Lecture 02 Gmpls 2016

Lecture 2: IP Over Optical
Networks
Dr. Mohd Nazri Bin Mohd Warip
High Performance Broadband Networks Research Group

Embedded, Networks and Advanced Computing Research Cluster
School of Computer and Communication Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Session 2016
Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip
Lecture Outline
Overview
Protocol Suite and Terminology
Enabling Optical Technologies
Optical Transport Network Engineering
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching
(GMPLS)
Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 2

Integrated Services Features
Admission Control
Classification
Policing
Queuing and Schedulling
Signalling Protocol
RSVP

Integrated Services IP Model
Defines a flow as a stream of IP packets

Generated by a sender and destined to a destination
That require the same QoS
Provides QoS to individual flows in the Internet
Better than Best Effort for some applications
Support for real-time voice and video applications
Requires traffic management mechanisms to deliver
appropriate QoS to each flow
Packet classification, scheduling, admission control
Explicit reservation of buffers and bandwidth resources
for individual flows at every node
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) provides means for making
reservations
IntServ Router Model
Accept/reject a
flow
Routing Reservation Management
agent agent agent Identify a
packets flow
Admission
control Buffering to
control loss
Routing database Traffic control database
Transmission
scheduling to
control delay
Classifier Packet scheduler
Input Traffic management
Internet
driver mechanisms
forwarder Output driver
ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)
RSVP is an IP signaling protocol to setup and maintain
flow-specific state in hosts and routers
Multicast-oriented
Performs resource reservations for multipoint-multipoint applications
Adapts changing group membership & routes
Unicast, a special case
Simplex
Requests resources from sender to receiver
Bidirectional flows require separate reservations
Receiver-oriented
Receivers initiate and maintain resource reservations
Soft-state at intermediate routers
Reservation valid for specified duration
Released after timeout, unless first refreshed
RSVP Architecture
Host Router
Appli-
RSVP RSVP RSVP
cation RSVP
process Routing process
Policy process Policy
control control
Data
Admission Admission
control control
Classi- Packet Classi- Packet

fier scheduler fier scheduler
Data Data
Application requests QoS from Policy control determines if

RSVP process application allowed to make
RSVP prepares & sends request
request messages to router Admission control determines if
resources available; sets up
Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip classifier
March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 & packet scheduler 7
Differentiated Services
Differentiated Services (DiffServ) model is
designed to be scalable and to provide QoS
Traffic is aggregated into a limited number of
classes
Service is on aggregate-flow basis, not per
individual flow
Each class receives a well-defined service
treatment at each DiffServ router
No per-flow signaling

AF PHB definition RFC2597
AF Class 1: 001dd0
AF Class 2: 010dd0
AF Class 3: 011dd0
AF Class 4: 100dd0
01: Low Drop
10: Medium Drop
11: High Drop
4 independently forwarded AF classes

Within each AF class, 3 levels of drop prec
01 < 10 < 11, with active Q mgt (RED)
Dr.4Mohd
independent
Nazri Mohd Warip
capacity management plans
March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 9
Differentiated Services Field
Differentiated Services Codepoint (DSCP)

Six bits in the IPv4 TOS field
DSCP value specifies PHB in core router
Router uses DSCP as index that determines buffering & scheduling
treatment for a packet
A recommended set of DSCP-to-PHB mappings
But service providers free to choose their own mapping
TOS Backwards Compatibility:
000000Default (Best Effort), 11x000Network Control
MPLS-Using the EXP bits
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Label | EXP |S| TTL |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Copy of Precedence into EXP

Mapping of DSCP into EXP
Non-MPLS MPLS Domain

Domain
IPv4 Packet MPLS Hdr
Prec: xyz
MPLS
March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2
Prec: xyz 11
EXP: xyz
The Control Plane
The Control Plane provides facilities and

associated protocols that select, assign, de-
allocate, and provision network resources to fulfil
user service request.
Typically this includes routing protocols that
distribute topology and reachability information
between interconnected networks and network
elements.

