LECTURE 6 Q AND A

Posted on March 30, 2012 by Jeffrey Weiss

ASBA SBCVO

Questions and Answers for Lecture 6

These questions and answers will help u understand lecture 6 material better.

Please review carefully.

1. Define the following terms: (you may want to refer to the materials in lecture 3)

(a) loaded displacement the weight of the ship and everything on her when in a lawfully loaded
condition.

(b) light displacement (lightweight) the weight of the ship empty useful for scrapping purposes

(c) deadweight cargo carrying capacity (dwcc) the weight of the cargo a ship can lawfully carry

(d) deadweight or deadweight all told(dwat) the weight of the cargo, fuel, water and stores that a
ship can lawfully carry.

(e) gross tonnage the internal cubic capacity (volume) of a ship divided by 100

(f) net tonnage gross tonnage less the cubic of certain spaces in which the ship cannot carry cargo
such as the engine room and crew accommodations. Sometimes referred to as revenue tonnage.
Again, it is a measure of volume of the ship and not weight.

(g) Panama canal tonnage for Panama Canal (see below)

(h) Suez canal tonnage for Suez Canal These are tonnages assigned by the relevant canal
authorities for purposes of assessing canal transit dues.

2. Why are the following dimensions / measurements important?

(a) LOA and extreme breadth the extreme length and width of a ship the most forward to the
most after point of the vsl. It is important to determine if a ship can fit into a berth.

(b) Length between perpendiculars the linear distance between the forward and after
perpendiculars of a vsl. It is less then the LOA. It is relevant to naval architects.
(c) Draft the depth of the ship below the water. It is important to determine if a vsl can safely enter
or leave a port (enough water).

(d) Distance from light waterline to top of hatchcoaming important to determine if a vsl can fit under
a loading arm or other shoreside gear structure.

(e) Air draft vertical distance from the ships waterline to the highest fixed point on the ship. It is
necessary to determine if a vsl can fit under bridges when going up a river.

The broker should have a firm grasp on all of the ships particulars.

3. Name 5 principal types of vessels used in bulk transportation (dry & liquid). The tanker (oil), the
LNG (liquefied natural gas), the container vessel (containers and deck cargo), the dry bulk carrier
(coal, wheat, etc.) ,the general cargo / tween decker (general cargo)

4. What is the essential difference between an ore carrier and a bulk carrier? The bulk carrier can
be used to carry a variety of cargoes such as coal, wheat, cement, steel, etc. The ore carrier is
specialized type of bulk carrier used to carry iron ore. The vsl is reinforced due to the high density of
the cargo. The lower holds are often raised in order to raise the center of gravity of the vsl and avoid
excess / dangerous stability conditions (stiff ship).

5. What is the usual temperature to which a tanker (fitted with heating coils) is expected to be able to
heat its cargo? What is the purpose of heating oil cargo? What are the risks? 135 degree
Fahrenheit. Oil cargo is heated to reduce viscosity so that the oil can be safely pumped off the
vessel (and does not thicken into a sludge). A risk is that the steam heating lines may leak and water
will get into the cargo.

6. Explain the meaning of the following load line designations:

TF tropical fresh

F fresh

T tropical

S summer

W winter

WNA winter north atlantic.

7. Define the following 5 ship related terms: boot topping, down to her marks, reserve buoyancy,
soundings, evaporator. You may want to consult a nautical dictionary. Boottopping is the special
paint (typically black) used where the vessels water line is . It typically is anti corrosive in nature A
vessel down to her marks is a vsl that is loaded as deep as possible in accordance with the
governing loadline. -Reserve buoyancy arises out of sealed spaces above the waterline of a vessel.
Any space that can be made watertight on a vessel that is above the waterline causes reserve
buoyancy Soundings this is the process and the result of gauging how much liquid is in a bilge or
a tank. It is a measurement of the content of liquid within a tank.- Evaporators or Evaps are used
onboard ship to make fresh water out of sea water (by evaporation process).

