EXPERIENCING

CONSTRUCTION
OPUS LAKE VICNITY, CYBERJAYA

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT TUTOR PUAN NORITA JOHAR

GROUP MEMBERS
BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN 0324857
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG 0320089
CHIN VIN YAN 0320311
CHONG KIT YEE 0319748
CHONG XIN DEAN 0325353
CHONG ZHAO LUN 0320408
ONG TUN CHEIK 0319939
KHOO MING SEN 0319659
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to site 1-2
3-6
2.0 Site and Safety
7-12
2.1 Plants and Machinery

3.0 External Work 13-24

3.1 Setting out and Earth Work

4.0 Foundation 25-31

5.0 Superstructure
32
5.1 Beam and column
33-43
5.2 Slab
44-49
5.3 Wall
50-54
5.4 Staircase
55-59
6.0 Doors and windows 60-67

7.0 Roof 68-80

81
8.0 Summary
82
8.1 References
1.0 INTRODUCTION
GROUP
1.0 INTRODUCTION

OPUS LAKE VICINITY

- CYBERJAYA -

INTRODUCTION OF SITE
Just walking distance from tranquil Putrajaya Lake lies Opus @ Lake Vicinity Cyberjaya,
is the latest residential development. An enclave situated in the prime address of
Perdana Lakeview West, Cyberjaya. On 9.03 acres of freehold land. Offering 62 units of
semi dees. Protected by two tier security and 24 hour patrolling. Low density. That
comes with a private clubhouse exclusive for Opus residence. Opus residence offers 2
different types of design, named BLUES and EVERGREEN. Opus was launched in June
2015.

1
1.0 INTRODUCTION

DESIGN CONCEPTS :
Urban village where community living is advocated.
Opus Clubhouse and green space is the nerve centre of
Opus, stimulating neighbourly interaction
Each home has minimal partitions.

SITE FEATURES :
Development Size: 9.03 acres
Product offered: 2 storey semi-detached
No of units: 62 units
Land size: 40 x 88
Built up: 3,200sqft (Blues) and 3,000 sqft (EverGreen)
No of rooms: 5 bedroom plus 5 bathrooms (Blues), 5
bedroom plus 4 bathrooms (EverGreen)
Amenities: Clubhouse with gymnasium, swimming pool
and multi-utility hall. Guarded development

2
2.0 SITE & SAFETY
CHONG KIT YEE
2.0 SITE & SAFETY (from reference)

CHONG KIT YEE

The construction industry has long been considered as a difficult, dangerous and dirty occupation due to the
high number of accidents, injuries and deaths. Construction workers are exposed to different risks.

Signboard
Every site must have signage that shows health
and safety message.A simple but effective warning
notice should be placed in conspicuous position to
warn the workers and public.
Reason : To deliver important bit of information to
people and warn them about hazard that could be
happen in construction site.
Besides, project signboard have to place in front of
the site as well. It provide the information of
building work and who the licensed people are doing
the work. The sign provides information about who
is working and their contact.

3
2.0 SITE & SAFETY (from reference)

CHONG KIT YEE

Dress Code
1 Safety Helmet
protect the individuals from injuries caused by falling objects.

2 Foot protection
Closed toe shoes only.
Work boots are preferred but thick soled tennis shoes will be allowed

3 Ear protection
Ear plugs should be worn to protect the ears from damage especially when it is near or using loud machinery

4 Eye protection
Safety goggles protect against eye injuries while workers weld or cut materials & against dust or other eye irritants.

5 Hand protection
Gloves is a must to protect a workers hands from splinters and other sharp objects.

6 Face masks
If chemicals are present, masks should be worn.

7 Attire
Shirt and pants must not be tight fitting.
Shorts are allowed but must be no higher than mid-thigh
No dangling jewelry or earrings
4
2.0 SITE & SAFETY (from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

1 Scaffolding
Based on OSHA rules & regulations Section 20,
scaffolds are set up by professionals.
The basic components of scaffolding are tubes, couplers
and boards.
Tubes are usually made either of steel or aluminium. It
come in with variety of lengths and a standard diameter
of 48.3 mm. Tubes are generally bought in 6.3 m lengths
and can be cut down to certain typical sizes.
Function : Is temporary platform used to elevate and
support workers and materials during the construction,
repair, or cleaning of a structure or machine.

5
2.0 SITE & SAFETY (from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

2 Hoarding
Is a temporary structure.
A structure erected around the perimeter of
construction sites.
Have to cover 100% of the construction site and is to
be a minimal 8 feet (2.44 meters) high.
Access doors is carefully located away from public
traffic and all doors are to be lockable, only owner
having the access key.
Function : To shield them from view and prevent
unauthorised access. It is an important component in
ensuring health and safety, for site workers, visitors
and the general public.

6
2.1 PLANT & MACHINERY (from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

1 EXCAVATOR
Excavator work by the hydraulic cylinder.
By adjusting the oil in the cylinder (control valve)
which can move the arm more accurately.
The swing part enables excavator to turn around.
Crawler track groups is used rather than the wheel,
because it do not sink on the soft ground.
Also, crawler track groups can hold the ground and
enable machine go up steep slopes but it cannot
runs on road like regular cars.
BOOM
STICK HYDRAULIC
CYLINDER

USES:
LINKAGE
Used for primarily earthwork CABIN SWNG
PART
Remove all the greeneries before construction BUCKET
Used for digging trenches, holes and foundation TRACK
GROUPS

DEMOLISH
CLAMSHELL
BALLS 7
BUCKET
PLANT & MACHINERY (from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