Control Plane Functions
Signalling Path Computation: a

connection setup determined
Establishing and maintaining by procedure or algorithm
connection on User-to- based on topology and
Network Interface (UNI) and resource information.
Network-to-Network
Interface (NNI).
Neighbour Discovery:
Routing: Ascertains the details of its
connectivity to all data plane
Automatic topology and neighbours.
resource discovery, to create
a local view of data plane
connectivity and resource
Local Resource
allocation. Management:
Accounting for resource
allocation.
Data Plane
Data Plane is an overlay model with 4 layers

Fibre Optic.
Link.
Lightpath (optical beam).
Label Switching Path (LSP)

Approaches to Interconnection
Overlay Model Peer-to-Peer Model
Independent control planes Same control plane spans client &
Client interacts with server network server network
through User-Network Interface (UNI) Client network knows state of server
Signal across UNI to request or network
release connections e.g. OSPF information shared
No network state information passes among networks
from server network to client network RSVP implemented in all
Secure & appropriate when networks
networks run by different Client network can make routing
administrations decisions involving server network
Addressing method in client & server Higher efficiency
networks different Same addressing scheme in client
Need ARP and server networks
Client & server networks can evolve No need for address resolution
independently protocol
Interdependence makes evolution
more difficult
Overlay Control Plane
Static Overlay Model

IP service infrastructure is connected across optical
infrastructure based on DWDM (ring or point to point
subnetworks.
Lighpaths are statically provisioned
Dynamic Overlay Model

Dynamic wavelength provisioning using wavelength routers (WR)
Mesh Network
WR are OXC with IP routing intelligence.
Enhanced restoration capability at the optical layer

MPLS
MPLS
Cisco CRS-3 Label Switch Processor
GMPLS Cisco ONS 15454

Multiservice Transport Platform
GMPLS / OXC
OXC Calient S320

Photonic Switch based 3D MEMS
GMPLS Cisco ONS 15454

Multiservice Transport Platform
Overview
MPLS is a method for forwarding packets

through a network using information contained in
labels attached to IP packets inserted between
Layer 3 and Layer 2 headers.
MPLS combines Layer 2 switching with Layer 3
routing technologies, a convergence of
connection-oriented forwarding techniques and
Internet Routing protocols.

MPLS Key Features
A path established between two end points

Packets are partitioned into Forwarding
Equivalence Class (FEC)
Each FEC is associated with label
Packet is tagged with label
Label (rather than IP address) used to determine
the next hop and the new label

Label Switch Network
PE (LSR) PE (LSR)
CPE (IP Router)
CPE (IP Router)
Ipoh Cyberjaya
UNIMAP Kangar Anjung UNIMAP

Kuala Lumpur
Alor Setar Penang
Anjung UNIMAP
CPE (IP Router) Kulim, Kedah

MPLS Shim Header
Network Shim IP
Header Header Data
Header
MPLS Shim Header

Label (20 bits) EXP Stack TTL
(3 bits) (1 bit) (1 bits)

MPLS Shim Header Contents
Label Stack Entry

20 bits identifier (index).
3 bits experiment field (Similar to ToS field in
IP Header).
1 bit bottom of stack of stack field.
8 bits TTL (Time-to-Live) value

MPLS Protocol Suite
RSVP-TE LDP-TE BGP
OSPF-TE
UDP TCP
IP
MPLS
PPP MAC/GE ATM Frame Relay
Physical Layer

Label Switching Forwarding Table
Network Layer routing provide FEC to Next Hop

Mapping
Procedures for creating bindings between labels
and FECs and procedure for distributing this
binding
FEC to label mapping
Label to Next Hop Mapping (ILM)

Label Switching Forwarding Table
Network Layer routing provide FEC to Next Hop

Mapping
Procedures for creating bindings between labels
and FECs and procedure for distributing this
binding
FEC to label mapping
Label to Next Hop Mapping (ILM)

Forwarding Equivalent Class (FEC)
IP1
IP2 IP1
IP2 L1 IP2 L2 IP2 L3
LER LSR IP1 L2 LSR LER
IP1 IP1 L1 IP1 L3
IP2
IP2
FEC: set of packets that are forwarded in the same manner

Over the same path, with the same forwarding treatment
Packets in an FEC have same next-hop router
Packets in same FEC may have different network layer header
Each FEC requires a single entry in the forwarding table
Coarse Granularity FEC: packets for all networks whose destination address
matches a given address prefix
Fine Granularity FEC: packets that belong to a particular application running
between a pair of computers
MPLS Terminology
LDP: Label distribution Protocol

LSP: Label Switch Path
FEC: Forwarding Equivalence Class
LSR: Label Switching Router
LER: Label Edge Router

Label Allocation
Downstream Unsolicited
Label assignments by downstream peers and
distributed to neighbouring LSR
Trigger; new routing information
Downstream on Demand
Upstream LSR specifically requests a label
assignment

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)
LSR Discovery Mechanism.

