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o

Providing innovative and decentralised

institutional arrangements in theform of
an Agriculture Technology Management
Agency(ATMT) tomake extension system
farmer driven and farmer accountable
o

Encouraging Public Private Partnership

(PPP) in various modes/formscan
provide synergistic approach in the
extension efforts
o

Augmentation of Mass Media Support to

Agriculture Extension byproviding for
location-specific broadcasts through
96FM stations of AllIndia Radio, 180 Low
Powered/High Powered Transmitters,
18Regional Kendras of Doordarshan and
also on DD National Channelfor 30
minutes, 5/6 days a week;
o

Operation of Kisan Call Centres through

toll free(1551) lines throughoutthe
country to provide expert advise to
farmers from 6.00 am to 10.00pm on all
7 days of the week. The replies to
the queries of the farmingcommunity
are being given in 21 languages
o

Providing fee based advisory and other

support services to the farmersby
training agriculture graduates in agri-
business development andestablishing
agri-clinics
o

Mainstreaming gender concerns in

agricultural policies andprogrammes.
E-Chaupal:
E-Chaupal is a business platform
consisting of a set of
organizationalsubsystems and
interfaces connecting farmers to global
markets. It has beeninitiated by
International Tobacco Company (ITC)
who are quite active inagricultural
sector in India. This e-chaupal business
platform consists of threelayers each of
different level of geographic
aggregation. Each of the threelayers is
characterized by three key elements1.
the infrastructure(physical
or organizational)through which
transactiontakesplace2. the
entity( person or organization)
orchestrating the transactions , and3.
the geographical coverage of the layer.
The first layer consists of the village
level kiosks with internet access(e-
chaupals), managed by an ITC trained
local farmer and within walking distance
5kilometers of each target farmer. Each
cluster of five villages gets an e-
chaupal,which is justified by sparse
population in rural India. The second
layer consists of abrick and mortar
infrastructure called hub managed by
the traditional intermediarywho has
local knowledge/skills called Samayojak
and within tractorable distance(25-30
kilometer) of then target farmer.
Agricultural Commodities
Exchanges:
To introduce future trading inagricultural
commodities in India, two commodity
exchanges have been introduced in2003
for future trading. They are, National
Commodity & Derivatives
ExchangeLimited (NCDEX) and
Multi Commodity Exchange of India
Limited (MCX). Theseexchanges are
majorly dealing in agricultural
commodities. They are involved
inforward trading to mitigate price risks
of the farmers.