2 BACKHOE LOADER
All of its work is done with hydraulics pumping liquid and
able to move pistons. It work like human arms.
For the backhoe, the pressure comes from an oil pump that
is powered by a diesel engine.
All of the segments ( boom, stick and bucket) are hinged
together and each cylinder can either pull a connected
segment closer or push it away.
Able to connect a wide variety of tools to either the backhoe HYDRAULIC
HAMMER
stick or the loader.
Stabilisers at the rear give additional stability when digging.
USES: BOOM
CABIN
a. Backhoe
Used to dig holes/ Excavation
Not suitable for high impact digging
STICK DOZER
b. Loader BLADE
Loading & carrying materials
On site, they used to carry cement from one place to another. EXCAVATING
BUCKET STABILZE
TRACTOR

It carry about 20 pack each time. R LEGS

PALLETIZING SWINGING TOOTH 8

FORK BLADE SHOVEL
PLANT & MACHINERY (from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

3 TELESCOPIC MOBILE CRANE

Able to lift thousands of pounds using hydraulics that
rely on forces transmitted through oil pushing the
booms pistons.
On a boom, the sections are extended and retracted
(except for the base section) by hydraulic cylinders.
If the boom sections are extended unequally, the most
fully extended section of boom could bend to uneven
stresses.
The counterweight provides greater stability when
lifting loads.
BOOM

COUNTERWEIGHT
USES:
Used to hoist & lift objects HOOK
BLOCK
Limited effectiveness because of the design
CABIN
On site, used to lift concrete bucket to upper level

OUTTRIGGER UNDERCARRIAGE
9
PLANT & MACHINERY (from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

4 TELESCOPIC HANDLER
Front tires are bigger than the back, only back tires
move when turning. Smaller back tires help them make
tight turn.
Having different end depends on what they carrying.
Pallet fork most common used in industry, while bucket
grab and bucket is used in agriculture.

USES:
Normally used in agriculture & industry
Move loads to and from places unreachable BOOM
CABIN

On our site, used to move machinery (bending machine

& cutting machine) FORK
CARRIAGE

FORK

BUCKET
BENDING MACHINE CUTTING MACHINE GRAB BUCKET PALLET 10
FORK
PLANT & MACHINERY (from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

5 ROAD ROLLER
A road roller works when the weight of the drum that is
attached to the roller body causes soil to compress and
become compact.
Drums are available in widths ranging from 24 to 84
inches
With Pneumatic tyres : provides kneading action that
seals the surface.

CABIN

USES:
COOLER
Used to compact soil, gravel, concrete or asphalit
during earthwork progress
Used the weight of vehicle to compress the surface

DRUM
FRAME
DRUM

11
PLANT & MACHINERY (from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

6 CEMENT MIXER
a. Truck
A large motor rotates the drum on the truck body and a series
of blades or a screw keeps the aggregate, water and cement in
constant motion.
When the drums rotated in other direction, it forces the
concrete out of the drum
b. Portable concrete mixer
Cement, sand and other aggregates are loaded and then poured
in the mixing drum for mixing.
Lower part use to sieve concrete
MIXING
DRUM

CABIN
Uses:
a. Truck INLET/
Maintain materials liquid state through OUTLET

turning the drum. LADDER

Transport mix concrete up to the
construction site SIDE
b. Portable concrete mixer GUARD

Small revolving drum to mix MUD

GUARD 12
3.0 EXTERNAL WORK
ONG TUN CHEIK
2.1 PLANT & MACHINERY
3.0 EXTERNAL WORK (on
ONG TUN CHEIK
site)
INTRODUCTION

External work define as the initial stage in construction.It is a working

system also define the circulation , road , temporary structure for the
long term construction work. The work start from clearance the site ,
building construction until finishing of the road and landscaping. By the
way the main purpose is to ensure the functionality around the building
for example drainage system and landscaping.it also help to enchance
the aesthetic value of a house.The external works leads to drainage
system, roadwork , fencing and landscaping.

13
3.0 EXTERNAL WORK (from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

DRAINAGE SYSTEM
It is a system generally underground. It used to convey rainwater from roof paved areas and sanitary fitting to a
suitable disposal installations. The usual method of disposal is to connect the pipework to the public drainage
which convey discharge to a local authority sewerage of treatment to process

PIPEWORK
It is a process of installing the underground piping. It allows the water flow naturally to the drain disposal from
rainwater at the roof , wasted water or soil below the ground when it has collected in a time.

Underground piping installation during the

foundation process. The main pipelines are
connected with the drain along to the manhole.

Sample unit underground soil piping in progress 14

3.0 EXTERNAL WORK (from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

TEMPORARY STRUCTURE

1 Construction Fence 2 Construction Signboard

Signboard has a
standard height, it
needs to be supported

Fencing on this site differs to that of our It gave the name of the project , the detail of
previous site,not on type.They using the timber the project and all the parties involve in this
as the structure and iron sheet as the cover. project. 19
DRAINAGE SYSTEM (from references)
SEWERAGE WORK
Sewerage System define as a transportation of water
and soil to the final disposal point where it has been
collected in the drain.It was used a small space around
the building to locate the inspection chamber. In the
building, there are many outlets from the toilet, kitchen ,
washing machine and bathroom were connected in the
same pipe and go to public sewerage pipeline to the
treatment place.
ONG TUN CHEIK
MANHOLE
Along to the treatment place, there are manholes
located on the ground and it is connected to the
public road along the pipeline. Manhole has
actually covered with a round metal cover and
used as a way for workers to service pipe work
inside the interceptors
15
 DRAINAGE SYSTEM (from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

INSTALLATION OF DRAIN
Digging out the area with measurement

Apply cement concrete at the bottom of the

drain bed as a glue for stability.

Within the step , precast drain has to be fitted

Install the precast drain concrete into the area

Bricks are constructed by filling the cement

concrete and stepping upwards with measurement

Apply cement concrete as a glue to stick together

In the site , it shows the progress of the
along the drain
drain by filling and stepping the bricks after
the precast drain installed and plastering.The The site is necessary to install steel mesh
diagram shows the process of constructing
the drain during and later on. A layer of plastering apply on the bricks

16
ROADWORK (from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

ROADWORK
Roadwork define as a construction,addition or repair of the road. It as a circulation of transportation.To construct a road
, team have to identify the needs of the transportation in the area of the road. After decided a plan , team have to started
measure the boundaries and land surveyings.