Four classes of messages.
Runs over TCP to provide reliable delivery of
messages.
Easily extensible using messages specified as
collections of TLV.

MPLS in Traffic Engineering (1)
Establish routes that are optimal with respect to

a certain scalar metric.
Subject to constraint of available bandwidth on
individual links.
Traffic Engineering capabilities by constraint
based routing.
Traffic Trunk; collection of individual microflows

MPLS Signalling Protocols for
Traffic Engineering
CR-LDP
Extends LDP to support constraint based routing
Label Edge Router (LER) and LSR
RSVP-TE
Extension of RSVP

MPLS and Quality of Service
MPLS supports rather than extends IP QoS

model
MPLS does not run in hosts, QoS is an end to
end protocol
MPLS may help service providers to offer IP
QoS services more efficiently

MPLS Support of RSVP
Creation of label bindings is driven by RSVP

A new RSVP object is defined
LABEL object carried in RESV message
Only the first router in LSP needs to be
concerned with which packets belong to
reserved flows unlike in IP networks.
Guaranteed bandwidth pipe for a large
aggregate of traffic can be set up.

Soft State and MPLS
RSVP uses soft state and requires periodic

refresh.
Volume of refresh traffic would be large for large
reservations.
Also RSVP does not operate on reliable
transport mechanism
MPLS adds a reliable delivery mechanism
MESSAGE_ID and MESSAGE_ID_ACK

MPLS Support of DiffServ
Mapping DSCP to Label

DSCP has 6 bits supporting possible 64 classes
We can use EXP field of shim Header
But EXP field is just 3 bits!
What is the solution?

Label for DiffServ
One observation
If the network supports fewer than 8 PHB then
we can use EXP bits
An LSP set up under these conditions so called E-
LSP
What if we need more than 8 PHB?
We need to provide information inside labels
This requires enhancing Label Distribution Protocol
also.
Label can now be bound to both <FEC, PHB>

L-LSP for DiffServ MPLS
Packets belonging to different PHBs but

belonging to the same PHB scheduling class
should not be misordered.
Packets of a common PHB scheduling class
must travel on the same LSP.
How to determine different PHBs of a PHB
scheduling classes?
Take the help of EXP bit

Protection and Restoration in Static
Overlay Model
Protection mechanism limited at the optical
transport layer
Optical channel protection
Optical line protection
Optical multiplex section protection
Restoration at the Service Layer
An LSP set up under these conditions so called E-
LSP
Automatic protection Switching (used in SONET)
Restoration at the IP Layer

Restoration at IP Layer
IP Routing based restoration

Large restoration time of standard IP routing protocols
In the range of several seconds
Decrease the timer values
Leads to excessive amount of traffic
Use layer 1 / 2 mechanism to detect link failure and
report it to the routing engine.
IP Load Balancing
By appropriately tuning routing protocol metric values.
MPLS based Restoration

MPLS based Protection and
Restoration
Pre-negotiated Protection
Backup path is configured statically
Backup bandwidth determined in advanced or
dynamically allocated.
Dynamically Protection
Backup path created on demand
Mostly 1:1 Protection path in MPLS

Generalized MPLS
MPLS:
Connection-oriented
Leverages IP routing protocols, with TE extensions, to
provide means for selecting good paths
Provides signaling for establishing paths
With appropriate extensions, Generalized MPLS
can provide the control plane for other networks:
SONET networks that provide TDM connections
WDM networks that provide end-to-end optical
wavelength connection
Optical networks that provide end-to-end optical fiber
path
Generalized MPLS Protocol
GMPLS has emerged as the Next Generation Optical

Control Plane:
Known as Multiprotocol Lambda Switching
To support devices that perform packet switching in the time,
wavelength and space domains
A label can be associated to anything to carry a traffic
flow.
A label could correspond to a TDM slot on a wavelength
(timeslot label and/or SONET/SDH labels), a wavelength
(wavelength label), a band (waveband label), or an entire
fibre (whole fibre label).

