Map of China

Table of Contents
Introduction

We are the students of, in subject we were given project to form the country profile of
any country and discuss its facts about the country ,its economic facts ,traveling
information, cultural and customs and different business and etiquettes different
international and national operations and also the different business and

We choose china for our country profile project because china at the moment is the most
fast growing country as far as international business concern. China is doing every kind
of business from small toy to big mechinary.China is exporting every thing at a low price
around the world. China is the best country to understand what is required to do
international business and how one can gain success in doing business internationally
because china was heavily affected in 19th century by the World War II but Chinese are
very hard working people. Now china is one of the supreme power of the world it hold
the economy of the world1.

China has made robust investment especially in fixed assets also exports have contributed
almost 60 per cent to China's gross domestic product (GDP) in recent years. China is not
only good in exporting various technological products but it is also making progress in
the flied of agricultural products and manufactured products. The reason why china
succeeds in international business is that they are very hard working people; they
properly do their home work before starting anything, therefore it is important for you to
understand the basic cultural and business Etiquette of doing international business in the
foreign country.

1
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html
Facts and Figures

China covers the area of 9,596,960 square kilometers; the total population of China is
1,303,701,000.the main religions follow in this Country are Taoist, Buddhist, Muslim, the
national language of China is Dialects and for further details see the appendix: 1.

China Population

China is the third largest country in the World, just behind Russia and Canada. The
population of China is over 1.2 billion people. This is about one-fifth of the world’s
population.2

Total world population is approximately 6.7 billion out of which

China has a full 20% of the world's population which shows that one
of every five people on the planet is a resident of China. It is
expected that China's population will grow over the next few
decades which shows that death rate decrease and national health
improves. It is estimated that in late 2010s China's population is
expected to reach 1.4 billion and in 2030. To control this rate china
has adopted on child policy to restrict couples to have one child. Figure 1 : Population of
China
Recent Effects of the One Child Law

Due to the decrease in population of china there is some tolerance

shown in the law of one child policy and a special condition allows
millions of couples to have two children legally. If a couple is
composed of two people without siblings, then they may have two
children of their own, which prevent too dramatic decrease of
population in China.3
Figure 2: Population

Geographic Area

China has a very diverse land which includes deserts, mountains and fertile river basins.
The geography area of China stretches some 5,026 kilometers across the East Asian
landmass bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea,
between North Korea and Vietnam in a changing pattern of broad plains. Most of
western part of China is mountains with the Himalaya, Tian and Pamir ranges and
Western China also has a large desert. Central China consists of mountainous regions.

2
http://www.kidport.com/Reflib/WorldGeography/China/China.hm
3
http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/onechild.htm
Rivers in china are also playing a major role in China development both for
transportation and for irrigation and also northern wheat fields and southern rice fields in
China are irrigated from these rivers. Land boundaries are 22,117 km.4

Figure 3: Mountain Area Figure 4: River Area

Border Countries

Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, India

3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km,
Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Mongolia 4,677 km, Nepal
1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia
(northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km,Vietnam1,281km and Figure 3: Land Boundaries
regional borders are Hong Kong 30 km, Macau 0.34 km

Natural Resources

coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese,
molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential
(world's largest).5

Climate

China don’t have one climate through out the country, it has many regional climates.
Northern parts of China have severe climate with temperatures reaching below 0 degrees
Fahrenheit winters whereas Central China is milder climate with temperatures ranging
from 30 degrees in the winter to 80 degrees in the summer.

China Demographics Profile 2008

4
http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/Geography_of_China
5
www.uscpf.org/v2/mapsfacts.html
The population of age between 0-14 is 20.1% of the total population, 15-64 is 71.9% and
65 over is 8%. The population rate of the country is 0.629% recorder and birth rate is
13.71 in 2008.

Population Total Fertility Rate

1,330,044,544 (July 2008 est.)
Age Structure
0-14 years: 20.1% (male
142,085,665/female 125,300,391)
15-64 years: 71.9% (male 491,513,378 /
female 465,020,030)
65 years and over: 8% (male 50,652,480/
female 55,472,661) (2008 est.)
Median Age
Total: 33.6 years
Male: 33.1 years
Female: 34.2 years (2008 est.)
Population Growth Rate
0.629% (2008 est.)
Birth Rate
13.71 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Death Rate
7.03 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Net Migration Rate
-0.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2008 est.)
Gender Ratio
at birth: 1.11 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.06 male(s)/female
(2008 est.)
1.77 children born/woman (2008 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
0.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - People Living With
HIV/AIDS
840,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - Deaths
44,000 (2003 est.)
Nationality
noun: Chinese (singular and plural)
adjective: Chinese
Ethnic Groups
Han Chinese 91.5%, Zhuang, Manchu, Hui,
Miao, Uyghur, Tujia, Yi, Mongol, Tibetan,
Buyi, Dong, Yao, Korean, and other
nationalities 8.5% (2000 census)
Religions
Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Christian 3%-4%,
Muslim 1%-2%
Note: officially atheist (2002 est.)
Languages
Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua,
based on the Beijing dialect), Yue
(Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei
(Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese),
Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority
languages (see Ethnic groups entry)