In the site shows the first phase of the work done where
Making the route for road work as the initial stage of roadwork. They
they fill up the aggriates within the road as the first layer.
gonna excavate the site for the roadbed
After all , the concrete curb will be installed as the
boundaries of the road and placed the a layer of asphalt
on the aggriates. 17
ROADWORK (from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

The height of drain is lower than road
so water runoff to storm sewer

First step,excavate out an roadbed

with measurement by bulldozer Placed gravel and
moisten it

Apply roadway marking on the

Asphalt surface
Crusher run Placed crusher run on the top of
gravel
Gravel

Existing land

CIRCULATION

Main road Spread a layer of tar as a glue to

One-way road stick crusher run.

18
3.1 SETTING OUT AND EARTHWORK (fromite)

ONG TUN CHEIK

INTRODUCTION
Setting out define as the reverse of surveying. Also a
process for forming maps and plans of a particular site or
area.It begans with plans and ended up with the various
elements of a plan correctly positioned on site.

20
SETTING OUT (from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

FORMING LAND
TYPE A

Involve the use of many horizontal and vertical control

1
methods and positioning techniques.In the site , they use
the gridline to locate the boundaries in a correct position TYPE B
on the ground
Setting out continues on from first stage. All the control
2
will be outside the main construction.

21
SETTING OUT (from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

BASELINE

Baseline is specified to run in two point.once the LAND FORM

point establish on site, the design point can be set
up from baseline by using tape.

ONE POINT BASELINE OFFSET PEGS

Used as a mark point for the footing pad during foundation
process. It is also a temporary structure.Once foundation
begin, The peg will be lost.

Set the point

TWO POINT BASELINE

Digging out
22
EARTHWORK (from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

INTRODUCTION

Earth work is the first work performed on most construction projects. It Emcompasses a number of
activities which are site clearance, site preparation on road , building , bridge and more. Every earthwork
has t be ensure that the work done is in accordance with the specification and calculations.

SITE FORMATION
It is a basic building block of archeology where it analysis of this sequence through excavation to identify
the leveling of the site and forming out the cut and fill area.

This area used to be the swamp area , after site clearance

Using excavator to fill the land with specifications
finished , it goes to site leveling process
23
EARTHWORK (from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

CUT AND FILL ANALYSIS SITE CLEARANCE

A proper procedure must be done for both site

establishment.Site clearance involves demolition of
Cut area exisitng landscape, building and rock.Before the site
Fill area formation begin, the site clearnce carried out by
backhoe loader to clearing the existing grubbing and
SWAMP AREA tree truck into a stack at the picture below.
EXISTING LAND

SECTION A-A

EXISTING LAND SWAMP AREA

24
4.0 FOUNDATION
BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN
4.0 FOUNDATION (from reference)

BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN

A lower portion of building

structure that transfers
its gravity loads to the
earth.
Broken into two
categories: shallow
foundations and deep
Shallow foundation Deep foundation
foundations.

Determine the foundation type based on:

1 Soil Condition 2 Time Factor

Time for pile installation in construction plan
3 Structural Loading
When soil close to the surface is capable of In low rise building with large span, the extent
affect which type of foundation to be used. For of loading is relatively modest,so shallow
supporting structure loads, shallow foundations
example, overall construction for this site takes foundation is chosen. Deep foundation is
can be provided. Deep foundations are suitable
23 months to complete. Foundation takes 2 selected in high-rise building with short span
when ground close to surface is not capable of
months.. has high loads.
supporting structural loads, and hard strata is 25
needed.
TYPE OF FOUNDATION AND FOOTING PAD (from reference)

BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN

Two types of foundation systems are shallow foundation and deep foundation.
Shallow foundation
Strip footings Pad footings
A form of spread foundation formed by
A continuous strip of concrete that serves to
rectangular or square concrete pads that
spread the weight of a load-bearing wall
support localised single-point loads such as
across an area of soil.
structural columns, groups of columns or
framed structures.
Masonry or
concrete wall Column

Reinforced
concrete strip Footing
footing reinforcement

Mud slab
Raft footings
A thick concrete slab reinforced with steel Compacted
which covers the entire contact area of the base
structure like a thick floor.
Cantilever footings
Two single footing connected with a beam or a
strap and support two single columns.
Cavity wall
Internal load
Column
bearing wall
Concrete
Reinforced
Strap beam
concrete raft
Footing of
column 26
DEEP FOUNDATION (from reference)

BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN

Deep foundation
Types of piles
Pile may be classified as either End bearing or Friction piles, according to the manner in which the pile loads are resisted.

1 End bearing piles 2 Friction piles

The shaft of an end bearing pile passes A friction pile obtains its support mainly
through soft deposits until it meets a by the adhesion or skin friction of the
suitable base on bedrock, dense sand or soil on the surface of the shaft, usually
gravel. firm clays.

27
DEEP FOUNDATION (from reference)
Types of displacement piles
1 Precast reinforced concrete piles
The piles are in circular, square, rectangular
or octagonal form. They are cast and cured in
a casting yard and then transported to the
site for driving.
Reinforcement
Steel shoe
3 Steel preformed piles
This type of piles are made of sectors in the
form of H, X or of thick pipes. They are
suitable for handling and driving in long
lengths.
BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN
2 Composite piles
Composite piles are made up of a
combination of different materials.
Steel piles are used above the ground Concrete
water level, while timber piles are Pile
installed below ground water level to
prevent insect attack and decay.
Core
Casing
Timber pile
4 Driven in situ/ Cast-in-place
piles
The most type commonly used for
foundations due to the great diversity
available for pouring concrete and the
introduction of the pile into the soil.
Two ways of installing the piles are
driving and drilling.
Driving Reinforcement Concrete Work tube
Placement extraction
TYPE OF FOUNDATION AND FOOTING PAD (from site)

BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN

Shallow foundation Raft footing

Footing placed directly below the lowest part
of a substructure and transfer building loads
directly to the supporting soil by vertical
pressure.