ENVIRONMRNTAL
FACTORSAFFECTING
AGRICULTURE
The correlation between Indian agriculture and
monsoon
:
Rains is thelifeblood for India
agricultural sector. The country is one of
the world's largestproducers and
consumers of everything from sugar,
rice, vegetables t soybeans.Agriculture
sector employs around 60 per cent of
the total workforce in India
ancontributes about 17 per cent of the
India' GDP. Agriculture also contributes
about 2025 per cent of India's national
income; hence a decline in agricultural
growth will pulldown the overall growth
rate in GDP. If agricultural output
declines, overall GDPgrowth will perhaps
be restricted at 5-6 per cent instead o 7-
8 per cent.In India, monsoon is
crucial for summer sow crops, like,
soybean, rice, cotton ansugarcane. With
only 40 percent of farmland irrigated,
the vast majority of India's
small farmers depend on monsoon to
water their seeds. Insufficient rains this
yearhave cause acreage of all major
crops to lag behind in term of year-on-
year (Y-o-Y)estimates, halting prospects
for bigger harvests of rice, oilseed and
sugar cane.Indian Farm Minister,
Shara Pawar told Parliament on 24th July
that monsoon rainshas remained weak
in the State of Bihar, India's leading corn
producer, an UttarPradesh, which
normally produces more than half of
India's sugarcane.Between June 1 and
July 15, rains have been 43 per cent
below normal in thecrucial Northwest
region, the nation's 'Grain Bowl'
reported the weather bureau. Theregion
includes the biggest grain-growing
states of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh
andHaryana. All of major agri states of
India, including Madhya Pradesh,
AndhraPradesh, Gujarat Maharashtra,
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana kept
waiting forrain in the month of June,
which ultimately arrived in the last wee
of June, but indeedwith a very weak
progress.According to official estimates,
the cumulative seasonal rainfall
between 1st Juneand 15th July is 27 per
cent below normal levels. The deficient
rainfall has adverselyaffected the kharif
sowing, as the total are under kharif
crops has declined to 112lake hectares
in 2009 compared to 136 lakh hectare in
the corresponding period in2008, a drop
of 17.1 per cent. The worst hit crops are
rice oilseeds, especiallygroundnut and
soybean sugarcane. Coincidentally,
these are the crops which haveobserved
sharp price rise in the last year.Poor rain
could affect cane crops in the main
growing region of the northern state
ofUttar Pradesh. Other than being the
world' top consumer of sugar, India, is
also thebiggest producer of it after
Brazil. However, it has become the large
importer in2008-09, after exporting a
record 5 million tonnes of sugar is the
year to September2008. Now any
impact on the production of sugarcane
could lead to more imports ofsugar.
Such is the impact of report regarding
the possible decline in India'
sugarcaneproduction due to weak
monsoon that sugar values in the New
York raw sugarmarket have rallied to a
three-year high of 17.3 cents per lb.
LEGAL FACTORS
AFFECTING
INDIANAGRICULTURE
Legal factors include various laws,
reforms and new policies drawn up by
thegovernment for improving
the current scenario of agriculture
sector. Some of theimportant aspects of
legal factors are discussed below.
Irrigation
. Provision has been made in a number
of ,states for constructing,improving
irrigation works. The legislative
measures passed in Assam,
Bihar,Karnataka, Orissa Madhya Pradesh
and Maharashtra provide for the
irrigationworks. The policy of entrusting
the maintenance of small irrigation
works to thePanchayati Raj
organizations has been accepted by the
states of Assam, AndhraPradesh, Bihar,
Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil
Nadu, Madhya Pradesh,Orissa,
Karnataka, Kerala, Punjab, Rajasthan
and Uttar Pradesh, and in some
otherstates, the implementation is
under way.The Ministry of Agriculture
and Irrigation is considering to
undertake a study of all theexisting
enactments on state tube-well in the
various states with uniform
modelcirculating it to the states of
entrusting the main- works to the
Panchayati Raj hasbeen accepted by the
states of Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,
Gujarat, Jammu andKashmir, Tamil
Nadu, Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa,
Kerala,Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar
Pradesh, in some states the
implementation of thispolicy is under
way.The ministry of Agriculture and
Irrigation has impressed upon the state
governmentsthe need for introducing
legislation on ground-water and has
circulated a draft modelBill for the
purpose. The purpose of the Bill is
to regulate and control thedevelopment
of ground-water to Prevent over-
exploitation and deterioration
in waterquality. It has been suggested to
the state governments to introduce
legislationauthorizing them to notify the
areas for controlling and regulating
ground-waterdevelopment, granting
permits for lifting and using water and
for registering theexisting users in such
areas. Laws for this purpose are under
consideration in the
states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,
Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu and
Kashmir, Karnataka,Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and
the Union Territory of Goa.
Crop protection:
. The Destructive Insects and Pest Act,
1914, passed by thecentral Government
provided for means against the entry
of diseases from othercountries into
India. Suitable provisions also exist
in the Act for preventing thespread of
plant pests and diseases from one
state to another in the
country. Forimplementing the provisions
relating to the prevention of the entry of
injurious pestsand diseases into the
country, a chain of plant quarantine and
fumigation stationshas been established
in all important airports and seaports
and land frontiers. Thestate
governments have also passed suitable
legislative measures for dealing withtile
epidemics of plant diseases and pests,
empowering them to organize
measuresfor chemical control. The
success of plant protection measures
largely depends uponthe efficacy of
the chemicals used for controlling the
plant pests and diseases. At thesame
time, it is important that the chemicals
used do not pose any serious risk
tohuman and animal life. It is necessary
to ensure the quality
of chemicalsmanufactured in the
country or imported and marketed
for undertaking plantprotection
measures.
Fertilizers :
The Central government promulgated in
May 1957 a fertilizers(Control) Order,
1957, under Clause 111 of the Essential
Commodities Act, 1955.The law
envisaged the statutory control of the
prices of three fertilizers,
namelyammonium sulphate, urea and
calcium ammonium nitrate; provided for
theregistration of dealers in fertilizers;
and for restrictions on the specifications
offertilizers in relation to the maximum
and minimum of various important
constituents.Under the provisions of the
fertilizers (Control) Order, 1957, powers
for fixing theprices of fertilizers vest
with the Government of India and
the State Governmentshave been
authorized to fix the price at which the
fertilizers mixture may be sold by
amanufacturer or a dealer. The Central
Government also promulgated the
fertilizersMovement Control Order,
1973, in May 1973 under Clause IV of
the EssentialCommodities Act, 1955, to
ensure the equitable distribution
of fertilizers in variousstates and to stop
the unauthorized inter-state movement
of fertilizers. This Orderprohibits the
inter-state movement of fertilizers,
except by manufacturers listed in the
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