne? Wo zhéng zhiinbéi zi g&i ni tuijian TKMELR, Mbit yi da pi xiénshine, —hézhi zhé gige fb hézhi far more than 4 UR) tuijian recommend & ming maw. for persons WUE xianshi able and virtuous person At réncai person of talent aa nandé rare; hard to get vA yinéi inside; within 08) xuan select; choose # suain count; consider shio few; not many faxian discover shéngrén sage; wise man kan yangzi it seems Ri sort; kind Siii gather yéshou wild animal; wild beast yidao together xingzou walk bird for instance xtinzhio look for; fetchEa HAR HALE iSiE UDI + HR -#F he hen RL ti K KE cy ¥4 FRR ate anit m He KB ak USES Rat chaiha jiégéng yaocio zhaozédi Zéshii shan Liangf shan béimian zhao daché a shiwi tong lei xiang ja tidoxuan haobi he ait hudshi da hud nan ban yi da pi the root of Chinese thorowax the root of balloonflower medical herbs marshland fetch; look for even; though whole life im.w. for plant name of a mountain name of a mountain north; northern side look for; seek cart haul; transport by vehicle thing; object things of one kind come together; birds of a feather flock together choose; select, be just like river get; take flint strike sparks from a flint difficult to do; hard to manage a large number of 10527 eR Jinjidn BEME HPI, HOKE its Guowang jiwei de di'ér tin, jit zhdoji qinchén shud: “AERARBREWEL, ERT, AT RM "Xidnwang bi Kén tinggi zhongweide yijian, yi yl gixing, zhOngyd zhanbai cE ia SHR A-RESH KE gingjido.” 3 Dah: Simi shud: “HET, SAF, Ki “Bixid, —zhé dingrin hioluo, —bigud BEHRKE, tts Gudwing bérén dani, shud: “AH Ar iD Dy ” “Bogud shénme?! Jit zdnme ban!” BU thy Gongsiin shud: “2ERETFLOD, 22 “Shi gai zhao bixia shud de bin, dansh) BRM RR, 106BEBATIE, KP i Gudwing ni bi ké é, — dashéng shuo: “wR AIM Riz ” “Danshi shénme?! Jit zénme ban!” BAK, SIH IYI: Tul chto hou, Gongsin dui Sima shud: ‘SBRINER YY RRA Wy,” “Jinhou women hdishi shdosbio jinjiin wéi mido.” tR jinjian call on sb. holding high office with a certain request or admonish against sth. ced jiwai ascend the throne; come to the throne Be zhaoji call together; convene He aunchén AL xidnwang the late King e kén be willing to viece tinggi listen to AUR zhongweéi you; your (pl.) eR yijian opinion Tea yiyl git xing cling obstinately to one’s course 107aE UDR = yom wit RES a aun DAR it # BARTS Ke kA Lay 108 zhongyt zhanbai shén wang Jinhou wit ging duddus xaxin Simi bixid dangrin luo bagud bordn da ni it ban Géngsin gai zhio nit bu Kee dashéng tui chao wei mido at Jong last; in the end be defeated die from now on please; cordially ask (you) to more open-minded a surname Your Majesty of course; surely a particle however; but fly into a rage just; exactly; precisely do; handle @ surname ought to; should according to; in accordance with boil with rage loudly leave the court better; (we) would better28 $ ca Duoyi MMA HE RH RAM SMB, —K, AAEM Yong chéulito féng zhinpio shi ZhOguéde lao guiju. Yi Gongxi Ji dui BE guéwang shud: “FL 8) ay He BRA, Rio AH eR, AE “Yong chéulido féng zhinpao, bird yong si sheng féng zhinpio hao. Yong si B 8, RST.” shéng féng, —jiéshi_ dud te.” BERATUHMERL, LA: Guowing ciinile tade yijian, —_ydu wen: “Rit, METAS A F 65% We ” “Bagud, —nali_—Kéyi_miiiddo néme duS de si shtng ne?” DRS ths D&E Gongxi N shud: “R SAM RH RG, SEHR ARS BEA “Zhiydo nin xuinbi yong zheiyang déngxi, — laobiixing ziran hui ziochulai a,” de." TA, BETS: 6 A HRM BH, Yishi, gudwang xidling: _JinhOu feng zhanpdo dou yao yong si sheng. CB RAMS, CS RA RRA (D € WATS— AAI) A HOFMERERE-ZALMBSH, BAAR, BERT S HR RORRH 109ESR BE FTERSS, MUR AHA Coors itingshud guowing wile whevingde mingling, jd j8e ide rey AEH, ROEM. dou xué zhi si shéng, gong eudjia shiybns. READMA, RAMA KR, WAM BE i Gongxi Ti you ge chourén, jdm you ji Ké chéng, ji pioqd dul guowéng shu: “BEM, BeGdeSATA ERA BH »Guowing bixia, nin zhidao Gongxi Ji wei shénme zhizhang yong si sheng feng Bier QHRELAMATIC— ft, LA, that TA zhinpioma? Yinwéi (4 jiali réndou hui gin 2héi yihing, zhéyang, t4 jid key! RR ART” zhuadn da qian ie!” BEF TLE HAR ERB ES. HH Guéwang tingle 2hé hua, dui