Table 1: China Demographics Profile 20086

6
http://www.indexmundi.com/china/demographics_profile.html
China's gender ratio is unbalanced because the government of
China has made a long-term national policy for the family
planning. It emphasizes that population growth must be in line
with economic and social development and be in harmony with resource utilization and
environment protection which result in low number of younger age groups while the rate
of middle aged and elderly group continues to increase steadily. Experts forecast that by
2020 the number of elderly people in China will exceed the entire population of present-
day Japan.7/8/9
Figure 4: Group of People
Government Structure

The ROC (Republic of china) government is divided into central, provincial, and public,
as well as county and city levels. The central government consists of the Office of the
President and five branches (called “Yuan”)—the Executive Yuan, the Legislative Yuan,
the Judicial Yuan, the Examination Yuan, and the Control Yuan.10

Figure 8: Chinese President Figure 9: Chinese Prime

Hu Jintao Minister Wen Jiabao

Presidency

The president of the Republic of China is the head of the state and he is provided with
some specific constitutional powers to conduct national affairs. President of republic of
China is elected of four years.

Special Powers

The president of china has the power to nominate top officials, including the prime
minister; the president, vice president, and justices of the Judicial Yuan; the president,
vice president, and members of the Examination Yuan; the president, vice president,
auditor-general, and members of the Control Yuan.
7
http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php?aid=40
8
http://www.photius.com/countries/china/society/china_society_demographic_overview.html
9
http://www.euromonitor.com/Future_Demographic_China
10
http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ch4.html
  The other power of president is to resolve disputes among the various branches,
such as disagreements between the Executive Yuan and the Legislative Yuan.

 Declaring emergency for forthcoming threat to the security of the state or the
people, or to cope with a financial or economic crisis.

 Leader is dismissed by the Legislature in a no-confidence vote.

Under the Office of the President are Academia Sinica, Academia Historica, and the
National Security Council. Academia Sinica is the nation’s premier research institution
and is responsible for conducting and promoting scientific research nationwide;
Academia Historica is responsible for the care of the national archives and other
important historical items; and the National Security Council is charged with assisting
the president in setting national security policy.11

Economic structure of china

Chinese economy is huge and expanding rapidly. The rate of

Chinese economic growth in the last 30 years has been almost
amazing, averaging 8% growth in Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) per annum .During that period Chinese economy has
grown more than 10 times due to which Chinese GDP reaches
3.42 trillion US dollars in 2007. Most analysts’ belief that China Figure 8: Shanghai
will become the largest economy holder in the world this century Economist Round Table
using all measures of GDP.

There are inequalities in the income of the Chinese people and

this income inequality has increased in the recent times. The per
capita income of Chinese people is only about 2,000 US dollars,
which is very bad when it is judged against global standards. In
per capita income terms China stands at a 107th out of 179
countries. 12 Figure 9: China
Economics Award

Economic Structure Needs Adjustment

The Chinese economy has developed over a period of time due to which china has
become a big power in global trade. They have made robust growth in investment
especially in fixed assets also exports have contributed almost 60 per cent to China's
gross domestic product (GDP) in recent years. China has now becomes a world base for
manufacturing, it has also gain advantage by advanced technology and management skills
11
http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ch4.html
12
http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/china/
as well as a different lifestyle. Industrial countries gain access to high-quality
commodities at low prices when they choose China as their base for processing and
manufacturing products. 13

13
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2006-12/21/content_764585.htm
 Economic Facts

China’s Export

Nowadays China’s economy is huge and expanding rapidly. China has a hug market to
export other countries there is a lot of verity available in Chinese products which is easy
to use and have reasonable prices. In the export product of china include.
Textile garments,leather,goods,footwear,Home decoration, handbags, shoes, hats, toys,
sanitary, Machinery, instrument, Furniture, wooden, film, rubber product, Chemical
product, Carton boxes, Metal product, Electricity product, Computer keyboard, mouse,
Software, Daily Use Items, Cosmetic, Motor Vehicles, Aircrafts, Ships and Boats. 14’15

Figure 11: Cloths Figure 12: Leather Figure 13: Toy

Figure 10: Mobile
Import Products
Phone Shoes

China’s Import

Along with china export a lot of products it also import from many
countries. China import agricultural products a lot as compare to other
products which include.
Red wine, grape wine,food,drink,milk powder,tea,nuts,agriculture
product,Grains,Plastic panel,stick,pile,film;,Machinery, steel and other
metals, wheat, chemicals, fertilizers, Food, kitchenware, cloth,
giftware, stoneware, glassware, Aquatic products, fruits, beverages,
vermicelli, Motor Vehicles, Aircrafts, Ships and Boats, on-Metal Figure 14: Milk Powder
Mineral Products.16

14
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_China
15
http://www.chinasourceandsupply.com/

Figure 15: Car Figure 16: Ship Figure 17: Orange Figure 18: Apple
16
www.economywatch.com/world_economy/china/export-import.html - 31k -
Chief Agricultural Products

Agricultural Regions

It is difficult to discuss Chinese agriculture as a whole, because the climate and physical
features-and the kinds of crops that are cultivated vary from region to region. Given
below are the china chief Agricultural Products. Due to political and technological
changes over the last half of the 20th century, the agricultural production of China greatly
increased. 17/18

