Interconnecting Cisco Networking

Devices Part 2 (ICND2)

Module 01 - Implementing
Scalable Medium-Sized Networks
-
Slide 1

Lesson 1

Troubleshooting VLAN Connectivity

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Slide 2

VLAN Review

A VLAN represents:
A separate broadcast domain
A subnet (logical network)

An independent LAN

VLANs help with the following:

Segmentation of traffic
Security Boundaries

Flexibility in designing a network

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Slide 3

How to Create a VLAN

Adds VLAN 2 and names it switchlab99

Assigns interface FastEthernet 0/2 to VLAN 2

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Slide 4

How to Create a VLAN (Cont.)

Displaying VLAN information

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Slide 5

What is a Trunk

A Trunk can carry traffic for multiple VLANs

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Slide 6

How to Configure a Trunk

Create a trunk from interface configuration mode

Configure the Fa0/11 interface as a VLAN trunk
The native VLAN is changed to VLAN 99

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Slide 7

How to Configure a Trunk (Cont.)

Verifies switchport settings on FastEthernet0/11

Verifies that FastEthernet0/11 is trunking

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Slide 8

DTP

Avoid using DTP (manual configuration recommended

Configure both sides as trunks
The command nonegotiate turns off the negotiation

Dynamic Dynamic Trunk Access

Auto Desirable
Dynamic Access Trunk Trunk Access
Auto
Dynamic Trunk Trunk Trunk Access
Desirable
Trunk Trunk Trunk Trunk Limited
Connectivity
Access Access Access Limited Access
Connectivity

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Slide 9

VLAN Troubleshooting

Show vlan
Show interfaces
Show vlan Show interfaces switchport
Show mac address-table

Yes Yes

No No

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Slide 10

VLAN Troubleshooting (Cont.)

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Slide 11

VLAN Troubleshooting (Cont.)

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Slide 12

Troubleshooting Trunks

Show interfaces trunk

Show interfaces trunk

Yes Yes

No No

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Slide 13

Troubleshooting Trunks (Cont.)

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Slide 14

Lesson 2

Building Redundant Switched Topologies

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Slide 15

Problems with Redundant Topologies

Redundancy avoids a single point of failure.

A redundant switch topology causes broadcast storms, multiple
frame copies, and MAC address table instability problems.
A loop-avoidance mechanism is required.

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Slide 16

Problems with Redundant Topologies (Cont.)

Solution: STP (Spanning Tree Protocol)

Provides a loop-free, yet redundant topology by dynamically
closing ports.
Published in IEEE 802.1D specification

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Slide 17

How Spanning-Tree Works

The spanning-tree algorithm follows these steps:

1. Elects a root bridge
2. Elects a root port for each non-root switch
3. Elects a designation port for each segment
4. Ports transition to forwarding or blocking state

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Slide 18

How Spanning-Tree Works (Cont.)

Step 1: Elect a Root Bridge

Decision based on lowest BID

Switch A 10Gbs Switch B

Priority 28672 Priority 28672
MAC 0000.0cab.3274 MAC 0000.0c9f.3127
Root Bridge

1Gbs 1Gbs

1Gbs 1Gbs
Switch C Switch D
Priority 32768 Priority 32768
MAC 0000.0cf6.9370 MAC 0000.0c39.f28a

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Slide 19

How Spanning-Tree Works (Cont.)

Step 2: Elect a root port for each non-root switch

Decision based on lowest root path cost.
If necessary, ties are broke by upstream BID and port ID values

Switch A RP Cost 2 Switch B

Priority 28672 Priority 28672
MAC 0000.0cab.3274 DP DP MAC 0000.0c9f.3127
Root Bridge

Cost 4 Cost 4

Cost 4 Cost 4 RP
Switch C Switch D
Priority 32768 RP Priority 32768
MAC 0000.0cf6.9370 MAC 0000.0c39.f28a

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Slide 20

How Spanning-Tree Works (Cont.)

Step 3: Elect a designated port for each segment.

Decision is based on the lowest root path cost.
IF necessary, ties are broken by upstream BID and port ID.

Switch A F Cost 2 F
Switch B
Priority 28672 F Priority 28672
MAC 0000.0cab.3274 F MAC 0000.0c9f.3127
F F Root Bridge

Cost 4 Cost 4

B Cost 4 Cost 4 F
Switch C Switch D
Priority 32768 F B Priority 32768
MAC 0000.0cf6.9370 MAC 0000.0c39.f28a

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Slide 21

How Spanning-Tree Works (Cont.)

