Dr.

Hermizi Binti Hapidin

Pusat Pengajian Sains Kesihatan (PPSK)
Universiti Sains Malaysia

E-mail: hermizi@usm.my
Ext. No.: 7634
1) Gross structure of external eye
2) Gross anatomy of eyeball
3) Muscles of eyeball and eyelids (names, identifications
& functions)
f ti )
4) Blood and nerve supply of eye (names)
5) Visual pathways (structural aspect)
 Include somatic Include smell, taste,
sensations
ti (tactile,
(t til vision,
i i hearing
h i and d
thermal, pain, and equilibrium.
proprioceptive)
p p p ) and
visceral sensations.
Scattered throughout the Concentrated in specific
body
body. locations in the head.
head
Simple structures. Anatomically distinct
structures.
C
Complex
l neurall pathway.
th

General Senses Special Senses

 Traditionally, the FIVE special senses have been
defined as: 1) taste, 2) smell, 3) vision, 4) hearing
and 5) equilibrium or balance
Th
They are either
ith localized
l li d within
ithi complex
l sensory
organs such as the eyes and ears, or within
epithelial
p structures such as the taste buds and
olfactory epithelium
In humans, sight is the dominant sense. The
eyes contain about 70% of all the sensory
receptors in the body, and almost half the cerebral
cortex is involved in processing visual data
 A pair of special sense organs that works with the brain
to provide us with vision
Situated one on each side of the nose in the upper face
They occupy two bony openings (orbits) on each side
in the skull
 Eyelashes

Eyebrows
Upper eyelid

Conjunctiva
(
(over S
Sclera)
l )
Pupil
Lateral commissure Iris

Lower eyelid Medial commissure

Lacrimal caruncle

Surface Anatomy of the Right Eye

1) Eyebrows - help protect the eyeballs from foreign
objects, perspiration and direct rays of the sun
2) Eyelashes - prevent foreign matter from reaching the
sensitive surface
3) Eyelids - help protect the exposed anterior part of the
eye
4) Conjunctiva - a transparent mucous membrane lining
the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eye
5) Lacrimal apparatus - which includes the tear
producing
d i llacrimal
i l gland
l d and ddducts
t
6) Extrinsic eye muscles control the fine movements of
each eyeball
 Lacrimal apparatus (lacrim = tears) - a group of
structures that produces and drains lacrimal fluid or tears
 1) Lacrimal gland
secrete lacrimal fluid
2) Lacrimal duct
drains into 6-12
excretory lacrimal ducts
pass medially over
anterior surface of eyeball
and enter 2 small
openings (lacrimal
punctum)
3) Lacrimal canaliculi
pass into 2 ducts
(lacrimal canals)
canals),
which lead into
lacrimal sac & into
nasolacrimal duct
4) Nasolacrimal duct
carries lacrimal
fluid into nasal cavity,
just inferior to inf.
nasal concha
 Lacrimal gland

Ducts

Lacrimal sac
Lacrimal punctum

Lacrimal canal
y
Inferior meatus of nasal cavity
Nasolacrimal duct

Nostril

tears flow across eyeball help to wash away foreign particles, deliver O2 and
nutrients, and prevent infection with a bactericidal lysozyme
tears flow through lacrimal punctum (opening on edge of each eyelid) to the
lacrimal sac, then into the nasolacrimal duct emptying into nasal cavity
 apex base

Orbits
a pairs of bony cavities in the facial skeleton
Contents
Eyeballs; their associated muscles,
muscles nerves,
nerves vessels and
fat; and most of lacrimal apparatus
Shapep : py
pyramidal ((its base anterior,, its apex
p p posterior))
Each orbit consists of a base, an apex and four walls
The orbital opening is guarded by two thin movable folds
th lid
the eyelids

apex base
 Frontal bone
(Seven bones of
the skull join to
form each orbit)

Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Zygomatic bone
Palatine bone
Maxilla bone
 Superior
wall (roof)

Medial wall

Lateral wall
FRONTAL BONE

MAXILLA

Inferior wall (floor) ZYGOMATIC BONE

PALATINE BONE

Anterior view showing the bones o the right orbit

 (5 openings associated with each orbit)

3) Supraorbital
foramen

1) Optic foramen
2) Superior orbital fissure

4) Lacrimal fossa

5) Inferior orbital fissure

Anterior view showing the bones o the right orbit

 The organ of vision
Embedded in orbital fat and covered by fascia sheath of
eyeball
Spherical in shape,
shape 24 mm in diameter
Consists of 3 layers (coats) :
A. Outer fibrous coat
Tunica fibrosa ; sclera and cornea
B. Middle vascular coat
T i vasculosa
Tunica l h id ciliary
or uvea ; choroid, ili b d
body
and iris
C. Inner nervous coat
Tunica nervosa ; retina
 Sclera
Sclera