Gongxi Ji hén bi manyi. Di FOR hE RE RA, HAL pid HE. xidling ba zhi yong si shéng féng zhanpfo, _réngjit! yong gudqide banfa feng. MAHAL ARS MM oR Mw we Ha, Zhoguode eudwéngzhénshi duoyi a! Rugudyongsishéng féng diqué jiéshi, MERESELS LP MMB, LHL RB? name GongxiJi_ ili duo shéngchan xié sishéng, yOu you shénme buhao ne? » BER , gudwang you Sik duoyi oversensitive; oversuspicious aa chéuliao silk fabric Es feng stitch; sew; tailoring aie zhanpio warrior’s robe ae Zhiigud the State of Zhu Re guiju rule; established practice; custom. BRE Gongxi Ji name of a person Fito bari it would be better to; not as good a ae si shéng silk rope 110BR AURA BE am FR au * ag aA HA FRUIT v8, 2 Ft#) # T™! a ae a oY ae SCE 2* HE) jigshi caina zhiyao xuanba ziran Zio yashi zhi gong gu shiyong chéurén you ji k& chéng pio zhiizhang gan hang keyi zhuan qién manyi zhiin réng jit gudgi dique shéngchin durable; solid; sturdy accept; adopt provided; so long as announce; declare of course; naturally produce; make thereupon; as a result manufacture; produce for (the use of); supply country use personal enemy there is a loophole that can be used run; rush advocate; stand for do; make trade; profession; line of business can; may make a profit; make money be satisfied allow; permit remain the same; as before; still former; in the past indeed produce; production lit29 wm OR Dizou FPL RRAE, LRA AD, MVE Ze Qi Xuanwing xPaichui yl, yOu di jing ptichang, sudyi tA néige chuiya ORARRAZBA, eR AK SAA-HK FH de yuédui 2020 you sinbiirén, tA ching jido zhé sAnbii ren yiqi chui yo géi ti To ting. ASAP AL toeBa WL, HEL SE, ib You ge Nangud xiansheng zhidio 2héige qingkuing, jit qu jim Xuinwing, shud A EkHietiolt, HRAMENRAA SE KF. Zi chuide rahe ruhé, ” ginggid cinjia zheige yuédui wei Xudnwing chul yb. SB Lietewit KR, ALU CRG aK. Xuinwing bi ta bitin” yuedul,” ingaié. gttd hn plode xinsbul BEZAT, RERG, PE UAEKF, CROKE Xuimwng sil, ” Minwing jie wii. Minwang yé Xi choi yd,” danshl ta. Bd BRARAMSA, MERBA, HERERAREH, xihuan di yuéduide hizou, t xihuan dizzbu. Minwing jié wei bajid bidn xuanbl, MEZA E KF 6) RFP — DIR ABO Wa yao néixié chui yi de yuéshi yige yigede yanzdu géi ta ting, a AS — HF, RABI RA ARAL ‘Nangud xidsheng yi ting, lidny& tiopiole, —Yuanlai t& 2Ai da yuedulli EMD AS, SHPEORETARRE OM, 12RIRAS +, MRARAKF, hinle znme dud nian, ICES Hab RAURRI RR — FU mi A ha dot HR énbén bu hui chui yo. dizdu xii chui ya jiang paichang yuedui 22d yigi Nangué xian- sheng gingkuang rithé ginggit solo be fond of; like play (wind instruments) an ancient wind instrument in the shape of the modern reed-pipe sheng go in for ostentation and extrava- gance orchestra full; as much as together; all at once Mr. Nanguo situation; state of events how request; ask 113SEI th Ha % ak BE eh KR tt am RPL shat RR BR it RA ® a WA 14 canjia bidn bingaié gio xinshui Minwang hézdu jit bian xudinbit yueshi yige yigede yanzou lianye tao yuanlai hin qué génbén join; attend; take part in put; arrange; group and; moreover high pay; salary the Duke of Min instrumental ensemble Jong (time) soon; as soon as declare; announce musician ‘one by one play; perform that very night run away it turns out that muddle along; drift along but; however radically; thoroughly; at all; simply30 AW ZA A Re th ‘Wei shéme shi lidngzhéng ginging oH BK MR EM RAFT LREMNF AG, ‘Shanydide xingzhuang hén xiang shs, cinde yingzi you g8n yanglazi xidngféng. BA, AMRIT EE THAR FR, REET, Danshi, rénmen jiinle shé, wangwing xidde jiaoch0 shéng lai; pengshang yanglizi, LAERRGR. yé hui bi han er Ii AA a$ 8 & FOB, LREA—HA RM? AHH Hl Rénmen dui shiny hé cin, you shi zénme yizhong taidu ne? Da yi de didodao —#£ES, FRAAWM RF MERE KE HK yitiéo shényd, — gdogdoxingxingde yong shuangshou bi ta nigzhi; ying cin de zhéng. KREAMRA-HM LFHRRE ZR ATH tian zhéng yé tong cén zai yiqi, yong shangdéngde sangyé wei (4, xiang aihi —ijide BEF, KAPARETAR KE HEM, usRT-HWEP ES. htizi yiyangde tihizhe én, CMA RPREHAM ATRY BK, Rep ‘Zhe dou shi yinwei cin he shinyd dui sénmen yu hdochu de yudngd. — Mouxié réq AT AREAS