Preparation on footing foundation in progress. Clubhouse footing foundation.

Why is it used?
Shallow foundations are typically used where
the loads imposed by a structure are low
relative to the bearing capacity of the surface Setting up formwork Concrete poured and ground slab in progress.
soils.

29
INSTALLATION OF RAFT FOUNDATION (from site)

BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN

1 Built the formwork. 2 Place main reinforcement bar

Framework Reinforcement
bar
3 Place transverse
reinforcement bar

Transverse
Reinforcement bar

30
INSTALLATION OF RAFT FOUNDATION (from site)

BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN

4 Apply anti termite treatment 5 Add more ties to the formwork and
pour concrete

Concrete
bucket

31
5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG l CHONG ZHAO LUN | KHOO MING SEN
5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

BEAM COLUMN

Superstructure:
Portion of the structure above the foundation.
Provides the necessary utility of the building with
WALL comfort, structural safety as well as ventilation.
Includes column, beam, slab, wall and staircase.

STAIRCASE SLAB

32
5.1 BEAM & COLUMNS (from reference)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

Beams and columns work together to form a comprehensive supporting system to provide strength to a building during
early stage of construction. Both serve as the same purpose of supporting the building structure.

BEAMS:
Horizontal member of a structure, carrying transverse
load.
Beams carry the floor slab or the roof slab.
Also transfer all the loads including its self-weight to the
columns or walls.
Characterized by their profile (shape of cross-section),
their length, and their material.

TYPES OF BEAM:
1 2 3 4 5

Simply supported beam Fixed beam Cantilever beam Continuous beam Overhanging beam

33
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM (from site)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

R.C.C beams are designed to act together with FORMWORK:

longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied
forces.
Subjected to bending moments and shear.
Due to the vertical external load, bending compresses
the top fibers of the beam and elongates the bottom
fibers.
The strength of R.C.C beam depends on the composite
action of concrete.

Formwork functions as a mould for workers to pour concrete in.

RCC beams are being used due to their high compressive strength in Formwork will later be removed when the concrete has set and dried.
general, also, high resistance to fire and weather.

34
CONSTRUCTION OF RCC BEAMS (from site)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

STAGE ONE :
Installation of Reinforcement Bars

Steel reinforcement

1 Installation of metal rods

Installation of beam rebars in our site.
During constructing a ground beam, the ground
must be cleared and marked accordingly based on
the construction drawing.
The reinforcement bar will be set on the determined
spot as the initial stage for strengthening the
beam.

35
CONSTRUCTION OF RCC BEAMS (from site)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

STAGE TWO :
Installation of Formwork
Wooden formwork

2 Installation of formwork
Then, formwork will be positioned around the
reinforcement bar to determine the beams shape
and size.
Installation of beam formwork in our site. Strength of the formwork is important as to ensure
that the formwork will not expand when pouring
concrete.

36
CONSTRUCTION OF RCC BEAMS (from site)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

STAGE THREE :
Filling Concrete
Concrete filling

3 Filling Concrete
Concrete is ready to be poured into the framework
subsequently, and then left to set.
When its done, the formwork will be removed, and the
beam is ready for columns to be constructed upon it.
*Upper floor beam
For upper floor beam, the slab and beam are usually cast-in-situ at the same time. As the column is completed, the
formwork will be built upon the column and then the concrete is poured into it. The same process is repeated as the
construction methods of the ground beam.
37
COLUMNS (from reference)
Vertical structural member.
Transmits the load from ceiling or roof slab and beam,
including its self-weight to the foundation.
May be subjected to a pure compressive load.
It should be realized that the failure of a column results
in the collapse of the structure.
The design of a column should therefore receives
importance.
SHAFT
BASE
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
Columns are mostly constructed by concrete; apart
from that materials such as Wood, Steel, Fibre-
reinforced polymer, Cellular PVC, and Aluminium too are
been used.
The type of material is been decided on the scale,
coast and application of the construction.
38
COLUMN CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCE (from reference)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

Construction tolerance is a guideline for contractors to ensure the built structures are within specific range.

In construction site, the measurement of built structure may differ to architects drawing due to workmanship,
materials, and environment factor. Therefore a standard range of tolerance is set to prevent out of proportion buildings.

The standard tolerance for Malaysias construction industry is 14mm, although some stricter architects limit up to
8mm, which is harder to achieve for contractors.

100mm 112mm
Column in site
differs from the
drawing by 12mm,
therefore, its
COLUMN

COLUMN
tolerated.

Drawing Site
39
 REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS (from site)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

The column that is applied in our site is R.C.C column.
Rigid, relatively slender structural members designed
primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to
the ends of the members.
REINFORCEMENT BAR (REBAR):
Is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension
device in reinforced concrete structures.
To strengthen and hold the concrete in tension.
Rebar's surface is often patterned to form a better
bond with the concrete.

Rebars are used to

strengthen the columns
and increase the lifespan
of the column.

Left: Steel bar cutting

machine
R.C.C column has good workability, better resistance to fire, more durable and Right: Steel bar
cost effective as compared to wood and steel column. bending machine

40
CONSTRUCTION OF RC COLUMNS (from site)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

STAGE ONE : STAGE TWO :

Column Layout Work Installation of Reinforcement Bars

Reinforcement
bars

1 Column layout work1 2 Column reinforcement work

Laying rope according to grids shown in the After marking the column locations, reinforcement
drawing and then mark the location of columns is being placed as instructed in the structural
related to rope. drawing.
Place columns related to rope-line by measuring
dimension shown in the drawing. 41
CONSTRUCTION OF RC COLUMNS (from site)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

STAGE THREE :
Installation of Formwork

formwork

3 Column formwork
Installation of column formwork in our site. Wooden planks are being placed around the
rebar as formwork.