Cornea

Iris
s
Retina
Ciliary
*
Choroid
body y

Sagittal section of the eyeball

It is comprises of ; sclera and cornea
1 SCLERA (scler = hard)
1.
Is the opaque part of the fibrous coat
Covering the posterior 5/6ths of the eyeballs
Anterior part is visible through the transparent
bulbar conjunctiva as the white of the eye
A layer of dense connective tissue,
tissue made up mostly
of collagen fibers and fibroblasts
1. SCLERA
Posteriorly,
Posteriorly it is pierces by the optic nerve
Lamina cribrosa is the area of the sclera that is
pierced by the nerve fibres of the optic nerve. This part
is relatively weak area
Sclera is also pierced by the ciliary arteries and
nerves and their associated veins, venae vorticosae
It is
i almost
l t avascular
l
Responsible for the maintenance of the shape of the
eyeball & receives the insertion of the extraocular
l
muscles
 CORNEA
Anterior
Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)

SCLERA Lamina cribrosa of sclera

Optic nerve (II)

Posterior
2. CORNEA
Is the transparent part of the fibrous coat
Covering the anterior 1/6th of the eyeball or covers the
colored iris
Continuous with the sclera at the corneoscleral
junction or limbus. At this junction, there is an
opening known as the scleral venous sinus (Canal of
Schlemm). Aqueous humor drains through this canal
It is avascular
It is llined
d b f d squamous epithelium
by stratified h l d its
and
stroma contains collagen fibrils
It is supplied by short and long ciliary nerves
Scleral venous sinus Cornea
(canal of Schlemm)

Sclera
It is consists of three parts : Choroid, Ciliary body and Iris
I.
I CHOROID
A thin but highly vascular membrane between the sclera
and retina
It is composed d off outer pigmented
d layer
l and
d inner highly
h hl
vascular layer
In humans its thickness is about 0.5 mm
The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the
outer layers of the retina
I. CHOROID
Posteriorly,
Posteriorly it is pierced by the optic nerve
Anteriorly, it is connected to the iris by the ciliary body

Choroid
II. CILIARY BODY
Circumferential tissue inside the eye
It is composed of :
a) ciliary processes
radially arranged folds or ridges
they vary from 60 to 80 in number
their posterior surfaces are connected with the
suspensory ligament of the lens
b) ciliary muscle
composed d an outer
t radial
di l and
d iinner circular
i l llayer off
smooth muscle
responsible for the changes in convexity of lens
 ANTERIOR

Lens

Cili
Ciliary b
body
d
POSTERIOR
III. IRIS
A thin and contractile
cont actile disc surrounding
s o nding pupil
p pil
Consists of melanocytes, circular and radial smooth
muscle fibers
Its circular muscle fibers form sphincter pupillae
(constricts pupil) and supplied by parasympathetic fibers
from oculomotor nerve
Its radial muscle fibers form dilator pupillae (dilates
pupil) and supplied by sympathetic fibers
The amount of melanin in iris determines eye color
A principal function of iris is to regulate amount of light
entering eyeball through pupil
Iris

Pupil
Anterior view
 Retina consists of :
i.
i an outer
o te pigmented layer
la e
ii. an inner neural layer
Its outer surface is in contact with choroid
Its inner surface is in contact with vitreous body
Posterior 3/4th of retina is receptor organ
Anterior 1/4th of retina is non-receptive
non receptive and consists of
pigment cells

Retina
 Macula lutea is an oval yellow spot located in the exact center of the
posterior portion of the retina
Macula lutea has a central depression called central fovea (fovea
centralis)
Central fovea is the area of highest visual acuity (sharpness of vision)
Optic disc lies at 3 mm to the medial side of macula lutea
Optic disc is the area where optic nerve exits the eyeball
Optic disc is pierced by central retinal artery & vein
Optic disc is called blind spot because it does not contain
photoreceptors and is insensitive to light

(Normal retina as seen through ophthalmoscope)

Central fovea
Optic disc
(darker red region
at center)

Macula lutea
(yellowish region
around fovea)

View off a human

h retina through
h h an opthalmoscope
h l
In retina, visual signals pass from photoreceptors (rod and
con)) to bipolar
p cells to g
ganglion
g cells
 light absorbing cells
derived from same stem cells as
Rod

ependymal cells of the brain Cone

Outer

rod cells (night - scotopic vision or segment

monoch omatic vision)

monochromatic ision) Stalk

outer segment modified cilium specialized

to absorb light
Inner Mitochondria
segment

inner segment contains organelles sitting

atop cell body with nucleus
cone cells (color, photopic, or day
Nucleus
Cell
body

vision)
similar except outer segment tapers Synaptic

outer segment tapers to a point

vesicles

p
plasma membrane infoldingsg form discs
 It is a branch of the ophthalmic
artery inferior to the optic nerve
It runs in the substance of the
optic nerve and enters the
eyeball at the centre of the
optic disc
B
Branches
h off the
h centrall retinal
i l
artery spread over the internal
surface of the retina
The terminal branches of the
central retinal artery are ends
arteries that p provide the onlyy
blood supply to the retina
 y
The contents of eyeball consists of the refractive media ;
(i) lens, (ii) aqueous humor & (iii) vitreous body