8. Lloyds Register of Shipping (LR) is a classification society. List five other prominent classification
societies. What is the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)? ABS American
Bureau of Shipping, B.V. Bureau Veritas, DNV Det Norske Veritas, GL Germanischer Lloyd,
NKK Nippon Kaiji Kyokai. The IACS is the International Association of Classification Societies- it is
a group of what many consider the most reputable societies. It maintains standards among the
societies and deals with issues of common interest.

9. A vessel has a forward draft of 21 feet 5 inches. Her after draft is 27 feet 9 inches. What is the
mean draft? If the vessels draft amidships was 24 feet 9 inches, is the vessel hogging or sagging
and by how much? What is the vessels trim? The mean draft is 24 feet 7 inches. The vessel is
sagging by two inches. The vessel is trimmed 6 feet and four inches by the stern.

10. Indicate the number of decks you would expect to find on the following vessel types.

Bulk carrier main deck only cargo stored in large cargo holds running from main deck to tank
tops (above double bottoms)

Tanker main deck only cargo stored in vessels tanks

Combined carrier an OBO or similar type vessel, like bulk carrier

Tween Decker several decks (main deck, upper tween deck, middle tween deck , lower tween
deck, lower hold. This is the old fashioned general cargo vsl.

container vessel vessel is divided into cells in which containers are stacked.

RO/RO several decks on which cars / trucks are loaded.

11. Are cargo battens necessary or desirable when carrying bulk cargoes? Why or why not? Battens
are used to keep cargo away from the ships inside shell plating where the cargo might contact
ships sweat. General cargoes will usually be stowed with cargo battens. Most bulk cargoes such as
coal will not require any type of batten.

12. A vessel is transiting the Panama Canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. Is she traveling
East to West or West to East? About how long will a canal transit take (actual passage). What is the
limiting draft , vessel beam, and loa? From the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean yet the vessel is
traveling west. The draft, beam and loa should always be confirmed with the Panama Canal
Authorities.

13. Name 3 special features that are necessary for a ship to carry a full cargo of lumber? First,
hatches wide enough to accept large pieces of oversized lumber. Second, heavy gear, for example
25 ton safe working load. Third, numerous padeyes or other deck fittings to secure chains/ lashing
of deck cargoes.

14. What special features do chip carriers have? They have a very high freeboard in order to fill out
the vessels cubic (given the large stowage factor of chips). How about LNGs? They also have
excess freeboard and require huge tanks that extend above and over the vessels deck. A very large
cubic capacity is required to carry LNG.

15. What are the three dimensional restrictions on vessels using the Panama Canal? (List the
specific measurements that apply, in meters). To be provided. Must confirm

16. Name three types of cargo gear, with a brief description of each.

Gantry crane crane with extension arms that run on a track on the vsls deck. Can be carefully
spotted to lift a cargo. Also found on shoreside container terminals.

Derricks (booms) - traditional method of using twin derricks or booms that are attached to vessel
masts and that can be used in tandem to lift or lower a cargo.

Whirley cranes single wired crane that can spin around 360 degrees and can serve one or more
hatches.

17. A vessel has a length overall of 509 feet. What is her length in meters? A vessel has a mean
draft of 14. 4 meters. What is her mean draft in feet and inches? Multiply feet by .3048 to obtain
meters. 509 feet equals 155.14 meters.

Multiply meters by 3.281 to obtain feet. 14.4 meters equals 47.24 feet.

.
18. What type of fuel do most owners of bulk carriers specify for use in the main engines of their
vessels? IFO 180 or IFO 360 . Of course the vsl will also burn MDO for her auxiliaries.

19. How are tanker cargoes discharged? Please contrast this with dry cargo vessels. Tankers use
their own pumps to discharge the cargo. They are typically centrifugal pumps. The cargo sucked
from the ships tanks and pumped through the ships pump room and then through additional ships
pipelines over the vessels rail (manifold). Tankers are loaded by shoreside pumps. However, they
require ships pumps for discharge. Dry cargo ships can use their own ships gear, or routinely shore
side gear such as cranes. Example include:

- a gearless bulk carrier with a cargo of coal will require the use of a shore facility.

- a geared bulk carrier with a cargo of scrap can use its own gear to discharge. Geared carriers are
more flexible and can serve ports in which facilities are lacking.