42
CONSTRUCTION OF RC COLUMNS (from site)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

STAGE FOUR :
Filling Concrete

Concrete
filling

4 Pouring concrete into formwork

Concrete is ready to be poured into the formwork
Concrete pouring process. subsequently, and then left to set.
When its done, the formwork will be removed.

43
5.2 SLAB (from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

Slabs are common structural material in the building industry. Slabs are mostly used to construct the floor, ceiling and
while other is using for the exterior pave with thinner slab. In the building industry, slabs are using to construct the
ground floor of the building with supporting the foundation.

SLAB:
Flat piece of concrete
Durability
Termite resistance
Damp resistance
Higher speed for building construction
Fire resistance

TYPE OF SLAB:
ONE WAY SLAB: TWO WAY SLAB:
Slab supported by the same Slab supported by four
direction of the beams. beams on each corner.
Has same parallel thickness Total load are carried in two
of beams. direction perpendicular.
Total load are carried in the To prevent bending in middle
same direction. of the slab. 44
 TYPE OF SLAB (from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

TWO WAYS SLAB ONE WAY SLAB

Slab will be
supported by
four side of
beams.

Can carried more

load in bigger
room. Carried moderate load
or lesser
Slab will be supported
by two side of beams.

45
CONSTRUCTION OF SLAB (from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

1 STAGE ONE : 2 STAGE TWO :

Place the ledger Place the bearer
COLUMN

BEARER

LEDGER

FORMWORKS

SUPPORT LEDGER

Ledger are built to supporting the beam and the Bearer are placing like a grid that shown on the
formworks for slab. picture above.
Ledger are placed in every perimeter of the slab. Bearer and the formworks are supported by the
ledger 46
CONSTRUCTION OF SLAB (from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

3 STAGE THREE : 4 STAGE FOUR :

Decking Plywood Place reinforcing bar

BRC MESH

PLYWOOD
REBAR

Plywood will be decking above the ledger. The reinforced bar are able to place on the interior
Installation had to done perfectly to prevent side of formworks.
leakage. Next, BRC mesh are able to place inside the
formwork. 47
CONSTRUCTION OF SLAB (from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

5 STAGE FIVE : 6 STAGE SIX :

Pour concrete Reinforced concrete slab
CONCRETE

FROM CEMENT
MIXER TRUCK
A COMPLETE
CONCRETE SLAB

Before pouring the concrete, dust, sand or stone After curing the concrete slab and wait for two
had to clean up in the formwork. weeks to dry.
After cleaning, the concrete are able to pour. Last, formworks can be removed and concrete
slab is done. 48
 OTHER COMPONENTS IN SLAB CONSTRUCTION (from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

SPACE BLOCK ANCHOR BOLT

Spaceblock is a small piece like a cuboid shape cut
from the concrete.
After the rebar set up was done, these blocks are
placing below the rebar to prevent it touching the
ground.
It helps the rebar to prevent corrosion.
Concrete anchor bolt are used to secure structure
wall to concrete slab and foundation wall.
Anchor bolt had to immediate installed after the
concrete was poured. The anchor bolt still can be
straightened as the concrete hardens.
Nut

Washer

BRC Wire mesh Space block Sill plate

Foundation Slab

49
5.3 WALL (from reference)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

A wall is a structure that defined as an area, carried a load, or provides shelter or security. Wall construction divided
into two categories, which are framed walls and mass walls. Framed walls is called as a non load bearing wall, which
had three or more separate components like timber, concrete or metal. Mass wall will be load bearing wall, which using
solid material like masonry wall. For example, brick or stone.
WALL:
Protection & security
Divided into different space in one area
Carried load to support upper floor
Sound insulation
Fire resistance
Lower energy bills
TYPE OF WALL:
LOAD BEARING WALL: NON LOAD BEARING WALL:
Carried load from foundation This wall does not support
to upper floor load, because the building
This wall construct with itself had concrete beam
reinforcement steel bar or and columns on it to support
join with column. the load from upper floor.
50
5.3 WALL (from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

TYPE OF MASONRY
In our site, Clay brick are using for the whole wall construction. All clay brick from the site had been tested before by
the the compress pressure machine and is safe to use even some clay brick are overburning. The type of wall are using
in this construction is non load bearing wall.

CLAY BRICK
One of the most common material for wall
construction in Malaysia
Low maintenance cost
Fire resistance
Thermal insulation
Construct by using mortar Header face

Stretcher face

51
5.3 WALL (from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

CONSTRUCTION OF WALL
1 STAGE ONE : 2 STAGE TWO :
Lay out footing String for line

FOOTING REFERENCE STRING

Concrete wall CLAY BRICK

STARTING POINT
(Column)

Lay a foundation wall for footer to cure before Using string or laser to mark line for placing the
begin to lay a brick. brick in the same position on wall construction.
Start to lay the brick from the corner of the To measure of each layer for the correct height.
column with mortar. 52
CONSTRUCTION OF WALL (from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

3 STAGE THREE : 4 STAGE FOUR :

Lay the bricks Finishing process

Line of every layer of bricks

PLASTERS

Cement mortar are applied to the clay brick After brick are applied, finishing can be ready.
Using string in every layer of the top of brick with By using plasters as a finishing to protect the
a line according to the structural arrangement. outer layer of wall.
53
CONSTRUCTION OF WALL (from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

Fabrication process:

CEMENT PIT ANGEL BEAD

To mark the thickness of Plastic bead that used for
the plasters that are the every brick wall in the
going to applied. right angel

WIRE MESH STRING

Wire mesh are placed in String are used as a line to

between the bricks to place the brick in position
strengthen the hold of the
brick in wall construction.