AT ATSC Rt AMA MARR hin liso shéde yongchu, amen dui shéde ginqing tong yibande én yé shi bi jin 4a Fl Ab, viding tong de. Bik singing feeling ae shanyti [#tido] eel BR xingzhuang appearance; shape; form ® xiang resemble; like Po shé [ #tido] snake RUE) can silkworm, at yangzi shape; appearance RF vyanglazi Kind of greenish worm which causes a feeling of irritation on the skin ae xidngfaing be very much alike Af rénmen people BE wangwing often a BR Jidochii shéng cry out Iai péngshang touch; run into buhinérli shiver all over though not cold taidu attitude; approach; manner da ya de fisherman " diao fish with a hook and line Baas giogioxingxing glad; cheerful RUS shuangshou two hands; both hands x nig hold between the fingers 116RP BA ak ay AP HE REY Re Ti mae kh ABI fa Fl yang zhéng zhéng tidn zhéng ye shangdéng singyé wei aihd yinwei...de yuangi bi jin xiang tong raise; grow; keep whole days and nights best quality mulberry leaf feed cherish; treasure; take good care of because; the reason was be of benefit to; be good for certain (pl.) know use; usage usual; common; ordinary not exactly the same 731 REE BR Chiiwany ig ji gi RGEL BEGUM HERL SF RERAG, Chi Liwang tOngglo biting, jars guejil fishéng jbl, jid ji go wei ho, ESR FS SHOR A, PRAMNARLA, Viobaiing tingdio gongménwaide gi xiing, ddu yo liké ddngyudngilai. A-K, GLRGTH, MBRFU BY, —HA Youyitiin, Living hézile jii, cOng guj pangbidn jinggud, _yishi xing A, HK Has te RA, FHM FRA, UAR ai, jing hiluande digi gi Idi, Lobdixing tingdao gi shéng, —yiwéi_ shi ZSLLTAF, AB GATMRK, SIPRRRH wanggongli chile jishi, céng si miin ba fang pioldi, gdngménwai_heiydyade BI—-KHA. weile yi da pin ren, FERASRAKR: Liwang pai ren glosu dajid: “mt BEER, FRAZER, RA “GAngcti gudwing ji gi, bing méi you shénme ji shi, ahishi %, Mar Tae,” iil, ys gloxing, suoyi 8 le yizhén gic” ZGRMARLT, Laobiixing dou hui jié qu le, HEPES, KAP HTRE ME HE, 118MI LSA, RAR AATES HA, BN obey Gtle fige yue, Chiigué zhénde fashéngle jinji qingkuang, gongménwaide RAF HSH, TRALA-H*G RMS SNA i cOng 240 xiingdio win, KT. Ii le. RE AUR RUBE ae tite RA a¥ ASG en UB) & 2a mi oe x 2d CQ) i RUAN & ETAL (28) ark SAR A if ae Chiiwang ii gi Liwang tonggao jiara fashéng dishi s+ wei hao gdngmén xiing yao ike dongyuan hézui ia jinggud yisht xing qi Jing huluan(de) di git gui shéng yiwéi winggong chit shi Késhl zai méi you yige Mdobaixng pkodio gongméngién the Duke of Chu beat the drum the Duke Li of Chu give public notice in case; if happen; occur emergency; urgent task as signal entrance of the palace sound; resound; make a noise must immediately; at once mobilize to be drunken rack; stand passby or through for the moment; temporarily at the height of one’s jubilant mood g0 so far as to; unexpectedly at random; carelessly beat the drum sound of the drum think; assume; take for palace an accident takes place 119HAR RAUB GS) KA i Alt CRA) +e 120 héiyaya(de) yi da pin pai gangcai bing (méi yu) shénme yizhén ge zhénde Jinji céng zKo...d0 wan késhi zai all directions a dark mass of a mass of send just a while ago there’s no ...(as you might have been thinking) many a (short) period of time after; at an interval of truly; true; real urgent; critical from morning till night but once more; again; another time32 ke EF Piaoliangde —hézi ROASKE MA, A MA ARR BR, tik Chigué you ge zhiibio shangrén, dao Zhénggué qi déuxido zhibao. Ta rang AM ARH AMAT -RET, ASKER RA ren yong mingguide micsi idole yizhi héri, ” ‘rénhdu bi zhUbio zhudgadl 2m. Jimian. AN ABA, HAAR RAREST, Bk You ge Zhéngguérén, —_tébié xinshang zhéige zhudng zhibio de _hézi, id cho BHRARTA MSF ST ARLHHRE MALY T sofia maile qi. Ta bi hézi litxid, qué ba limiande zhibao dou sdnghudngéile MAKE HAs néige zhUbio shingrén. MOMEP AR, MRP OH RFATT HFS OKT (OH), BAC AA i475— M2214 ) FA, 121KAMBA Riel #ARWET AR, AK tog Zhige Zhénguorén zhi zhidao chéng zhUbio de hézi zhigién, qué bi ae HFLHATOMAMLMRERO KTR HR TS hézi lide zhibiode jiizhi bi néizhi pidoliangde hézi yao giochi shi dus et nel £t RE BA (8) 8 RAK at A re K RE R apa RE * Sar ar 