First-order vs.

Second-order Frame
Analyses:
A second-order frame analysis, is one which considers
the effects of deflections on moments, and so on.
The resulting moments and deflections include the
effects of slenderness and hence are nonlinear with
respect to the load.
The stiffness, EI, used in the analysis should represent
the stage immediately prior to yielding of the flexural
reinforcement since the moments are directly affected
by the lateral deflections.Methods of Second Order Analysis
a) Iterative P- Analysis:
When a frame is displaced by an amount due to
lateral loads, additional moments shall be induced
due to the vertical loads (P).
This shall be loaded as sway force (P/l) and the
structure shall be re-analyzed until convergence is
achieved.
The values can be assumed to converge when the
change in deflection between two consecutive
analyses is less than 2.5 percent . (ACI)