54
5.4 STAIRCASE (from references)

KHOO MING SEN

A stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs is a construction designed to bridge a large vertical
distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps. Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of
two or more straight pieces connected at angles. Special types of stairs include escalators and ladders. Some
alternatives to stairs are elevators, stairlifts and inclined moving walkways as well as stationary inclined sidewalks.

TYPE OF STAIRCASE:

MATERIAL OF STAIRCASE:

Glass Concrete Steel Timber

55
5.4 STAIRCASE (from reference)

KHOO MING SEN

CONCRETE STAIRCASE:

Designed by a qualified Engineer as it requires careful analysis of load, span and support conditions.
Common use in multi-storey building.
May be either cast in-situ or pre-cast.
Railing may be timber, glass, metal or concrete.
Riser and tread finishing can be timber or metal or any other type finishing.
Heavily reinforced.

The site has used reinforced concrete stairs cast in-situ which is also double winder for this project with the half
landing style. By using the material, concrete for the stairs is to make it more stable and long lasting for the building.
Beside that, concrete staircase also have thermal insulation, low maintenance cost and better fire resistance.

56
CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE (from site)

KHOO MING SEN

1 STAGE ONE : Calculate the stairs 2 STAGE TWO : Determine the foundations
dimension. dimension.

The Standard measurement of riser(7) and tread The dimension of the staircases foundation are
(11). the total length of run and total width of staircase
To get the total number of rise,measure the as measured in step 1.
height of the one floor to the other.Divide the
height with 7.25 to get the number of step.
Measure the horizontal distance the staircase will
span and measure the width of staircase from left
to right.

57
CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE (from site)

KHOO MING SEN

3 STAGE THREE : Build the form. 4 STAGE FOUR : Prepare the concrete.

Use other plywood for farming lumber to build the Produce sufficient and well-mixed mortar with a
form. Cut the side forms according to the tread portable cement mixer.
and riser calculations.

58
CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE (from site)

KHOO MING SEN

5 STAGE FIVE:
Forming and pouring concrete steps.
Saw cut your form lumber and finish corners: Sawcut all but the bottom
step forms at a 45- degree angle.This allows for finishing right up to the
corner of the step.
Attach step from liners: wish to create stone- like textures on the faces of
concrete steps or a profiled edge, use polyurethane step form liners or foam
forms, attaching them to the wood forms with finishing nails.
Use form support to ensure the use of wood stakes to brace forms to
prevent them from bowing outward as the concrete is placed.
Vibrate the edge of forms: Its importance to vibrate the face of the
concrete forms to remove any honeycombs and voids from the concrete
surface. Vibrating the forms bring the concrete paste to the surface to fill
in any holes. Tap the wood forms with a hammer or use a palm sander to
vibrate the freshly poured concrete.
Remove forms the day of pour and customize: Remove the step forms and
finish the corner of each step the day of the pour. This will allow use of
concrete chisels to cut hand tooled joints and texturing skins on step faces
and surfaces.

59
6.0 DOORS & WINDOWS
CHONG XIN DEAN
6.0 DOORS & WINDOW (from references)

CHONG XIN DEAN

Casing

Door/ Slab

Doors Stile
A barrier installed at wall opening to Hinges
provide access to the interior of the
building from the exterior, or passages Drill for
within the interior lock set

Panels
Threshold
Bottom
rail

60
TYPES OF DOORS (from site)

CHONG XIN DEAN

1 Hinged door 2 Bypass sliding door 3 Surface sliding door

It has 2 sections, slide Slide along tracks,

Hinged along one side.
along one axis on parallel mostly for space and
Allow door pivoted away
overhead tracks, sliding aesthetics purposes
from doorway in one
past each other Used for kitchen.
direction only
Used for the entrance to the
Widely used on site.
balcony from the living
room..

61
DOORS INSTALLATION (from site)

CHONG XIN DEAN

1 2

Aluminium
frame

Rough opening of the door is measured. Then, a

few layers of bricks are laid first.
Aluminium frame is located at the opening. The aluminium
frame is used to hold up the weight of the door frame.

3 4

Lintel

The door frame is then installed into the opening. The
bricks are continued to be laid.
Pre-cast concrete lintel is located on top of the door
frame attached to the wall. It is used to supports weight
of the wall and acts as a support beam to transfer load
62
of wall to both side of opening.
DOORS INSTALLATION (from site)

CHONG XIN DEAN

5 6

Mortar
The door is installed on the hinged side.
Mortar is filled into the spaces between the gap and
the wall before plastering the wall. Left hand hinge (LHH) - hinge positioned at
left side of the door, doors open away from
you (standing outside)

Right hand hinge (RHH) - hinged right, doors open

away from you (standing outside)
63
6.0 DOORS & WINDOWS ( from reference)

CHONG XIN DEAN

Head Jamb
Rail

Brickmould

Windows
Openings on wall which allow passages of Stiles
lights, ventilation
Held in place by frames
Meeting
rail

Stool Side
Sill Jamb
64
TYPES OF WINDOWS ( from site)

CHONG XIN DEAN

1 Fixed window 2 Casement window 3 Single hung sash 4 Awning

Only function is to Widely used on One sash Hinged on top

allow lights to site, living room, movable (usually Very useful for
enter bedroom etc. botton one), ventilation
No ventilation other is fixed Swing
needed Utilized in outwards like
Used in some area toilets. awning
of bedrooms. Used in kitchen

65
WINDOW INSTALLATION (from site)

CHONG XIN DEAN

Our site is using the sub-frame method. The sub-frame system comprises a sub-frame. The main frame is then installed
onto the sub frame at a much later stage of the construction. Proper alignment and setting out of the sub-frame is crucial
in ensuring the ease of operation of the window
1 2

Subframe

Check the rough opening on the walls to make sure that it is Check the plumb and the alignment of the sub frame.
cleaned.