Step 4: The ports transition to the forwarding or blocking state.

Root ports and designated ports transition to the forwarding state
Other ports stay in the blocking state

Switch A RP Cost 2 Switch B

Priority 28672 Priority 28672
MAC 0000.0cab.3274 DP DP MAC 0000.0c9f.3127
Root Bridge

Cost 4 Cost 4

Cost 4 Cost 4 RP
Switch C Switch D
Priority 32768 RP Priority 32768
MAC 0000.0cf6.9370 MAC 0000.0c39.f28a

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Slide 22

Versions of Spanning-Tree

IEEE 802.1D: Legacy Spanning-Tree

CST: Assumes one spanning-tree instance for the entire bridged
network, regardless of the number of VLANs
PVST+: A Cisco enhancement of STP that provides a serparate
802.1D spanning-tree instance for each VLAN configured in the
network
802.1w (RSTP): Improves convergence over 1998 STP by adding
roles to ports and enhancing BPDU exchanges
Rapid PVST+: A Cisco enhancement of RSTP using PVST+

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Slide 23

Versions of Spanning-Tree (Cont.)

Protocol Standard Resources Convergence Number of

Needed Trees
STP 802.1D Low Slow One
PVST+ Cisco High Slow On for every
VLAN
RSTP 802.1w Medium Fast One
Rapid PVST+ Cisco Very high Fast One for every
VLAN

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Slide 24

Versions of Spanning-Tree (Cont.)

Cisco Catalyst switches have the following

defaults:
PVST
Enabled on all ports

Slower convergence than with RSTP

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Slide 25

PVST+

Forwarding Port for VLAN 1 Forwarding Port for VLAN 1

Blocking Port for VLAN 2 Blocking Port for VLAN 2

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Slide 26

PVST+ (Cont.)

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Slide 27

Changing the Bridge ID

SW1 is not the root bridge for VLAN1. This is the switch that is
connected to FastEthernet0/3 on SW1.

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Slide 28

Changing the Bridge ID

Configures SW1 as the root bridge for VLAN 1

After modification, SW1 is the root bridge for VLAN 1

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Slide 29

Reviewing the STP Topology

Show cdp neighbors

Use STP knowledge

Show spanning-tree vlan

Show spanning-tree vlan

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Slide 30

Reviewing the STP Topology (cont.)

Verify the topology

F F
Switch A Switch B:
VLAN 100 F Root Bridge
F
F F

BX F
X
Switch C F B Switch D

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Slide 31

Reviewing the STP Topology (cont.)

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Slide 32

What if STP Fails?

If STP fails for any reason, it fails catastrophically.

Switch A F Cost 2 F
Switch B
Priority 28672 F Priority 28672
MAC 0000.0cab.3274 F MAC 0000.0c9f.3127
F F Root Bridge

Cost 4 Cost 4

X
B Cost 4 Cost 4 F
Switch C X Switch D
Priority 32768 F B Priority 32768
MAC 0000.0cf6.9370 MAC 0000.0c39.f28a

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Slide 33

What if STP Fails? (Cont.)

What if Switch D changed its blocking port to forwarding?

Now we have a loop.

F F
Switch A Switch B:
VLAN 100 F Root Bridge
F
F F

BX F

Switch C F F Switch D

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Slide 34

What if STP Fails? (Cont.)

A Bridging Loop is sever

The load on each link will increase, and quickly become overwhelmed
The Switch CPU will max out and become unreachable

F F
Switch A Switch B:
VLAN 100 F Root Bridge
F
F F

BX
Frame enters
here F

Switch C F F Switch D

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Slide 35

PortFast and BPDU Guard

PortFast Characteristics:
moves an Access port to forwarding immediately
Configured only on access ports

BPDU guard characteristics:

If BPDU is received, it will shut down port
Used in a combination with PortFast

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Slide 36

PortFast and BPDU Guard (Cont.)

Configures BPDU guard and PortFast interface FastEthernet0/1

Enables PortFast on all nontrunking interfaces and enables BPDU guard globally for
all PortFast-enabled ports

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Slide 37

PortFast and BPDU Guard (Cont.)

Verifies that PortFast and BPDU guard have been configured on

interface FastEthernet0/1

Verifies that PortFast is enabled on FastEthernet0/1

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Slide 38

Lesson 3

Improving Redundant Switched Topologies with

EtherChannel

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Slide 39

What is EtherChannel

When Multiple links aggregate on a switch, congestion occurs.