3£08) ed oe * 122 hézi [% zhi] zhibo shdingrén Zhénggud dduxido xinshang chi, Baojia Tidxia huan zhigién jiazhi bei box jewelry merchant the State of Zheng peddle famous and precious wood; lumber carve mow. for box after that; then fill; put; load; pack especially appreciate; admire pay high price accept; take; keep return valuable; costly Price timeGRAMMATICAL NOTES IV On Complements Complements in Chinese are expressed by words or word-groups after the verb-predicate or the adje are seven kinds of complements: 1, Descriptive Complement ive-predicate of a sentence. There The main characteristics of descriptive complements are: The verb (or, rarely, the adjective) preceding such a complement usually takes a 4} de or, sometimes, a 4 ge as its morphological formation. Besides, such a complement in a sentence plays a role no less important than the predicate (verb or adjective) itself. EAHARKAPIER. Zheige giiniang zhingde HATERS Qiché kaide bi kuai. HGF RAAT Ta changde méi_ydu_ni_ ho. RAG REM T, Ba w6 xidode dizi dou téngle. BTN AI, — Shudilege bi ging deci hRMRA, BA ta dage When a V-O construction takes a descriptive complement, the verb (V) must be repeated before 4 de and the complement, e.g. ATH G6 HAR ARALAL, —-‘Timen lid tanhua ténde hén touji. MEA his RAMA, Weigué lidnnién di zhang dide min it lido shéng. iang. 2. Resultative Complement From the point of view of word-formation in modern Chinese, V+RC is one of the most productive combinations through which a Breat number of contemporary words has come into daily application, C8. HA tigdo, 4am tuiddng, & ® kanjian, % ® tingjian, 47%] dadio, iE jizhi, 424 tuifn, etc., and this tendency of forming new words 123still continues in a large scale. in many different dialects. dete dr ATT ba ta daipaxiale eRABRT ba w6 ndnghitule “RT ——‘Kanhuale yn xidoxin jiwaile bézi hua ké déi shudqingchu The Potential Form of Resultative Complement: AFETLA, FRAT EAT, RET. WEA, ARETE 3. Directional Complement RERERH MG REERERREMR. RASEMEGRER, RPOAAREMA, REORADREH, shi shudbugingchu. Zénme shudbugingchu? Shudde aingchu! Qiché chile méobing, kaibukuaile! Maiwanle, maibuzh4ol TA ma rén, shéi shOude TA gbi wo jildi yifeng xin. TA xing g&i wo ji ge layinji Ki. TA zhiinbéi dai ge lt fl Ta daihui iingge liyinji TA daihvilai lidngge lity’ The Potential Form of Directional Complement: Frar MAE AB dR aT. EM AURE A bee 4. Complement of Degree daibuhutlai Nai zhéng shir ta shi zuddechiilai de. xiingbugilai Zheyang hdoxiding tai shudbugudat Zhei jin yifu chudndechiiqi ma? These complements denote not a normal degree, but an extreme degrec of a certain quality. They arc expressed by $ 7 dudle, #7 iile, FEAR dchén, %& 7 yuinle, £T sile, i T tdule, otc. RMRAST. RT Qi sile! Zhi ling tin ré_dudle,hén toule thoyande hn cha yuanle 5. Complement of Frequencies of Action These complements are expressed by numerals plus measure words for verbs, ¢.g.: —F yixié, i& liingbian, 22k sinci, @@ sihul, £48 wiitang, etc. tit-@ chiguo yihui kits:k — qgiiguo sanci & Tie — kanle sibian "Fae —F xiahu ta yixid 4387 —Ai bai pole yiting 6. Complement of Tims Complement of time tells us how long an action lasts. It has nothing todo with the questions as to when or at what time the action takes place. Fe-SNY Zai zud yihuir! Swe T STA, — Jin ddoshi zhéngzhéngzdule érshi tién. BAMETZRT Women mangle sin tidn le. 7. Objective Complement BF ZRATA. Wizili zudmanle rén._ (Ait, AFLERLAT. ) (of. Wizili yijing zudmanle.) KAT MAEEBRAL Yici kéyi jingu lidngge rén, HALEATBEAA, Chudntoushang ldik ingge _rén, yi lo yi shao. "—F, ATK. “Hu” yixia, zdule yidapian, SALLAARA, RioRAA Ketingli zudzhe ge ndnren, bit zhi Te. shi shéi Taile. We call these elements objective complements, because they occupy the position of the ordinary objects. But they are not objects, since they do not “receive” the action, on the contrary, they “‘make” the action de- Noted by the verb-predicate. They are not subjects either, because they 125do not occupy the position (before the predicate) which the Ordinary subjects should