3 4

Aluminium
bar Stiffeners

Aluminium bar is installed at the opening. It is used to hold up Temporary stiffeners are inserted to
the weight of the window frame. position the subframe on the wall. 66
WINDOW INSTALLATION (from site)

CHONG XIN DEAN

5 6

Main frame
Window sill
Main frame is installed. Window frame must Window is leveled by setting the sill of the
be protected throughout the fabrication and window.
construction process.

7 8
Sealant
Masking tape

Window frame is protected by using Application of sealant. The gap between

masking tape before the application of window frame and wall surface is sealed
sealant. to prevent water seepage.
67
7.0 ROOF
CHIN VIN YAN
7.0 ROOF
CHIN VIN YAN
The roof functions as the primary sheltering elements for the interior space of a building. Its form
and construction should control the flow of water as well as the passage of water, air, heat and
cold. Roof system also will determine the construction method and the system of framing.

TYPE OF ROOF (references) :

A. GABLE ROOF
B. HIP ROOF C. SKILLION ROOF

D. MANSARD ROOF E. BUTTERFLY ROOF

68
TYPE OF ROOF (from references)

CHIN VIN YAN

ROOF FRAMING : TYPE OF ROOF SLOPES :

FLAT ROOF
A. RAFTER ROOF FRAMING The minimum recommended Flat roof can efficiently cover
Rafters are a single piece of lumber
slope : per foot. a building of any horizontal
that span from beam to beam or Slope may be categorized dimension.v
beam to wall or wall to wall. The high,medium and low slope
may be sloped or flat. Although flat
rafters are usually called joist.

B. PLANK AND BEAM ROOF FRAMING

Wood plank-and-beam roof
systems are similar and both
typically use same post or column
structural grid for their support

LOW SLOPE ROOF MEDIUM OF HIGH SLOPE ROOF

C. TRUSSES RAFTER ROOF FRAMING Low slope roofs require roll or Medium and high slope may be
continuous membrane roofing: some covered with shingles, tiles or sheet
Trusses rafter roof are pre-engineered shingle and sheet materials may materials
and shop-fabricated monoplaner used on 3in2 pitches. 69
trusses
TYPE OF ROOF (from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

Skillion Roof / Slanted Roof
Rain water flow
backward to
the concrete
made drainage.
The roof are not
using gutter due to
the sufficient slope
for rain water flow
to the drainage

The site used Skillion roof or known as ROOFS SECTIONAL DRAWING

Slanted roof. The site used the the
method slanted backward which higher at
the front.The reason it is apply in this
project is because slanted roof allow the
rainwater to flow backward to the
drainage system.

LOW
SLOP
E ROOF
From the site, it can be identified the roof are using plank
and beam roof framing to form their structure. The material
3

was used for framing are metal which different from the
12 traditional wood structure.
70
CONSTRUCTION STAGE (from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

1 2

The construction of the roof all start with the framing After installing the frame of the roof, its move on to to
which support the roof. installation of roof insulation, rock wool, felt and etc.

3 4

The structure was covered by plasterboard ceiling

Lastly, this is the final outcome of the roof.
To make the roof more ecstatic.
71
ROOF CONSTRUCTION METHOD (from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

STAGE 1 : ROOF FRAMING
PLANK AND BEAM SYSTEMS
The Roof beams is
supported by concrete
beams.

Roof deck spans

between roof beams

The roof system used in this project is plank

and beam roof system which it similar with ROOF BEAMS PARALLEL WITH SLOPE
the floor systems. This type of systems is In this two-layer system, the roof beams spaced further apart
using column structural grid to support the and support a series of purlins. These purlins, in turn are spanned
roof. Beside that, the material of the roof with sheet roofing materials.
framing are using steel. (to prevent thermal
and rotten effects.)
72
FRAMING INSTALLATION (from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

1 ROOF BEAMS
PURLINS 2
After the installation of roof beams,
purlin will be place opposite position
of the roof beams.

The roof beams lies parallel with the

slope and support by the concrete
beam of the structure

WEB STIFFENERS
WEB STIFFENERS

Roof beams and purlins are

using the same method to
secure the position which
is using web stiffeners. ROOFS SECTIONAL DRAWING
73
FRAMING INSTALLATION (from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

3 FASCIA

PURLINS

ROOF BEAMS

After install the main structure of the roof, FASCIA

Fascia is use to to trim the the edge of the roof
yet it also give a guideline before installing
insulation sheet. In order to secure the Fascia
with the roof beams, mechanical fastening is
used.

1 2 3

74
ROOF CONSTRUCTION METHOD (from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

STAGE 2 : ROOF LAYERING
CORRUGATED METAL ROOF
CORRUGATED METAL SHEET

MINERAL WOOL

THERMAL AND HEAT

INSULATION FOIL

This stage is where the insulator, wool, roof The layering of the roof is simplify than
materials will be install. This stage need to PURLINS
any other type of roof is because the
be taking carefully is because it will affect requirement of protection of roof is
the moisture and thermal effect of the lesser in Malaysia.
house.
75
FUNCTION OF EACH LAYER (from references)

CHIN VIN YAN

1 THERMAL AND HEAT INSULATION FOIL

Heat reflection, sound insulation and anti vibration

Suitable tropicanal area like Malaysia
Light, soft, dust free, retardant, easy to install
Moisture and Thermal protection

2 MINERAL WOOL 3
Thermal insulation
2
Acoustic insulation
Fire protection
Water-resistant and vapor-permeable 1
Ecologically safe

3 CORRUGATED METAL SHEET ROOF LAYERING DRAWING

Self-supporting and span between roof beams or
purlins running across the slope.
Type corrugation and rib been used
76
INSTALLATION OF ROOF LAYERS
CHIN VIN YAN

1 2

REINFORCEMENT FOIL TAPE

INSULATION are free supported by itself and lies over
the purlins.
Overlap another roll of insulation sheet.
Tape it with REINFORCEMENT FOIL TAPE to join the
sheets.
Next, apply MINERAL WOOL on insulation sheets.
Lay one metal sheet after another wool been apply.
This technique is use the weight of the metal sheet
to secure the wool.