Agricultural Products

Crops, rice, wheat, sweet potatoes, millet, corn

(maize), cotton, tobacco, sugarcane, potatoes,
barley, peanuts, tea. Livestock--cattle, pigs, poultry,
sheep. 19

Figure 19: Corns

Chief Mined Products

Coal, iron ore, petroleum and natural gas, tin, tungsten

and manganese ore, antimony,
Bauxite,
Figure 20: Natural Copper.20
production Area

Figure 21: Coal

Production Area
17
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_China
18
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/texts/chinfact.html
19
www.china.org.cn/.../04/content_17220689.htm
20
chinaconfidential.blogspot.com/2007_09_01_arc...
Chief Manufactured Products

Iron and steel, textiles, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, transportation equipment, machinery,

electronics, paper, sugar, cement, motor vehicles.21 /22

Figure 22: Production Figure 23: Pipelines of Figure 24: Spare Parts of
Plant steal Machinery

China Currency

Chinese money is called Renminbi (RMB) which is issued by the

People Bank of China. The popular Renminbi unit of china is Yuan
(CNY). 1 Yuan equals 10 Jiao, 1 Jiao equals 10 fens. There are
some parts in China where the Jiao is known as Mao and Yuan is
also known as Kuai. Chinese currency is issued in the following
denominations one, two, five, ten, twenty, fifty and one hundred
Yuan. Due to this variation of change in the Mao and kuai, the
amount of investment take place in the country and also it also Figure 20: 100 Yuan
bring a huge increase in export growth and strong demand for
China's currency is created. China maintains the Yuan’s fixed value. China achieves all
this by trading dollars in foreign exchange markets.23

Figure 21: Chinese

Rupees

Foreign currency exchange

21
www.chinasourcingblog.org/news-features/
22
www.pmptoday.com/.../
23
http://china.tourism-asia.net/currency.html
In China foreign currencies such as Norwegian Krone, US dollar, pound, Japanese Yen,
French franc, Australian dollar, Canadian Dollar, German mark, Hong Kong dollar,
Swiss franc, Danish Krone, Dutch florin Guider, Swedish Krona, Austrian Schilling,
Singapore dollar, Belgium Franc, Italian Lira, Macao Pataca, and Finish Markka,
Malaysian Ringgit, etc is converted into Renminbi.
According to control laws of China, foreign currency-based decision and foreign
currency flow are not allowed in the region of China. The Bank of China and other
appointed banks provide foreign currency exchange business for 22 kinds of foreign
currencies and New Taiwan dollar as well as such business as foreign currency traveler's
check, foreign credit card in exchange for RMB. 24

Foreign exchange of china

In 1994, China renewed the foreign exchange system, combined the Renminbi exchange
rates, adopted the bank exchange decision system and set up a combined inter bank
foreign exchange market. In 1996 China included the foreign exchange business of the
foreign invested enterprises in the bank’s exchange settlement system. In 1997 when
china face the Asian financial crisis the Chinese government declared that the exchange
rate of the Renminbi would remain stable and the Renminbi would not be devalued. Due
to this China earned the praise of the international community. In 2001 China’s foreign
exchange reserves reached US$ 212.2 billion and also the variety of financial businesses
has been increasing steadily. China has opened an array of new businesses to become
integrated into the various aspects of modern international financial business. 25

China foreign exchange reserves at US$1.954 trillion

According to China's central bank its foreign exchange reserves rose 16 percent the bank
said reserves increased by $7.7 billion in the first quarter, $146.2 billion lower than the
same period last year. Analysts believe China holds up to 70 percent of its foreign
reserves in U.S. dollar denominated assets. 26

Modes of Transportation

There are different modes of transportation in china which are given below.

By plane

For travel, airplane is the most convenient and fastest means of

transportation .Air travel can cover a long journey in less time
and save your precious time. The Civil Aviation
Administration of China (CAAC) is a department handling
international and domestic air transportation in china .Beijing

24
http://en.cnta.gov.cn/TravelInChina/Forms/TravelInChina/Currency.shtml
25
http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/38255.htm
26
http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/4/11/business/20090411115506&sec=business
Figure22: China’s Plane
is the hub of china air travel. Now in china many different routs are opened which are
750 domestic, nearly 100 international and 21 regional air routes.27 These routs are links
with 58 cities including Bangkok, Berlin, Brussels, Frankfurt, Jakarta, Karachi, London,
Los Angeles, Milan, Moscow, Nagoya, New York, Paris, Singapore, Tashkent, Tokyo
and Vienna in 39 countries and regions with regular flights each week. Air travel in
China is one of the safest in the world. 28

China has many domestic flights to all the major cities and tourist destinations and
traveling by plane in China is not expensive. Prices for domestic flights are set at
standard rates and also have a discount on the busier route. 29 In china many good hotels
will have a travel ticket service and will be able to save you 15%-70% off the price of
tickets. Traveling between main cities and Hong Kong or Macau is considered an
international flight and it is quit expensive.
Figure23: Air Port
In the major cities in China we are able to book ticket by
online and also it is available at all civil aviation ticket offices, travel agencies and
restaurants. All the staff is trained and there is no language barrier and all staff can speak
fluent English and made the flight announcements in English.30

By Trains

Train is an efficient and inexpensive means of travel and it is also an

enjoyable and relaxing choice to view the wonderful countryside. The
cost is around 25 percent less than the air services.31

There is now a total of 57,900 km of railway track in China. Double

track railways cover 20,935 km, while electrified lines cover 13,629 km.
This makes Chinese rail rank first in Asia.32
Figure 24: Chinese Train
Chinese trains differ from other countries because the accommodation
on the trains is divided into four categories .Each category is different from each other on
the base of its facility and charges and Categories are Hard Seats, Soft Seats, Hard
Sleeper, Soft-sleeper.