take. This is the reason why we call it objective com. plement. In using these complements, we should notice the following: 1) They denote something connected with the meaning of appear. ance, disappearance or existance of certain persons or things; 2) The sentences with such a complement usually start with an ad- verbial adjunct of time, place or manner of action; 3) If we say a descriptive complement is as important as the pred- icate (verb or adjective) itself, we may also say that the objective com- plement is as important as the subject in a sentence.33 ak & Tuijian SFA AMR HF, Jin Pinggong wen Qi Hudngyang: “mM ARR AK, ARBRE YS?” “Nanyang xian qué ge xidnzhing, _ni kan pai shéi qi dang héshi?” BRE ths Qi Huéngyéng shud: “ol MEME SIE T “Sido Xi¢ Ha gi zui héshi Ie.” FD tee: Pinggong jingaide wen: “MUA RAR ILA he th AP ARR AR ” “Xié Ho bd shi nide chourén ma? Ni weishénme yo tuijiin td ne?” a Ht} tks Qi Husngyang sh BRARRBL SE IH LA RM BRARA “Ni zhi wen wo pai shéigi héshi, ni bing méi you wen wo, Xie HG shibushi RAHAT ” Wede chourén a!” PKS HM AH RK, FEAHATH SF, Xi Hd ding Nényéng xiande xidnzhing, tl Méobiixing banle xidud bio shi, RCS RAMIAS, RHPLINFPATARKEOEM, 127KRARAN HR, Zhao Jidnai you ling ge zhiishou, —_yige jido Yin Chud, yige jido Shé Jue. 2 fT ITA th: Zhao Jianzi dui rén shuo: “RRRRERY, UMAR RA HMA “Shé Jué shi hén ai wo de, 4 cOnglai bi kén zai zhOngrén miangidn shuds. ‘ide RMAF BTRA BH, WS Eh SHMAHG gudcud. Néige Yin Chuo ké bi shi zhéiyang, ta zong xihuan dingzhe biérende mid MERHRA, RR RBT. ” piping wode quédiin, —w0 zhén shoubulido.” F PRAT KH, RAR RAT, ik: ‘Yin Chud tingdiole zhé hua, jit qi zhdo Zhao Jidnal, shud: “tice Bt, TRA T. MAM BES AR, “NI zhéiyang jing, ké jid cuble, She Jué cong bi Tidxin ide gudcud, AE, MERMARKRET A OW ES RH ang ni ghizhéng, tA lidn nide chdu'e yé aishangle. Wo chingehdng zhiyi nide Le, tk AE, AARRRRMAE, A, BRK gudcud, ging ni giizhéng, yinwei wo bé ai nide chowé. Qing wen, —chou'ede ROATAT Ee? ” dongxi you shénme ké'ai_ ne?” BRDAR, KHPIORPTHRF HEM,z ORI AT nt eR i RAR A Sh aie AB. ai chou’e Zhao Jianzi zhiishou Yin Chud Shé Jué conglai bit zhongrén miangidn gudcud ké zing angzhe.. piping quédian shdubulido ké cud cong bit lidxin edigud lian...yé... zhiyi ging wen dSngxi ke ai ugly; ugliness name of a person aide name of a person name of a person never crowd before; in front of; in the presence of fault; mistake but always in sb.’s presence criticize fault; shortcoming unable to bear no doubt; surely wrong; mistake never pay attention to; notice mend one’s ways; correct one’s mis- takes even; including pay attention to; take notice of we should like to ask thing lovely; lovable37 BA, thAteR Yishéng, bingrén hé yaofang we EL 2 Hh, WR-BLE Lid Zongyuin shéngbing, qinglai_ yiwei_mingyi Lips, Eis id zhenzhi,Yishéng shuo: “Mag PAhprK, ee LE MRRRA HM ” “Nide pizang zhongdi, chi xié shdngdéngde fuling jiu hut hao de! M RARALBERTIAR, RTF. Mow Lid Zongyudn pai rén qi yaodian miile ydo lai, dole chixidgu. —_Nézhi bing Riek A WH, RUL ET. HH FAUARES KR bidan méi you jiinqing, fan’ér gtng zhong le. Li Zongyudin yiwei shi yishéng wis ATA, LRZ4A, TAKREASY¥, Este yongle yo, ji bi yishéng jidolai, zéwén shi zinme bul shi, Yishéng ba HRLHH BE LAR-A,RARARA, MAMUL, yaoguanlide yaozhi diochilai yi kan, yudnléi bi shi filing, ér shi jifguo gong, HOT RLS, MT RRALMAL LEE RA (BATS 819) HRKK, MEARM RA, RALLWA Ke 141RLEWELF FIL. ranguo sé de lio shinybgine. BART O Vit: Yishéng tinle kéu qi shud: ‘RAWADRT, LAG TERE, A ARAL eR AM ‘zhibuhdo bing de! BA ALAA HR aa * 2 RUE) ee APNE RD UH L¥ RE Rie yao de shi ge pianzi, bingrén yaofing Litt Zongyudén shéngbing ging mingyi zhénzhit pizing zhong shangdéng filing hao yaodiin yao fo nizhi bidin jianging fanvér zhong chi ydo de you bi shihud, — guaing Kio yishéng smi patient pharmacy ; drugstore a famous man of letters fall ill invite a famous doctor make a diagnosis and give treat- ment spleen swelling; swollen first-class a Chinese medicinal herb (Poris cocos) get well drugstore medicine decoct (medicinal herbs) who