20. What is the significance of a vessels GM (metacentric height)?. What is the difference between
a vessels stability and her seaworthiness? What is the difference between a stiff ship and a tender
ship? Who is responsible for stability of the vessel when carrying grain cargoes? The GM is a
measure of stability, that is the tendency of a vessel to roll back and forth and to right itself. The
higher the GM the more stable the vessel. A stiff ship has excessive stability and will roll very
quickly possible creating a dangerous situation. A tender ship has to little stability and will be
sluggish. It rolls very slowly. Stability is part of a vessels seaworthiness. Seaworthiness is defined
as a vessel that is reasonably fit for her intended voyage and includes stability, a competent crew,
sufficient fuel onboard, watertight hatches, and many, many other items. The Shipowner is ultimately
responsible for the vessels seaworthiness via the Master.

21. What is free surface effect and how does it impact upon a vessels stability? How is free surface
effect reduced or eliminated? Free surface occurs when a tank is partially full of a liquid. The liquid
will slosh back and forth across the tank and this can reduce stability (GM) . To avoid free surface
effect, tanks should be pressed up (made full) or emptied. It is not advisable that tanks be partially
full while at sea because of free surface effect.

22. What is the purpose of the following tanks found onboard merchant vessels; forepeak, after
peak, cofferdams, wing tanks, ballast tanks (and segregated ballast tanks), deep tanks, settling
tanks? Forepeak a tank at the forward part of the vsl usually used for ballast purposes; after
peak the after most tank on a vsl also used for ballast; cofferdams a void space / tank that
separates two spaces on a ship-for example the cofferdam that separates the pump room of a
tanker from the after most cargo tank; wing tank tanks high up and on the outboard side of a
vessel can be used for ballast or cargo;- ballast tanks used for ballast purposes to maintain vsl
stability segregated ballast tanks can be separated from cargo oil tanks and have separate lines to
avoid risk of pollution; settling tanks used to settle out fuel oil impurities before the fuel oil is
injected into the engine and burned..

23. Briefly describe how cargoes are ventilated onboard merchant ships and why ventilation may be
necessary? Ventilation is necessary because as a ship travels from one climate to another, the ship
can experience sweat / condensation in the cargo hold. This can damage cargo. This is because of
different temperatures and dew points within the sealed cargo hold and the outside. Various forced
ventilation systems are found onboard ship. The general rule is that you do not ventilate when going
from a cold climate to a warm climate (cold to hot ventilate not). You will ventilate when going
from a warm humid climate to a dry climate. Ventilation is part of the crews responsibility. Improper
ventilation can cause a cargo claim.

24. What is the difference between a Handy Size, Handy Max, a Panama and a Capsize bulk
carrier? Handy size around 20-40,000 tons; Handy max around 40 50,000 tons; Panamax vsl -
50-80,000 tons but typically around 70,000 (what ever the deadweight it is maximum size for Canal
transit); Capsize above 80,000 tons

25. What is the IMO? What are the fundamental purposes behind conventions such as the Load line
Convention and MARPOL ? What is GMDSS. Do you know what the ISM Code and STCW are (you
may want to review the IMO web site at www.imo.org. Briefly describe how they affect ship
management? The International Maritime Organization is an arm of the UN that concerns itself with
international maritime conventions, uniformity of law, vsl safety. etc. The Conventions referred to are
but a few of many designed to insure safety at sea. MARPOL is a Convention that deals with
prevention of pollution by ships. The Load Line Convention was designed to prevent vessels from
being overloaded (Loadline Marks). GMDSS is relatively new. It is the Global Marine Distress and
Safety System. By international convention, ships must have the GMDSS system onboard and
someone qualified to use it. It has, in essence, eliminated the radio operator onboard ship. It allows
for modern ship and safety communications. STCW is the Standard Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping Convention, which is also relatively new and was designed to insure certain minimum
standards for crew training and certification. ISM Code was designed to insure quality management
ashore and aboard ship.

The bottom line is that ships must comply with these IMO Conventions or risk detention, especially
by Port State Control. As a broker or principal, you will be affected by these Conventions.
Compliance costs money. Non compliance can cause detentions.

end

JW
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Lecture 6 part 3
OPEN DISCUSSION