27
http:// http://www.chinatravelvip.com/travel-tips/transportation.html
28
www.chinafacttours.com/travel_guide/china-transportation.html
29
http://www.chinafacttours.com/travel_guide/china-transportation.html
30
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/essential/civil-aviation.htm
31
http://wikigiz.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/china-bullet-train.jpg
32
http://www.chinatravelvip.com/travel-tips/transportation.html
 Figure 25: Hard Sleeper Figure 26: Soft Sleeper

Most long-distance trains have a restaurant car, with waiter service of drinks, snacks &
meals. The best trains on key routes such as Beijing-Shanghai have menus in both
Chinese and English. Chinese trains generally have both western & 'squat' toilets, but it's
always a good idea to take your own supply of toilet paper.

Reservations should be made in advance, especially during the holidays and travel
season. Tickets may be purchased directly from rail stations or booked a few days in
advance from your travel agencies, hotels, or ticket office.33

China is in the process of building a network of high-speed trains, similar to French TGV
or Japanese bullet trains. These trains are already in service on several routes. They are
called CRH and train numbers have a "C" or "D" prefix.34

By Bus

Buses are the most important means of transport in many parts of

China especially where there is no railway line. City buses start
at around ¥1 and can be crowded during rush hour. More modern
buses with air conditioning start at ¥2. The prices of the ticket
are more for longer distance trips to as much as ¥5 or more. Bus
is the cheapest means of transport, Long distance buses can be
divided into Soft-seat and Soft-sleeper buses.35
Figure 27 : Chinese Bus
Sleeper buses

Sleeper buses are common in China. These are a good way to

cover longer distances but they are not all that comfortable for
large or tall travelers. These are fast smooth and comfortable in
the developed and less developed areas.36

You have to remove your shoes when you enter the bus and a
plastic bag is provided to store them. If there is a food or toilet
stops, you put the shoes back also some buses are equipped with Figure 28: Sleeper Bus
TV, air conditioning and a toilet. Seats are numbered, so it is easy to book a seat in
advance. The booking could be made through the travel agencies and hotels.37

Figure 29: Chinese Buses

33
www.travel-to-china.org/travel-to-china/
34
www.travel-china.net/beijing-travel.html
35
http://www.chinatravelvip.com/travel-tips/transportation.html
36
www.africa-trade.ci/china/bus/sleeper_bus.htm
37
http://english.chinabuses.com/?gclid=CLeM46Gz25kCFSQMDQodEAjKWg
Travel Information

Modes of transportation within the China

There are modes of travel used within China.

By Taxis

A taxi is often the most convenient means of travel in the city.

They are available at airports, railway stations and hotels at
reasonable price which can range from 5 to 12 Yuan and it also
depend on distance. If you take a taxi after 23:00 pm you pay a 20
percent extra price above the basic fare. In china different types of
taxis are available with different prices depend on places. Taxis Figure 30: Chinese Taxi
are available easily in large cities like Shanghai and Beijing etc but
in small cities taxi are arranged on call basis.38

Some taxi driver speak English but most of them are not ,they only
speak Chinese so it is advisable to keep a written note of the name
of place where you want to go to by taxi or get business cards of
your hotel and restaurants so that you show taxi drivers. It will be
a good idea to reach your destination. In china, taxis are not so
large. So avoid big bags. You can purchase most items cheaply in Figure 31: Chinese Taxi
China. Always wear a seatbelt.39

By Waterways

Another method of travel in China is via the waterways. As

Compared to train or airplane very less people choose a travel
ship .China has a vast sea area there are seas like Bohai Sea,
Yellow Sea and East China Sea to the east and the South China
Sea to the south and the East China Sea and the South China Sea
connect with the Pacific Ocean.40

Passable inland waterways in China total 111, 000 kilometers and Figure 32:
there are some 5,000 berths in the port, of which over 1000 are
10,000 ton class berths. The major inland passable rivers in China include the Yangtze
River, the Pearl River, the Heilongjiang, the Huaihe, the Qiantang, the Minjiang and the
Huangpu, as well as the Grand Canal. The Yangtze River, known as the golden waterway
of China's inland river transport, has 6,000 kilometers passable throughout the year. The
annual water transits of both freight and passengers account for over 70 percent of

38
http://www.asiatravel.net/china/cinfo.html
39
http://wikitravel.org/en/China
40
http://www.travelchinaguide.com
China's total capacity. Ocean shipping in China is divided into two major navigation
zones:41

The Northern: Shanghai and Dalian are the main ports in the northern zone.

The Southern Zones: Guangzhou in the southern zone.