could expect that not only lighten; ease on the contrary seriousA +7 £20F He He +) Ran aR med RE EFL a RUT So Oe ae x ah wil yong jido zéwen zéngme hut shi yaoguan yaozha dao bai shi... ér shi Jia gong rin sé lo shdnydganr tan qi kou pianzi shihud guang kao zhibuhio make a mistake in using call bring sb. to account what was the matter a pot for decocting herbal medicine dregs of a decoction pour not... but ... Process dyeing; coloring overgrown; tough dried sweet potato sigh; heave a sigh mouthful ; mouth swindler; cheat know what’s what; be able to tell good from bad alone; only rely on cannot cure 14338 MAN RR A? Néige shi yuanbén? BAERELKRA-KR AA SHE FH, Z ‘Shi Céish jidh shoueingzhe yibén Téngehto ming shafajidde —zitié, shi —DRKEH SK LTRARR GT, HERG IE yige hn guizhdngde zhénbén. Sh{CisbO suirin hén qiéng, qué shébude bi td HH miaidiao. XEHAKE ERB, HMAT HATA, Wen Yanb6 zai Ching’andang da guin shi, ba zhéibén zitié jiéle qi, jie ACHTABRI—-A. —K, CHW REKHRE, ‘ijide zidi_-tinméle yibén. Yin, Wen Yanbé shé yan da ging binke, Fil, WikhAs SH tts KA Ae ei A-REARL, xijin, rang rén ba Shi Caishads zhénbén hé téde linbén yiqi baicdi zaudshang, WOH HAG, CAMHS RRM (DA9G0—1279-F) EM Fe 144HEAD IH LR KEM LST RHM—AB HH, K cing kéren fenbian zhén jid. Yanbéde ntige Dajid dou shud Shi Caishdde nei yibén shi jidde, Wen FMM GATARA. linbén cai shi yudnbén, BARER—F, HK FH id, Shi CAishi kaxido yishéng, dui Wen Yanbo shud: “kAAR F, ATK RAM T ” “id yinwéi_wé qiéng, RA btm ah Ba & BIE 5B) eURIAR SA KE 7 th Bree RR RAE Rial RS yuanbin Shi Caisho shoucang Tangchéo zitié [AbEn] guizhong zhénbén aiéng shébude Wén Yanbo Chang'an guan zidi linmé shé yan binké xijiin zhénbén zhén hud yé bianchéng jid hud le!” original manuscript name of a person collect; store up Tang dynasty famous calligrapher copybook (for calligraphy) valuable rare book; rare edition poor hate to (part with); be reluctant to; grudge name of a famous official and man of letters ancient capital, now Xi'an official juniors copy give a banquet; fete guests during the feast the genuine one 145aR 22021 BA ait he ok Re Pe linbén bai kéren fenbidn zhén iia kiixido hud bianchéng copy put; set; lay guest distinguish true; genuine; real false; fake; sham wry smile goods; commodity change into; turn into39 HRY RK T&oyande loshii eS ey KZ is Guin Zhong dui Qiwang shud EGURARYHRER, BAZGHFFSS HH Liobiixing zui tioyin de shi lioshi, —yinwéi laobaixing xinxin kiki zhongchd. ARE, Ai BLT RY AOBWET. Rd, R liade lidngshi du rang 2heixié Woyande dOngxi gei zAotale. Bugud, —zui THHAME PRL HER, HURRAH HUA, 2H Képide shi ntixié shénténlide Moshi. Shéntén shi ji shén de difang, —limian A ARAB A, Hb iG WARE BR A. AM Ate yong mii langin weizhe, waimian hii you hén houde qidng baohizhe. Rénmen ming hi HRFRMORE, KARIN ETORRE OEM, 147ERAWEEA EA, LRRICCMEAH. th Boshi zai shéntin ik huzud fei wei, ye BU gn bi Lamen zEnmesing.” Ni ying KART ate TAA LR M KA ih Bede apse gy hud qi Xan ma? KE bie shfole mi angi. NT yOng shut qU guiin ma? BA sheng Se WIR TET RAM MRA ab WE LE fe Giing paohuaile hii litode! Rénmen jirdn Bi gin qu péng shentinde ling hé giing B, ERMTULSAL HART. Mr tie PR bi, Hioshd ji Kéyi fingin zai limian 2u8 wo le, Sudyi, shéntén —Timiands BZRART HM Wioshd shi zul —Képade al #1 RUD tdoyan disgusting; be disgusted with; loathe #R Rioshii mouse ee Guin Zhong name of a person Fe xinkii g0 through hardships; toilsome #U) zhong grow; cultivate RUE Hiangshi grain ELD ring...géi... by (passive) Hs ziota spoil; waste Rit biigud but; however TH képa terrible act) shéntén altar & ii offer (a sacrifice to); worship; hold @ memorial ceremony for * shéng god; deity 2a Timian inside k mit wooden EUW Hingan railing; banisters ee waimian outside & hou thick aU gidng wall 148alto ata a ming zhi ha zud f8i wei ba...zénmeyang hud xin bie sho shut guan pio hai Iidodé giangbi fangxin wo know clearly commit all kinds of outrages (negative) could not be too hard (on sb.) or too strict in handling sth. fire smoke (out); fumigate (sth.) don’t burn water pour; fill sth. (with water, etc.) soak; steep how terrible; how outrageous wall to be at ease nest; roost; lair; den 14940 ie HRA Shu6 hua de juéqiao Bp PwRHFL AMBWKI. FA Ms Mazi ht tide xutsheng zai chiténgbian stabi “£0, $ HGRA LA Ae” “Lioshi, dub shud hud diodi you méi yu haochu?