3
CORRUGATED METAL SHEET algin into the right
position then machinary fastening need to apply
immediately.
The machinery fastening need to be penetrated the
whole layers of the roof till the purlins.

77
ROOF CONSTRUCTION METHOD (from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

STAGE 3 : CEILING INSTALLATION
METACIL CEILING SUSPENDED CORRUGATED METAL SHEET
MINERAL WOOL
INSULATION SHEET
ROOF BEAM

FASCIA

HANGERS
CEILING FURRING
PLASTERBOARD
The final work of the roof is the installation
of the ceiling to cover the the visible
structure of the roof. After installing the
ceiling, the roof will approach an esthetic
METACIL CEILING SUSPENDED
outcome.
78
CEILING INSTALLATION (from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

1 2

HANGER
HANGER PRIMARY CHANNEL

Plan the point for fastening the hanger. Attach the primary channel with hanger horizontally
Place the hanger and secure it by mechanical fastening Secure it by mechanical fastening

3 4

PLASTERBOARD

WIRE CLIP
CEILING FURRING
CEILING FURRING
PRIMARY CHANNEL

Attach ceiling furring with primary channel using grid system. Attach the plasterboard with the ceiling furring
Fasten it with wire clip. Secure it by mechanical fastening.
79
CEILING INSTALLATION (from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

1 2

80
8.0 SUMMARY
GROUP//
8.0 SUMMARY

From this project, we gain a lot of knowledge about the construction

process of a building. Construction is a vigorous process that
involves a lot of parties. To ensure the construction is successful,
effective planning and multitasking is crucial. For example, architect
and contractor have to communicate well and plan about the project.
This smoothen the progress of construction.

Besides, throughout the project let us understand that the

construction can be more complex than we think. During the site
visit, we are quite lost about the process but after doing some
research it helps us to understand more especially those details
process. We try to gather and simplify the information we get.

In a nutshell, we had learn what could not be confined in the class

from the site. The construction process is very complicated. Every
single steps or procedure are linked and important. It have to be
carry out with caution and specificity. This is to ensure the final
product is safe for the client and also community.

81
REFERENCES

SITE & SAFETY

C. M. (n.d.). Construction Site Safety Guide. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.buildingsguide.com/blog/construction-site-safety-guide
A. H. (2012, July 11). Telescopic handler is showcase of valves. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://hydraulicspneumatics.com/material-handling/telescopic-handler-showcase-valves
Telescopic Boom Cranes. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.tpub.com/eqopbas/146.htm
M. B., & T. H. (2001, March 5). How Caterpillar Backhoe Loaders Work. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/backhoe-loader5.htm
Kikki's Workshop [ Everything about Construction Equipment ] The mechanism of a hydraulic excavator. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.kenkenkikki.jp/special/no01/e_index2.htm
E. B. (2012, January 26). How Cement Mixers Work. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/cement-mixer4.htm
S., D., & Walker, J. (n.d.). What is a Road Roller? Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-road-roller.htm
Personal Protective Equipment. (2003). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.pdf.

EXTERNAL WORK
Malaysia signboard maker & manufacturer, office signage design, acrylic cutting & design, 3M sticker supplies. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://trsign.com.my/site/index.php?cat=1
Inspection chamber image from http://www.jkhdrainageunits.co.uk/images/productImages/inspectionChambers/inspectionChamberBigJ/P20ChamberExt.jpg
Pipework Construction | Lakervent. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://lakervent.co.uk/services/pipework-construction
Ask the Builder.external drainage (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.askthebuilder.com/a-simple-trench-drain/

FOUNDATION
What is Backfill? Retrieved May 10, 2016, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-backfill.htm
Foundation Engineering.Types of piles.Retrieved May 14, 2016, from http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/classification-of-piles/1799/
Piling Application,Retrieved May 16, 2016, from http://www.junttan.com/piling-specialist/aplicaciones-de-pilotaje/
Civil Construction Tips. Raft Foundation.Retrieved May 14, 2016, from http://civilconstructiontips.blogspot.my/2011/06/raft-foundation.html
BUTE Department of Construction Management and Technology.Foundation .Retrieved May 14, 2016, from http://www.ekt.bme.hu/ArchEng/Foundations%20(S-D)-s.pdf
Piling Brief Introduction, Retrieved May 16, 2016, from http://www.substruck.ie/our-services/foundation-repair/piling

SUPERSTRUCTURE
Mbrsalman. (n.d.). Civil Engineering (Beams,Columns). Retrieved May 06, 2016, from http://www.slideshare.net/mbrsalman/civil-engineering-beamscolumns
Beams. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2016, from https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/04_struct_members/01_beams/page_001.htm
Different Types of Beams. (2015). Retrieved May 6, 2016, from http://me-mechanicalengineering.com/different-types-of-beams/
Various types of RCC Slabs (2010). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/various-types-of-rcc-slabs-design-of-rcc-structures/
Form and Pour a Concrete Slab. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.familyhandyman.com/masonry/pouring-concrete/form-and-pour-a-concrete-slab/view-all
Types of Walls. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/walls.html
Wall construction process - WATKINS; MICHAEL W. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5894704.html

DOORS & WINDOWS

Installation of window frame. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from https://www.bca.gov.sg/professionals/iquas/..%5CIquas%5Cgpgs%5CAWindow%5CAWInstallation.pdf
Types of windows. Retrieved May, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window
Types of doors. Retrieved May 16, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door

ROOF
Ching, F. D., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated. New York: Wiley.
Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (1999). Construction technology. Harlow: Longman.
B. (2012). How to install and MF plasterboard ceiling. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVJd2OROuSA
H. (2015). How to Install Eave & Fascia Metal Roofing Trim. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDeFAVTS3D4
K. (2013). Kingspan AIR-CELL Installation Video - Commercial Metal Roof Insulation. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xK4gQD52dXw

82