Today, there are more than twenty major coastal harbors in China. Shanghai port ranks
among the 10 largest in the world, with an annual capacity of over 100 million tons.
Nanjing port, with an annual capacity of 40 million tons, is China's largest river port.42

Figure 33:

By Rickshaws

In china rickshaw is a traditional vehicle that was popular in Beijing,

Tianjin and Shanghai nearly a hundred years ago. Rickshaws are
actually three wheeled bicycles and mostly driven by old, retired men
and its color is golden yellow.43

It is much more convenient means of traveling short distances. The Figure 34: Chinese
price decided in advance after that driver will take you through the Rickshaw
narrow streets and most of the rickshaw drivers also give their
passengers detailed explanations on the history and culture of Hutongs
but this is not in English. There are also professional tourist guides
who can speak English, Japanese and other foreign languages.
Rickshaws are found around some communication centers and travel
hotspots. Rickshaw is expensive than taxi especially during holidays.44

Figure35: Chinese
Rickshaws

41
http://www.chinatravelvip.com/travel-tips/transportation.html
42
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/essential/water-transport.htm
43
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/beijing/transportation/bicycle.htmv
44
http://wikitravel.org/en/China
By Bicycle
Bicycles are the most common form of transportation in China and at
rush hour almost anywhere in China people use this. Bicycle is a cheap
and convenient mean of transport that is better than bus or taxi.
China had 500 million bicycles by 1987. One bicycle for every two
people of its population. Bicycles give feelings of freedom and you can
stop any where and explore things along the way. Cycling does not harm
the natural environment and it does not cause pollution. It is also a
convenient way of traveling that is becoming more and more popular.45 Figure 36: Bicycles

Cost of Traveling in China

Travel in China is very affordable compared with other places in the

world. Prices are much cheaper for everything from meals to train or
plane tickets than the other countries and the cost of every trip is
different it depends on the type of mode for travel and level of comfort
you require.
Public transportation is easily available and reasonable. Cash is more
popular in China so when you go for china trip keep enough cash with
Figure 37:
you and also use credit cards to withdraw money from ATMs.46

Hong Kong, Macau, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, the eastern coastal provinces are the
most expensive destinations in china. People can purchased different things in very less
prices like jewellery, silk, carpets, Chinese calligraphy and paintings, jade, and other
popular items. 47 Some prices are given below in the Appendix.48

Figure 38: Tourist from different Countries

Hotel Accommodation

In China there are range of hotels available with different prices depends on the hotel
rating and facilities from luxurious five-star hotel to mid-priced hotels with clean,
45
http://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/transportation/bicyle-travel.htm
46
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/essential/cost.htm
47
http://www.chinatourselect.com/Travel-China-Guide/Travel-Information/China-Travel-Help-
Center/Cost-of-Travelling-in-China.html
48
http://www.yoyoor.com/travelchina/travelcost.shtml
 comfortable rooms and friendly environment. Now a days every major city in China can
provide travelers with a wide selection of modern, world-class opportunity to meet and
increase the international standards .Some hotels such as the famous Peace Hotel in
Shanghai, the Palace Hotel in Beijing and the White Swan in Guangzhou have gained
international reputations for their beautiful decor, international gourmet dining, and first-
class service and some other hotels such as Sheraton, Holiday Inn, Hyatt, Hilton, and
Ramada now operate as luxurious hotels throughout China as well.49

Some hotels offer typical Chinese or local features and architecture, while others are
completely modern. Price is not a good guide to quality. Eastern China is far more
expensive than western China. Large cities and Tourist cities are more expensive than
small cities or non-tourist cities. Most hotels charge much higher rates during major
holidays like Chinese New Year, the first week in May and the first week in October.
Standards of service and cleanliness vary in the lower star-rated hotels to higher star rated
hotel. In hotels few staff can speak English but majority of the staff do not speak
English.50

Hotels in China are very secure places, but don't leave money or valuables lying about in
your room. Hotels provide security and record the check in and check out time and if you
want extra security hotels will charge extra cost.

Some Pictures of Chinese Hotels

FigureFigure
39: Zhong
41: Phoenix
Tang CityFigure 40: Paradise Figure 42: Best Western
Hotel,Hotel
Beijing Resort Xian Pudong Sunshine Hotel

Communication Methods in China

There are four communication modes in china these are given below

Important Numbers
Phone and Fax
Postal Service
Web Access

49
http://www.yoyoor.com/travelchina/accommodation.shtml
50
http://www.chinahotels.org/?toa=887
Important Numbers

For any case of emergency Police: 110, Fire alarm: 119, Medical care: 120 telephone
numbers can be used and these numbers work in all areas of China. Calling on these
numbers from a cell phone is free.51

Phone and Fax

In chine cellular phones are very common and offer very good service. If you are staying
more than a few weeks it is suitable for you to buy one cell. The Prices of cellular phone
start around ¥400. Get a GSM phone and a SIM card when you are traveling within china
because this work anywhere in China and avoid the cheaper cards because they only
work in one city. International fax services are available in most large hotels
.
In chine all cell phone services are prepaid, you just go to a shop and purchase a charge
card, which has a number and password that must be used to call the telephone company
to recharge the money in your account. Cell phones will not normally make international
calls. To get that service you need to go to the local office of China Mobile or China
Unicom and ask them to facilitate it for that they may require a deposit. Chinese cell
phones unlike those sold in many Western countries are never "locked". They will work
with any SIM card you put in them.52

Area codes for major cities

Country code of China is 86. Major cities get their own two-digit area code like 010
Beijing, 020 Guangzhou Local calls use an 8-digit number .Normal cell phones do not
need an area code. The numbers are just:

 130 to 132 plus 8 digits — China Unicom, GSM

 133 plus 8 digits — China Unicom, CDMA

 134 to 139 plus 8 digits — China Mobile, GSM

Postal Service

The Chinese Post Office is very quick but few things are very important which you
should need to adopt when in china. These are given below

Incoming mail will be both faster and more reliable if the address is in Chinese. If it is
not then people in post office will translate the address into the Chinese that’s take time
and is not 100% accurate.