™ MA BRAT. woto 3b wih wee, — K al “Na yo kin shud shénme le, Bird Be, ARO FER, BE winde jido, ndngde ku gin shé zdo, shei qi EECUWRERTHR CRA, zhiyi ta ne? Zhi juéde tAtéoyan. Danshi, AE LHR, RAK ER jiwolide —xiéngji_—zhiydu tidn liang shi ti MLB SAR, Kk Rdoiti toh at name Hiding, dajid zhidao ji ti jit KR, MEE. MMU, i yao tidn litng, dow hén zhayl, —Sudyi, shud yi iin dio o WCEP AE, CLF GHRLET (BRR) (AM 468—A1376 ), ABBAS 150 ER, ERE LG EA, AHEORpRES YY, SHRAMAAM” hua bi zai dud shio, yao kan you yong méi yong.” ch 222] at eae RF 96 U0 Am SHARE] Yodo soa RAR # FURIE OS seat RE °F & am juéqiao Moxzi chiting sinbii Vioshi daodi hdochu bird hama yi tin dao wan ndng k6u gan shé xiéngji tian liang, ti zai you yong secret of success; tricks of the trade name of a famous philosopher pool take a walk; stroll teacher; master in the final analysis; after all; in the end benefit; good for example frog all day long do; make; get (croak) till tongue and lips are parched hencoop; roost cock daybreak crow rest with; depend on useful; of value 151GRAMMATICAL NOTES V On Subjects ‘There are no serious disputes on subjects in the following three types of sentences: Noun-Predicate Sentences: SREMF Jintian xinggi £ARRA, Lido Fang dongbéi rény Adjective-Predicate Sentences: RMU» Yifu hén xin. BRARKT, Haizhi tdoyan jile, ‘SP-Predicate Sentences: KARAMTRK. Zhéige litrén danzi zhén da. WERAWARITILA, TA zhéige rén jidshi singménr da. ‘The question on Chinese subjects widely known among Sinologists exists mainly in the verb-predicate sentences, because it relates to a series of conceptions on which different Sinologists maintain quite dif- ferent views. Following is a brief conclusion of the author on this ques- tion. (For further study see the author’s work ON CHINESE SUB- JECTS, journal YUYAN JIAOXUE YU YANJIU — Language Teaching and Research, No. 11, Nov., 1977.) As in sentences of noun-predicate, adjective-predicate and SP- predicate, subject in a sentence of verb-predicate should also be defined as one of the major components of the sentence, which is usually expressed by a substantive (e.g., a noun or a pronoun, etc.) or a combination with the function of a substantive. Subject is placed before the verb-pred- icate; and the action, quality or attribution expressed by the predicate belong to this subject. 152According to this definition, we may classify the following sentences with no great difficulty. BRR. BRM BAT. BWR K EMANRTS BATT ART Ie THAME, BKM T 6 ANS FSi AERERENRA, BRREAIHT. HF, HAR Eke, asd, Mak Seis WR, AER RAT. Si Déngpo ai chi rou. Yang Bi ba gdu géi dile. Wo mingtidn zai Idi. Lioshii bai xiZomitle. Miao xithiole. Shui jidnle yi di. Miozi guizai qiéngshang ne. Réshuiping zhale. Zénmen xuéxid yin shi. Jali hén zhongshi zhdige baogio. ‘Yéye zudzhe tAishiyi. Ta zud yizi, ni zud bindéng. Lioda tido sin, Lio’ér tido 40, méimei tido shéng; t& jiZo hua, wd qu Jidio cdi yuanzi. According to this definition, the following underlined words are not subjects, but adverbial adjuncts (of time, place or manner of action): NEAT Mei, BLEREAR flr BHAL-DAARS RRR, RALR-ADKE seh FRET. Ménshang laile yige héshang. Wali zudzhe kéren ne! Jidshin houmian zduchu yige rén lai. Mingtiin ni zai i. Yingmilin gudlai yige xiiohudzi. Hide yixia nido dou feile. According to this definition, the following underlined words are not subjects, but prompting elements, or topic elements (see CHINESE FOR YOU, Lesson 20, Notes): LAF, RACH Z. HES FAN ANT RE 4M. Zhézhong shiging, w6 ziji néng zud zhi. Xiidud shiging women dou kéyi yudn- ling tamen. 