GMPLS Protocol Suite
RSVP-TE CR-LDP-TE BGP
LMP OSPF-TE
UDP TCP
IP
PPP/Adaptation Layer
Wavelength
SONET/SDH MAC/GE ATM Frame Relay
Switching
FIBRE

GMPLS Architecture
GMPLS switching types operate based on

hierarchical LSPs.
Paths always start and determine on similar
interface types.

Generalized Labels
Switches have to advertise what kind of labels they are

capable to switch.
When a lightpath is established, a new LSP tunnels into
an existing higher order LSP and setup a new link.
Label Switched Path (LSP) interface hierarchy
Packet Switched Capable (PSC)
Time Division Multiplexing Capable (TDM)
Lambda Switch Capable (SC)
Fibre Switch Capable (FSC)

GMPLS Hierarchical LSP Levels
PSC L2SC TDMC LSC Waveband FSC
Data Plane
Control Plane Control Plane
MPLS
RFC3031
GMPLS
RFC3945

GMPLS Associated Protocols
OSPF Extensions
Disseminate link state for optical & SONET links
Signal quality, protection capability, link building, interface types
available.
link Bundling
DWDM causes optical fiber to appear as large number of links &
hence routing adjacencies
Link bundling aggregates parallel links so single adjacency
required
link Management Protocol (LMP)
New protocol that automates management of component links
Provides separate control channel so data channels can be
transparent, e.g. as inMarch
a lightpath that carries only data
2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 48
GMPLS Signalling Protocols
Signalling Protocols: RSVP-TE & CR-LDP

Establish Traffic Engineered (TE-LSPs) Paths
Establishes/Deletes signalling sessions with signalling
peers
Performs LSP Setup
Label Request & Resource Reservation and Allocation
Performs LSP Deletion
Label & Resource Release

GMPLS RSVP-TE
Generalized Label Request & label Structure
Suggested Label Support
Label Set & Explicit Label Control
Bi-directional LSP
Notification on Error
Protection Information & Administrative Status Information
Control Channel Separation & Fault Handling

Data Plane Structure:
Overlay Model
LSP (Packet)
Lightpath
Link
Fibre

LSR 1 OXC 2 OXC 3 OXC 4 LSR 5
OC-192 OC-192 OC-192 OC-192

Ingress Egress
Path
Signalling request Path
Path
Path
Resv Signalling acknowledged

Resv
Resv
Resv
Signalling completed
LSP Setup Request
LSP setup LSP Setup Request
LSP Setup Request
LSP Setup Request
Time
Packet LSP Setup acknowledge

Packet LSP
Packet LSP
Packet LSP
LSP completed
OSPF-TE
Routing updates OSPF-TE
OSPF-TE
OSPF-TE
PathTear Routing updates
LSP Teardown PathTear
PathTear
PathTear
LSP Teardown
GMPLS Routing
Routing Protocols: OSPF-TE & ISIS-TE

Auto-Discovery of Network & Advertise Resource Availability e.g.
bandwidth or protection type
Routing Operation
Disseminates network topology & resource availability
Manages the Link State database & routing tables
Provides the routing information to the routing component users
Access the routing information
Make routing decision
Obtain explicit route

GMPLS Routing
OSPF GMPLS extensions

Support traffic engineering over different types of links
Link bundling
Aggregates and abstracts the attributes of the links with similar
characteristics between a pair of nodes
Advertises as a single link bundle or TE link
Reduces the amount of information handled by routing component
Improves routing scalability
Aggregation leads to information loss

Path Computation Element
Explicit route for the requested LSP computed at

the ingress node
Takes into account a set of constraints
Resource availability
Bandwidth requirements
Protection/restoration (e.g. 1+1, shared mesh)
Traffic Engineering constraints
Not subject to standardization