51
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52
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Do not seal outgoing packages before taking them to the Post Office because they will
not send them without inspecting the inside. The best thing is to buy the packing material
at the Post Office.

Most Post Offices and courier services will refuse to send CDs or DVDs.

Web Access in China

In China the Internet is readily accessible. Internet cafes are abundant throughout China.
Few cafes provide free wireless Internet service. For example, Starbucks, Italy cafe,
Feeling4Seasons Cafe in Chengdu, Padan cafe in Shanghai, etc. Much Chinese software
is designed mainly for gaming and is not useful for business. Public computers and the
internet lines are not securing so do not send extremely sensitive data such as banking
passwords from an Internet cafe.

In china if you are planning to connect internet with your own computer, be aware that
many places in china require you to use Microsoft Internet Explorer and to install
software on your system and accept certificates in order to use their services.
Culture and Customs

The Culture of China is one of the world's oldest and most complex cultures. In Chinese
culture Yin and Yang represent the two opposite principles in nature. Yin characterizes
the feminine or negative nature of things and yang stands for the masculine or positive
side. Yin and yang are in pairs such as the moon and the sun, female and male, dark and
bright, cold and hot, passive and active, etc.53

In Chinese culture it is common social practice to introduce the junior to the senior, or the
familiar to the unfamiliar. In china when you start a talk with a stranger weather, food, or
hobbies are good topics to start. Be very careful in asking private questions a woman.
Chinese people gave importance to their family they regard it as a means to keep the
family blood stream continuously running. When a baby is born in Chinese family the
whole family feels very happy and it is consider the custom of china to select a good
name for the child and the name should have two parts, the family name and the last
name which shows the generation of the family. The first important event for the newly
born baby is the one-month celebration.54

The Chinese music dates back to the dawn of Chinese civilization. In

china everyone celebrates their birthday this day as well and turning
one year older. 55 There are three types of traditional Chinese
clothing they are the pien-fu, the ch'ang-p'ao, and the shen-i. The
pien-fu is an ancient two-piece dress with top extending to the knees
and a skirt or trousers extending to the ankles. The ch'ang-p'ao is
one-piece clothing extending from the shoulders all the way to the
heels. The shen-i is a cross between the pien-fu and the ch'ang-p'ao,
it consists of a tunic and a skirt or trousers like the pien-fu, but the Figure 43:
tunic and the skirt are sewed together and essentially one piece like
the ch'ang-p'ao.56

Colors in Chinese culture have different meanings like red is strictly

forbidden at funerals as it is a traditionally symbolic color of
happiness, Yellow is consider good luck color, Generally green is
associated with "health prosperity, and harmony”, white is associated
with death, Black is a neutral color used in daily clothing. Lucky
numbers in Chinese culture are 6, 8, 9 and number 4 is considered
unlucky number in china. 57
Figure 44:
In the typical wedding in China, the bride will wear a white bridal
gown the same as is worn in weddings in the western world.58
53
http://chineseculture.about.com/cs/religion/a/aayinyang.htm
54
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55
http://www.geocities.com/susanchua_sg/index.html
56
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57
http://www.answers.com/topic/numbers-in-chinese-culture
58
http://www.chinaunique.com/educate/culture.htm
China Business Culture

Those organizations who want to do business with China will also need to consider the
aspects of Chinese business culture and etiquette in order to fully succeed.

Working practices in China

Punctuality is considered extremely important when doing business in China. It is rare

that the Chinese will deal with people they don’t know or trust. Establishing a proper
introduction with your counterparts is very important before entering into business.

Structure and hierarchy in Chinese companies

The hierarchical structures of Chinese society and business organizations are very strict.
People in china enter the meeting room in hierarchical order, as the Chinese are very
status conscious. Senior members generally lead the negotiations and will direct the
discussion.

Working relationships in China

Long-term relationships are considered more valuable then quick transactions. In Chinese
business culture the warm, friendly character of your counterpart does not necessarily
equal a positive outcome. Trust based on a beneficial relationship is more important. The
collectivist way of thinking is still important in Chinese business today and influence
many discussions.

Business practices in China

The exchanging of business cards is normal in Chinese business culture. One side should
be printed in English and one in Chinese. You should present your card with both hands
and with the Chinese side facing up. When accepting your colleague’s card study it
carefully before placing it on the table never in the back pocket, as this is extremely
disrespectful. During discussions humbleness and patience is the key to success. An
important element before starting a business meeting in China is to engage in small talk.
Be prepared as this may include quite personal questions.