One solution is to increase uplink speed, but that solution cannot
scale indefinitely.
Another solution is to multiple uplinks, but loop prevention
mechanisms disable some ports.

x x
x

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Slide 40

EtherChannel Protocols

Logical aggregation of links between switches

High Bandwidth
Load sharing across links
Viewed as one logical port to STP
Redundancy
EtherChannel

EtherChannel EtherChannel
x

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Slide 41

EtherChannel Protocols (Cont.)

Two protocols exist to negotiate EtherChannel creation

and maintenance:
PAgP is a Cisco proprietary protocol.
LACP is an IEEE 802.3ad standard.

Static EtherChannel can be configured without PAgP or LACP

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Slide 42

EtherChannel Protocols (Cont.)

PAgP negotiates EtherChannel formation and maintenance

On: Channel member without negotiation
PAgP Modes:
Desirable: Actively asking if the other side can or will participate
Auto: Passively waiting for other side
PAgP

Channel establishment On Desirable Auto

On YES NO NO
Desirable NO YES YES
Auto NO YES NO

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Slide 43

EtherChannel Protocols (Cont.)

LACP negotiates EtherChannel formation and maintenance

On: Channel member without negotiation (no protocol).
LACP Modes:
Active: Actively asking if the other side can or will participate
Passive: Passively waiting for other side
LACP

Channel establishment On Desirable Auto

On YES NO NO
Active NO YES YES
Passive NO YES NO

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Slide 44

How to Configure EtherChannel

Interfaces within an EtherChannel must have the same

configuration
Speed/duplex
Trunk or access mode
Same native VLAN
Same allowed VLANs for Trunks
Same Access VLANs for access ports

LACP

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Slide 45

How to Configure EtherChannel (Cont.)

Fa0/1 Fa0/4

Fa0/2 Fa0/5
SW1 SW2

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Slide 46

Verify EtherChannel

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Slide 47

Verify EtherChannel (Cont.)

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Slide 48

Verify EtherChannel (Cont.)

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Slide 49

Lesson 4

Understanding Layer 3 Redundancy

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Slide 50

Why have Default Gateway Redundancy

Router A 10.1.10.2 Router B 10.1.10.3

Server 10.9.1.50

I cant get to my
Gateway No Default Gateway

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Slide 51

Default Gateway Redundancy

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Slide 52

Default Gateway Redundancy (Cont.)

Standby Forwarding
Router Router

Link or device failure: The roles

of standby and forwarding router
are reversed

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Slide 53

FHRP

The idea of FHRP is to provide redundancy at

Layer 3
The common protocols that are used are:
HSRP Cisco proprietary
VRRP Similar, but an open standard
GLB Also Cisco proprietary

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Slide 54

HSRP

Hot Standby Routing Protocol

This solution is designed for two routers to represent
themselves as a single virtual router
For those end systems on a segment, they see a
single default gateway to access the network
The routers then elect an active router to forward
traffic
If that active router fails, then the one that is in standby mode
will take over

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Slide 55

HSRP (Cont.)

Routers are configured in a standby group for

each segment
Routers can belong to more than one group to provide
redundancy
The groups are configured per interface

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Slide 56

HSRP (Cont.)

Each router will still have a unique IP address

for the interface
The routers will share a common Virtual IP
address that end systems use as their gateway
The election will be decided by which router has
the highest priority, or the highest IP address

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Slide 57

HSRP (Cont.)

The failover will occur based on:

If the active router completely fails
If the active router is tracking an interface that fails

If the hello messages are no longer received

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Slide 58

HSRP Configuration

Standby group
Priority
Standby ip
Preempt
Track

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Slide 59

Introducing HSRP

HSRP defines a group of routers one active and one standby.

They share a virtual IP and MAC address for use by hosts as their
default gateway
To verify HSRP state, use the show standby command.
HSRP is Cisco proprietary, and VRRP is a standard protocol.

HSRP Group 1

Active Virtual Standby

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Slide 60

HSRP (Cont.)

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Slide 61

HSRP (Cont.)