153HAF, BREATH. shi, ying gai zénmezhecdi hig, HORMERAG ES. — YOude shii wO hai méi you kanwan ne, nee Bonk. td déu hui bangzhi ni, thy W- RRMA icin fan, t& yizhi chénmdzhe, EAL, the MR AM Zheige gOngzud, ni bixi ginzi dong to shéu. MG, EHRLAR Zhbiydngde changmiin, Lao Yang shi FH iinguo bu shio de. According to this definition, the following underlined words are subjects: ARAB T OK, Yanyudn xié mii xiéle si ci. TE 0 Wo zhibugi Idguan. weeks. Ta zhéng zai kin xingli. me, LGR Ni méi kiin shéngzi, guaibude bio io sanle. RAR, Raw, ‘Méi guanxi, w6 shui dibin. ERTAT. Yang Bui linle yiile. Meee AM, WIFI, Ni id shaishai taiyang, you h¥ochu. TR W6 bii xi résh ARAB BILE B Ni ca dianr féizao. According to this definition, the following underlined words are subjects: RR RS Yeye zudzhe taishiyl. HAERRT, LRA KAM, Ni baozhe hdizi, hai tizhe shuitdng, ELEM zénme shang lou a! 2ARE—GRH, FH— Liorén daizhe yiding zhanmio, chudn- tH. 4—&MA, — zhe yijian mian"io, weizhe yitiio wei- AIK, 6, zhiizhe yigén gudizhng. The following underlined words are objective complements (see Grammatical Notes IV). According to the definition given above, they are not subjects: 154BEA A ILA RIL AMES NLA THA RELA: ARRETS the BIBRATA, amslT, AAT Dishang zudzhe jige ; Taishiyishang zudzhe yiwei orén. ‘Ménshang Idile yige héshang Yingmiin gudlai yige_xiZohudzi. Chintiin kuai wanle, ciinshang dio fan ldile lang. Wizili jimanle rén. Shijiin daole, z5u rén a!41 hit To F? Shéi tdule fiizi? AAALT HEF. WRAY E b= hey, You ge rén ditle yibi fizi, Ta husiyl sht gébide Wang Xiio“tr tou de FR, at EEDA TAT, WER Epa Yash, 1 ji kaishi zhiyl Wang Xifo'érde xingdong le. Ta jude Wang Xiso'tr ARHHT, LEH AT, ML PRADA, 22, zould de yangzi, shud hua de shéngyin, dou gén pingchang rén bitong. Zongzhi, EZ bath—B—A, A RN tt BH. Wing Xido’érde yi ja yi dng, dou xiang ge xidotou muyang, TUK, LAMFTRAT, RARE DK Gudle jitiin, didshi de fii zhdozhéole, —yuanlai shi ta shang shin kin RGR AMAL T, chii de shihou, didozdi shicéngli_ le. HAR AOL LE ‘Di'ér tian, 4 you péngjian gébl HE bate de Wang Xiio'er. DAH FA, EAA Xido'érde xingdong, juéde ta zOuld. BHF haa OB de yngzi, shud hua de shéngyin, génben HAP AS. SAP RUK HL, 156BE R-TAMAREBA, jiu bi xiang yige hui tou rén dongxi de rén. or tou steal RF fiizi [4eb5] axe +‘ dit lose eS hudiyi suspect at gébi next door Be Wang Xido’ér name of a person Fee kaishi begin fA xinddng action AS zbulit walk HT yangzi manner Pe shéngyin. voice; sound 2 pingchang ordinary mA biténg not the same; different SUGIZ zOngzhi in one word —#(8)— A Lihlyi ji yi dong every action; every movement aH appearance; look BR lose Re zhdozhio find; to be found koh shang shan go uphill; go up a hill ie kan cut; chop z chai firewood # dido fall AUB] shicéng grove; a clump of trees AUG guancha observe; watch RA génbén. at all; simply; absolutely 157,42 Env ee Liwangde hioyi SHH RPRRI-ASS RMR ALY kw Ligud: chéngwai fixianle yizhihdiniio. Shéi dou méi you jidnguo zhgizhing KUARHZER,— BT, t eG, ik BERT, niio, yiwéi shi shénme baobéi, yi chudn shi, shi chudn bai, ring guéwang zhidaole, HEN ARLAR, RHA LS Bl. Liwéng jido rén ba nido ndnglal, glngyangzdi winggdng houyuin. BENXA KKB SAR, HECABA, Ci—h Lawang jido rén méitiin géi nido xizio, ging t& chi rou hé jd, hai rang yige KOK F RA RRA, BA MRL AL, RA yuédui cong zo dio win wéi nido yanzdu, yinwei yong Liwangde hua Iéi shud, jiisbi Kh 2B ARH BASH S, yao xiting zhiodai gudbin yiyingde zhiodai zhéizhi zhénguide hainiio. HEMR—SHE ALTRI CR AK ie ‘Liiwangde zhéi yifiin hioyi, qué bi hdinido xia Ta zhénglidn jinghuing WAPAG, AAPOMETARKE HEM, 158RR, BULB SKUS, HS Sn tian yihou, —hainiao jit sile, bin, HE AVE aS BRAT stfR #018] cia FR RE Bae BR aR a wR A 16 RI aa aR ot # mre HRS bi chi bi he. hioyi faxiin hainiéo shéi dou méi you biobéi chun rang nonglai gongyang houyuan méitian xizio rou yanzou yong...de hua 1ai shud zhaodai guobin zhéngui fan xiahuai jinghuang bian kindness; good intention discover; find sea-bird no one has ever treasure; treasured object pass on by (passive) get; take; bring consecrate; make offerings to backyard everyday take a bath; bath meat; flesh perform; play (music) in sb.’s words entertain; receive (guests) state guest rare; valuable mov. be terribly frightened jittery; nervy; panic-stricken 159