Chinese Business Etiquette (Do's and Don'ts)

When doing business in china do maintain eye contact with your interlocutor, if you
avoid eye contact it is considered untrustworthy. Do address the person with a title and
their last name. If the person does not have a title, use ‘Mr.’ or ‘Madam’. Do wait for
your corresponding person to start formal greetings. Handshakes are the most popular
gesture. Don’t assume that a nod is a sign of agreement. Don’t show too much emotion
while conducting business, as it may seem unfriendly. Don’t use direct negative replies as
they are considered rude. Instead of saying ‘no’ answer ‘maybe’ or ‘I’ll think about it, are
more suitable.59

Chinese Holidays

In the year 2009 there will be total of 27 days of public holidays. They are as New Year
Holiday for 3 days, Chinese New Year Holiday (Spring Festival) is for 8 days, Qingming
(grave tending) Festival is for 3 days, Labor Day –for 3 days, Dragon Boat Festival for 3
days, and Mid-Autumn Festival & National Day Holiday for 8 days. Details are as
follows in the appendix.60

Figure 55: Chinese New Year Figure 46:

New Year Holidays

Major Religions in China (Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism)

Chinese culture is an essential element of Chinese religion. There are

several religions that are practice in China. Two of these are
fundamentally Chinese religion meaning they are of Chinese origin
they are Confucianism and Taoism. Buddhism found its way into
China by way of India.

Confucianism

Confucianism is the most prominent Chinese religion. It was founded

by Confucius. Confucianism was the state religion from the
establishment of the Han Dynasty in 202 B.C. to the end of the
colonial period in 1911. Confucian teachings were the subject of civil
service examinations for more than 2,000 years. Confucianism
maintains that people should hold their position in life to preserve
social harmony. It identifies five basic relationships between really
superior and inferior beings. The poorer must confirm complete Figure 48:

59
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business-in/Chinese_business_culture.php
60
chinahighlightstravel.blogspot.com/2008/12/ch...
loyalty and obedience to the superior and superior beings must be kind and kind toward
the poorer.

Taoism

It is emerged in the 6th century B.C and is believed to be founded by a

man named Lao-tzu. Their basic doctrines stick to the universal value
of reward for good behavior and punishment for bad behavior in the
afterlife. Taoism believes in several gods that distribute with justice
and transmits sacred revelations.
Figure 49:
Buddhism

Buddhism came to China from India between 58-76 A.D but only grow in the 3rd
century. It was founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha). Buddhism believes that desire
is the source of all pain and pain can be overcome by hold back desire through
meditation. Zen Buddhism teaches that enlightenment is achievable through the regular
practice of meditation.61

Chinese Gift-Giving Etiquette

Gifts are a major part of the Chinese culture. When visiting someone in China, especially
if you are a guest in their house, it is essential that you bring a gift to show respect to the
host.62

In China, gifts are often given to express gratitude or friendship or

hospitality. Chinese people have believed that well-mannered people
return favors and kindness. Whenever someone receives a present they
will try to offer one back on a suitable occasion like birthdays or
wedding days or for any special holiday. When someone gives you a
gift you always says thank you. It is not necessary that the gift is big
or expensive but it should be something that the receiver would Figure 50:
appreciate.

General Gift Giving Tips

Here are some general rules for giving gifts in a Chinese way:

1. It is consider good to give gifts to people you visit, as a way to

thank them for inviting you.

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http://www.jazzviolin.com/china/2007/10/05/china-gifts-chinese-gift-etiquette-gift-ideas-in-china-gift-
giving-in-china-gift-taboos/
 2. Find something as a gift that the family can use when giving a
"visiting" gift. For example, give food or tea. Or, give Figure 51:
something that is important in your home country or community.
3. Chinese people refuse a gift two or three times before accepting. If you are the
giver, offer again until it is accepted after the third time.

4. Don't feel insult if the person does not open the gift in front of you Because
Chinese people do not usually open a gift in front of the giver. They will open it
later after that they call or write to thank the person for the gift.

5. Properly Wrap the gift and Use colored ribbons to wrap a gift
using these colors:

 Red for general and happy occasions

 Black and white for funerals

 Gold and silver for wedding gifts

Figure 52:
 Write anything in red ink.

6. Even numbers are considered as good luck, but avoid the number four because
four is an unlucky number. The number 8 is considered lucky, so giving or
receiving 8 items is a good thing.

Receiving Gifts

Following are some general rules for receiving gifts in china.

1. Always received a gift with both hands when presented to you.

2. When you receive a gift, you can always ask, "Would you like
me to open this now?" Figure 53:

3. After receiving the gift try to offer a gift back on a suitable occasion and Call or
send a thank-you note.

Gifts that should be avoided

 Do not give clocks, flowers and handkerchiefs because they are associated with
funerals and death.

 Sharp objects, such a letter openers, knives, scissors, etc. should not be given as
gifts. These types of items involve the division of a relationship.
  Think twice before giving food items to the host in china because they might
think that they think that they are poor! It is okay to bring candy and fruit baskets
though. Alcoholic beverages are okay too, as well as cigarettes and cigarette
lighters.63

Business Gifts

1. In business, present a gift to a company or organization

instead of one person. Giving a gift only to an individual is
not acceptable unless it is being given in private as a sign of
friendship.