Active Router:
Responds to the default gateway,
ARP requests with the virtual router
MAC address
Sends hello messages
Assumes the forwarding of all
packets for the Virtual Router
Knows the virtual router IP
Standby Router:
Listens for the periodic hellos
Assumes active forwarding of
packets if it does not hear from
active router

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Slide 62

HSRP Track Interface

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Slide 63

HSRP Load Balancing

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Slide 64

Gateway Load Balancing Protocol

Allows full use of resources on

all devices without the
administrative burden of creating
multiple groups
Provides a single virtual IP
address and multiple virtual MAC
address
Routers traffic to single gateway
distributed across routers
Automatically can re-route traffic
on a tracked failure

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Slide 65

Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (Cont.)

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Slide 66

Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (Cont.)

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Slide 67

QoS

Quality of Service
Many applications will suffer at having poor service,
such as VoIP
Latency
Jitter
Dropped packets
Congestion
QoS tries to prioritize these applications
packets for better service

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Slide 68

QoS

Give certain traffic precedence for delivery over

less important traffic
Best used for networks that have contention or
congestion of packets being delivered

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Slide 69

QoS Configuration

Time sensitive traffic must be identified

Class-mapping
Then this traffic must be marked for importance
Policy-mapping
Then this policy is placed on the outgoing
interface

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Slide 70

QoS Options

Precedence
Shaping
Policing

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Slide 71

Marking

CoS Layer 2 on ethernet

ToS Layer 3 IP/IPv6 packet
DSCP Layer 3 more detailed than ToS

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Slide 72

Queuing Methods

Class-based WFQ
LLQ usually called the best practice

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Slide 73

Congestion Avoidance

Tail drop
Weighted Random Early Detection

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Review Questions:
1. QoS provides prioritization for different types of traffic. One goal is to reduce
latency of traffic flows. Which of the following applications are always given a
higher priority to reduce latency? (Choose all that apply)
A. VoIP
B. FTP
C. HTTP
D. Video

2. To configure any protocol/packet for priority, the router must first know what is to
be matched. What configuration command will tell the router what to match?
A. Policy-map
B. Class-map
C. Service-policy
D. NBAR

3. Which of the following is a packet marking?

A. FTP
B. DSCP
C. MPLS
D. HTTP

4. What configuration construct is used to set the marking and priority of packets
matched by a class-map?
A. Service-policy
B. Policy-map
C. DSCP
D. ToS

5. At what layer of the OSI is the use of FHRP going to provide redundancy?
A. Layer 1
B. Layer 2
C. Layer 3
D. Layer 4
6. For two routers to be redundant, using HSRP, the routers will need some
common configuration on each of their interfaces. What at minimum should be
configured the same on each router's interface? (Choose all that apply)
A. Interface IP
B. Standby IP
C. Standby group number
D. Standby priority

7. What must be configured for a router to take the "ACTIVE" role in an HSRP
standby group? Specifically, what setting allows you to choose the router to be
ACTIVE?
A. Standby group number
B. Track interface
C. Standby group IP
D. Standby group priority

8. The router that was ACTIVE in an HSRP group failed, and then the role of
ACTIVE moved to what was the STANDBY router. When the original router
comes back online it will not retake the role of ACTIVE, unless you've configured
what?
A. Standby priority
B. Standby preempt
C. Standby refresh
D. Standby IP

9. What do VLANs create?

A. Broadcast domains
B. Subnets
C. Collision domains
D. WAN connections

10. What type of Switchport will carry all tagged VLAN traffic by default?
A. Access
B. Trunk
C. Routed
D. Serial
Answer Key:
1. A, D
Voice over IP and video will greatly suffer if they have more than 150ms latency.
Any more, and these applications will generally be unusable.

2. B
The class-map construct allows you to list those protocol/packets that are to be
matched. This does not configure the priority.

3. B
Differentiated Services Code Point is a method of marking a packet for higher
priority. For example, VoIP will be marked with "EF" or expedited forwarding.

4. B
The policy-map is used to set priority and markings for packets matching
specified class-maps.

5. C
These are a collection of redundancy protocols used by Layer 3 devices, such as
routers.

6. B, C
These routers will have to be in the same standby group, and must agree on
what their virtual IP (VIP) is going to use.

7. D
To specify which router will be the ACTIVE router, you must configure it with a
higher priority value when compared to the STANDBY router.

8. B
A router will not retake the ACTIVE role, unless it's been configured with
preempt.

9. A
A VLAN will create a new broadcast domain, which may or may not be a part of a
new subnet.

10. B
Trunk ports connect switches to each other and by default will carry all tagged
and untagged traffic.