Erlang B Formula
m / m! : offered traffic load in Erlangs

Pb m : call arrival rate
k
/ k!
1/: mean call holding time
k 0
m: number of circuits
Pb: call blocking probability
(1 Pb ) ub: utilization
ub
m
For a 1% call blocking probability, i.e., Pb = 0.01
m ua
1 4 24.8%
10 17 58.2%
100 117 84.6%
MPLS vs GMPLS comparison
Description MPLS GMPLS
Interfaces Support packet/cell-based Support packet/cell, TDM, lambda
interfaces only and fibre
Propagation Method LSP start and end on Packet/cell LSPs start and end on similar
LSRs type LSRs (that is, PSC L2SC,
TDM, LSC, FSC).
Bandwidth Can be done in any number of Can only be done in discrete units
Allocation units. for some switching capabilities
such as TDM, LSC and FSC
Label Usage Typical large number of labels. Fewer labels are allocated when
applied to bundle links.
Label Specification Only one label format. Use of a specific label on a specific
interface. Label formats depend on
the specific interface used, such as
PSC, L2SC, TDM, LSC, and FSC.
Technology No need for technology-specific Supports the inclusion of
specific-parameters parameters, because this is technology-specific parameters in
applied to packet/cell interfaces signalling.
Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip only. March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 57
Label Limit No restrictions on label use by An ingress or upstream node may
upstream nodes restrict the labels that may be used
by an LSP along a single hop or
the whole path. This is used, for
example, to restrict the number of
wavelengths that can be used in
the case where optical equipment
provides a small number of
wavelengths.
LSP Payload Labels are used for data Labels are a control plane
forwarding and are carried within construct only in GMPLS and are
the traffic. not part of traffic.
Control Channel Data and control channels follow Separation of control and data
the same paths. channels.
Survivability MPLS fast-reroute.. RSVP-specific mechanism for rapid
failover (Notify message)

Establish Unidirectional LSPs Bidirectional LSPs enable the
Connection following:
1. Possible resource contention
when allocating reciprocal
LSPs via separate signalling
sessions.
2. Simplified failure restoration
procedures.
3. Lower setup latency.
4. Lower number of messages
required during setup.
LSP Setup Labels cannot be suggested by Allow a label to be suggested by an
upstream node. upstream node and can be
overwritten by a downstream node
(for example, to prevent delays
with setting optical mirrors)

References
Kurose, J. F. and Ross, K. W., Computer Networking A

Top-Down Approach, 6th. Edition, Pearson, 2012. ISBN:
9780273768968
Leon-Garcia, A. and Widjaja, I, Communication
Networks: Fundamental Concepts and Key
Architectures, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hall, 2006.
William Stallings, Data & Computer Communications, 8th.
Edition, Prentice Hall, 2009.

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Lecture 2: IP Over Optical

High Performance Broadband Networks Research Group

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 2

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 3

Defines a flow as a stream of IP packets

Classi- Packet Classi- Packet

Application requests QoS from Policy control determines if

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 8

4 independently forwarded AF classes

Differentiated Services Codepoint (DSCP)

Copy of Precedence into EXP

Non-MPLS MPLS Domain

The Control Plane provides facilities and

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 12

Signalling Path Computation: a

Data Plane is an overlay model with 4 layers

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 14

Static Overlay Model

Dynamic Overlay Model

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 16

GMPLS Cisco ONS 15454

OXC Calient S320

GMPLS Cisco ONS 15454

MPLS is a method for forwarding packets

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 19

A path established between two end points

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 20

UNIMAP Kangar Anjung UNIMAP

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 21

MPLS Shim Header

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 22

Label Stack Entry

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 23

PPP MAC/GE ATM Frame Relay

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 24

Network Layer routing provide FEC to Next Hop

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 25

Network Layer routing provide FEC to Next Hop

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 26

FEC: set of packets that are forwarded in the same manner

LDP: Label distribution Protocol

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 28

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 29

LSR Discovery Mechanism.

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 30

Establish routes that are optimal with respect to

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 31

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 32

MPLS supports rather than extends IP QoS

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 33

Creation of label bindings is driven by RSVP

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 34

RSVP uses soft state and requires periodic

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 35

Mapping DSCP to Label

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 36

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 37

Packets belonging to different PHBs but

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 38

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 39

IP Routing based restoration

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 40

Dr. Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip March 2016 / EKT355 Lecture 2 41

GMPLS has emerged as the Next Generation Optical