2. In business, don't photograph the event of giving a gift.

3. If you talk someone so present a gift at the end of the

discussion. Figure 54:

4. Don’t use the red pens in business, it means a negative or end to something.

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Eating Habits

The meat and vegetable dishes are place out at the center of the table
and the diners eat directly from the mutual plates using their
chopsticks. Soup is also eaten from the common bowl. The saucer is
used for bones and shells.64

When everyone has taken their rice and picked up chopstick the host
say “Sik Fan” to start eating from the common plates and place it in
the blow then table raise it up to mouth and push the food. Sucking Figure 56: dining table
or chewing on the chopsticks is also considered poor manners. 65

A typical Chinese dining table is round or square, the dishes (Ts’ai) are placed in the
center of the table and each person at the table has a bowl for fan, chopsticks, a saucer
and a spoon. The dishes are shared by all accept the fan blow. 66

Everyday Food

K.C. Chang (1977) in his book “Hsu and Hsu” mentioned that
Chinese food in divide into tow basic categories food (Shih) and
drink (Yin) and within these categories there is fan (rice/grain) and
Ts’ai (dishes). 67

Fruits and vegetables are least consumable food and meat is most
consumable. Figure 57: everyday meal
Chinese meal is not complete without fan so they don’t consider
break fast as a meal because fan is not included in that.68

Family Meals

Chinese families together for three meals a day. They food timings and food is generally
same as followed by west usually. The goal is to provide varieties of dishes in each meal
and create difference between three meals. 69

Break fast Meal:

For breakfast there are Chinese pancakes, deep-fried twisted

dough, glutinous Rice balls, creamy Soya bean milk, wonton soup,
steamed stuffed dumpling, Steamed bread with meat fillings, and
various types of noodles. 70
64
Figure 58: Break fast
http://www.winona.edu/Winonan/f2003/11-12/Alternate.htm
65
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/cuisine_drink/cuisine/
66
http://www.chinatownconnection.com/chinese_style_cooking.htm
67
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68
http://www.nicemeal.com/foodculture/index.html
69
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The Stuff of the Meal

The core of the Chinese meal is fan, or grain therefore the meal itself is
called Hsia fan "a period of grain." They acquire serving of food
depending upon the region and status as in the south and urban families
the fan or rice products are eaten, in north wheat in the form of grains,
noodles, or bread are cooked. The less affluent families might make
their meals of millet, sorghum, or corn. Meat and vegetable are
considered as ts'ai means something like "side dishes"71
Fig 59: stuff of meal
Serving Etiquette

It is the duty of an individual to serve everyday meal which includes a

bowl of fan, a pair of chopsticks, a flat-bottomed soupspoon, and a
saucer. The hot towel is regularly made available at the end of the meal
to wipe his hands and mouth instead of napkins. 72

Eating begins in order with priority each diner taking the cue to start
from his or her immediate superior. They eat equally from each ts’ai
dish, never prefer for a particular item by eating it more, never give
pause to take choose specific bite from the pate.
Fig 60: Etiquette

To eat fan they raise the bowl to lips and pushes the grains into the mouth with
chopsticks. The fan and even the grains must finish otherwise it considered as bad
manners and it give the impression as lack respect to the farmer produced it.

It is acceptable to reach across the table to take a bit from a far-away dish. To make it
possible to access all the dishes Chinese dining tables are more likely to be square or
round as compare to western dining tables.73

Restaurants in China

There is no lack of good food in China. Within every 100 meters there
will be a restaurant whether small or big. Chinese enjoyed their meal
in groups therefore restaurants are not suited for individuals. The
restaurants are cleaned; food is hot and freshly prepared. Chinese
restaurants are not heated even during winter it would be wise to dress
warmly. Western restaurants are available in the bigger cities and the
quality gets better and better.74
Figure 61:

Fast food

71
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74
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China offers a variety of desserts and snacks. Seasons play an
important role in the availability of snacks. Fried spring rolls and
oysters marinated in wine are for spring, cold drinks and cold noodles
for summer, dumplings stuffed with crab meat and minced pork and
sweet potatoes scented with osmanthus Flowers for autumn. The total
income of fast food restaurants in China is 180 Billion Yuan. 75
Fig 8 fast food

Festivals Meal

A wide selection is available during festivals. There are glutinous

rice cakes for Chinese New Year, green dumplings for Qingming,
fermented glutinous rice for the Beginning of Summer, zhongji for
the Dragon Boat festival, moon cake for the Mid-Autumn festival,
and sweet dumplings made from glutinous rice Flour for Yuan Xiao,
the lantern festival.76

American Food Figure 62: rice cake

There are more than 1000 KFC restaurants in China and they are increasing at annual rate
of 200. McDonalds also continues to expand; in 1990s there are more than 600
restaurants in 100 cities of china. KFC and McDonalds hold 8% of total share of fast food
restaurants. Due to culture difference both restaurants introduced many Chinese items in
their menu but on festival these restaurants are almost empty.77

75
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77
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Reference:
Appendix:

Appendix: 1

Population 1,303,701,000
Area 9,596,960 square kilometers
(3,705,405 square miles)
Language Chinese (Mandarin), Cantonese, other
dialects and minority languages
Religion Taoist, Buddhist, Muslim
Currency Yuan, also referred to as the Renminbi
Life Expectancy 71
GDP per Capita U.S. $4,700

Literacy Percent 86