Aqueous
humor Vitreous
body

Lens
 Lens is a transparent biconvex (Ciliary zonule)

structure enclosed in a capsule

Anterior
It is placed between aqueous chamber
and vitreous humor, just
posterior
t i theth iris
ii Aqueous
A
humor
Ciliary zonule attaches lens to
ciliary body Vitreous body
Lens consists of:
Iris
a) Elastic capsule - envelopes
the lens
b) Cuboidal epithelium - covers
anterior surface of lens
c) Lens fibers - make up the
bulk of the lens
 Is a clear fluid that fills the
anterior and posterior
chambers of eyeball Anterior
chamber
It is secreted byy the vessels of
Aqueous
iris and ciliary body into humor
posterior chamber
Vitreous body
Then,, it ppasses throughg the
pupillary aparture into anterior Iris

chamber and drains into the

canal of Schlemm Posterior
It supports the wall of the chamber

eyeball by internal pressure

It also provides nutrients for
the avascular cornea and lens
 Vitreous humor is a watery
fluid enclosed in the meshes Anterior
of the vitreous body chamber

Vit
Vitreous b d is
body i a transparent
t t Aqueous
humor
jellylike substance
Vitreous body
It fills the eyeball behind the
lens Iris

In addition to transmitting
light, the vitreous humor Posterior
chamber
holds the retina in place and
supports the lens
 Two types :
1. Extrinsic or extraocular (originate outside the eyeballs)
2. Intrinsic or intraocular (originate inside the eyeballs)
The extrinsic muscles are the six muscle that control the
movements of the eye
Right lateral view Superior oblique muscle

Superior rectus muscle

Medial rectus muscle

Lateral rectus muscle (cut)

Inferior oblique muscle

Inferior rectus muscle

Inferior Rectus m

Anterior view
 Abduction Adduction

Elevation Elevation

Depression Depression

Abduction Adduction
 Muscle Action *N.
(Skeletal) supply
Superior rectus Elevates, adducts & rotates eyeball CN III
medially
Inferior rectus Depresses, adducts & rotates eyeball
Depresses CN III
laterally
Medial rectus Adducts eyeball CN III

Lateral rectus Abducts eyeball CN VI

Superior oblique Abducts,, depresses

p & medially
y rotates CN IV
eyeball
Inferior oblique Abducts, depresses & laterally rotates CN III
eyeball

CN III = Oculomotor nerve, CN IV = Trochlear nerve, CN VI = Abducent nerve

 Superior oblique muscle

Superior rectus muscle

Lateral rectus muscle
Medial rectus muscle

Inferior rectus muscle

Inferior oblique
q muscle
 Muscle (smooth) Action N. supply
*N.
Sphincter pupillae of iris Constricts pupil Parasymp. via
CN III

Dilator pupillae of iris Dilator pupil Sympathetic

Ciliary muscle Controls shape of Parasymp. via

lens CN III

CN III =
Oculomotor nerve
 Muscle Action *N. supply
Orbicularis oculi Closes eyelids CN VII (Facial nerve)

LLevator
t palpebrae
l b Raises
R i upper CN III (Oculomotor
(O l t
superioris eyelid nerve) (striated muscle)
& sympathetic
y p (smooth
(
muscle)
 Vision is generated by photoreceptors in the retina, a
layer of cells at the back of the eye.
The information leaves the eye by way of the optic
nerve, and there is a partial crossing of axons at the
optic chiasm.
After the chiasm, the axons are called the optic tract.
Th optic
The ti tract
t t wraps around d the
th midbrain
idb i to
t gett to
t the
th
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), where all the axons
must synapse.
y p
From there, the LGN axons fan out through the deep
white matter of the brain as the optic radiations,
which will ultimately travel to primary visual cortex,
cortex
at the back of the brain.
 Visual Pathway

The visual system consists of :

1) The eye, especially the retina
2) The optic nerve
3) The optic chiasma
4) The optic tract
5) The lateral geniculate body
6) The optic radiation
7) The visual cortex Optic
radiation
Visual Pathway

visual
sua field
ed

midbrain
idb i

thalamus

optic radiation

calcarine area
 The Visual Association Cortex (areas 18 & 19)
- responsible for recognition of objects and perception of color

Medial view of left cerebral hemisphere

 Visual Association Area
(processes / analyses the input is from primary visual cortex)
A cataract is a clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the
eye or in its envelope, varying in degree from slight to complete
opacity and obstructing the passage of light
 is a condition where a single object is seen in duplicate
two types of double vision: monocular and binocular
monocular diplopia is double vision in only one eye
binocular diplopia is double vision related to a misalignment of the
eyes
causes:
astigmatism (an inability of the cornea to properly focus an image
g )
onto the retina - a blurred image)
cataracts (lens gradually becomes less transparent)
damage to nerves controlling the extraocular muscles
diabetes, myasthenia gravis, Graves'
Graves disease
dislocated lens
possible treatment options include: wearing glasses, doing special
eye exercises,
exercises fixing prisms on your glasses,
glasses wearing an eyepatch
over one eye, having botulinum toxin injections into an eye muscle,
having surgery on your eye muscles