.

Chapter 14 Multiple Integrals

.
1. Double Integrals, Iterated Integrals, Cross-sections

2. Double Integrals over more general regions, Definition,

Evaluation of Double Integrals, Properties of Double Integrals

3. Area and Volume by Double Integration, Volume by Iterated
Integrals, Volume between Two surfaces
.4 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates, More general Regions
5. Applications of Double Integrals, Volume and First Theorem of
Pappus, Surface Area and Second Theorem of Pappus,
Moments of Inertia
6. Triple Integrals, Iterated Triple Integrals
.

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.
Definition. The definite integral of a function f (x) of one variable
defined on an interval [a, b], is given by

. . . . . .

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.
Definition. The definite integral of a function f (x) of one variable
defined on an interval [a, b], is given by
b n n
f (x) dx = lim
max xk 0
f (xk )xk = n+
lim f (xk )xk .

.a k =1 k =1

. . . . . .

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.
Definition. The definite integral of a function f (x) of one variable
defined on an interval [a, b], is given by
b n n
f (x) dx = lim
max xk 0
f (xk )xk = n+
lim f (xk )xk .

.a k =1 k =1

This concept arose from the problem of finding areas under curves.
Now we have similar problem if we replace the function of two
variables.

. . . . . .

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.
Definition. The definite integral of a function f (x) of one variable
defined on an interval [a, b], is given by
b n n
f (x) dx = lim
max xk 0
f (xk )xk = n+
lim f (xk )xk .

.a k =1 k =1

This concept arose from the problem of finding areas under curves.
Now we have similar problem if we replace the function of two
variables.
.
Volume Problem. Given a function f (x, y) of two variables that is
continuous and nonnegative on a region R in the xy-plane, find the
volume of the solid enclosed between the surface z = f (x, y) and the
region
. R.

. . . . . .

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.
Volume and Double Integrals
.
Let f (x, y) be a function of two variables defined over a rectangle
R = [a, b] [c, d]. We would like to define the double integral of f (x, y)
over R as the algebraic volume of the solid under the graph of
.z = f (x, y) over R.

. . . . . .

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.
Volume and Double Integrals
.
Let f (x, y) be a function of two variables defined over a rectangle
R = [a, b] [c, d]. We would like to define the double integral of f (x, y)
over R as the algebraic volume of the solid under the graph of
.z = f (x, y) over R.
b
The idea is similar to the case of integral a f (x)dx in one variable
case, in which

. . . . . .

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.
Volume and Double Integrals
.
Let f (x, y) be a function of two variables defined over a rectangle
R = [a, b] [c, d]. We would like to define the double integral of f (x, y)
over R as the algebraic volume of the solid under the graph of
.z = f (x, y) over R.
b
The idea is similar to the case of integral a f (x)dx in one variable
case, in which we subdivide the interval into smaller subintervals with
uniform width x = b a
n , and then choose arbitrary points xi in the
subinterval Ii .

. . . . . .

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.
Volume and Double Integrals
.
Let f (x, y) be a function of two variables defined over a rectangle
R = [a, b] [c, d]. We would like to define the double integral of f (x, y)
over R as the algebraic volume of the solid under the graph of
.z = f (x, y) over R.
b
The idea is similar to the case of integral a f (x)dx in one variable
case, in which we subdivide the interval into smaller subintervals with
uniform width x = b a
n , and then choose arbitrary points xi in the
subinterval Ii . Then we have the approximate Riemann sum
n
f (xi )x.
i=1

. . . . . .

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.
Volume and Double Integrals
.
Let f (x, y) be a function of two variables defined over a rectangle
R = [a, b] [c, d]. We would like to define the double integral of f (x, y)
over R as the algebraic volume of the solid under the graph of
.z = f (x, y) over R.
b
The idea is similar to the case of integral a f (x)dx in one variable
case, in which we subdivide the interval into smaller subintervals with
uniform width x = b a
n , and then choose arbitrary points xi in the
subinterval Ii . Then we have the approximate Riemann sum
n
f (xi )x.
i=1
Of course, this sum depends on the choices of xi and the subinterval.
In fact, this idea can be implemented in 2-dimensional cases as well.

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Volume and Double Integrals
.
Let f (x, y) be a function of two variables defined over a rectangle
R = [a, b] [c, d]. We would like to define the double integral of f (x, y)
over R as the algebraic volume of the solid under the graph of
.z = f (x, y) over R.
b
The idea is similar to the case of integral a f (x)dx in one variable
case, in which we subdivide the interval into smaller subintervals with
uniform width x = b a
n , and then choose arbitrary points xi in the
subinterval Ii . Then we have the approximate Riemann sum
n
f (xi )x.
i=1
Of course, this sum depends on the choices of xi and the subinterval.
In fact, this idea can be implemented in 2-dimensional cases as well.

. . . . . .

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Let R = [a, b] [c, d]. and f (x, y) be a function defined on R. We first
subdivide the rectangle R into mn small rectangles Rij , each having
area A, where i = 1, , m and j = 1, , n. For each pair (i, j), pick
an arbitrary point (xij , yij ) inside Rij . Use the value f (xij , yij ) as the
height of a rectangular solid erected over Rij . Thus its volume is
f (xij , yij )A.

The sum of the volume of all these small rectangular solids

approximates the volume of the solid under the graph of z = f (x, y)
m n
over R. This sum f (xij , yij )A is called Riemann sum of f .
i=1 j=1
.
Definition The double integral of f over R is
m n

R
f (x, y) dA = lim
m,n
f (xij , yij )A, if this limit exists.
. i=1 j=1
. . . . . .

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Remarks. In general, it is very difficult to prove that the limit of
Riemann sum converges, because of the choices of the height
f (xij , yih ) involved. The usual method is replace the height either the
maximum and the minimum values of f within each smaller
rectangles, and hence we obtain the upper and lower Riemann sums
respectively.
.
Theorem. If f (x, y) is continuous on adomain
containing the
rectangle R, then the double integral f (x, y) dA always exists.
. R

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.
Example. Approximate the value of the integral (4x3 + 6xy2 ) dA
R
over the rectangle R = [1, 3] [2, 1], by means of the Riemann
sums,
. with xi = 1, and yj = 1.

Solution. Partition the rectangle R into six 1 1

squares Ri with area Ai = 1 (i = 1, , 6).
Choose the center points (xi , yi ) for each square
as shown on the right.

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Approximate the value of the integral (4x3 + 6xy2 ) dA
R
over the rectangle R = [1, 3] [2, 1], by means of the Riemann
sums,
. with xi = 1, and yj = 1.

Solution. Partition the rectangle R into six 1 1

squares Ri with area Ai = 1 (i = 1, , 6).
Choose the center points (xi , yi ) for each square
as shown on the right.
6
The desired Riemann sum is f (xi , yi )Ai
i=1
= f ( 32 , 32 ) 1 + f ( 52 , 32 ) 1 + f ( 23 , 12 ) 1
+f ( 25 , 12 ) 1 + f ( 32 , 21 ) 1 + f ( 52 , 12 ) 1
135 385 63 265 63 265
= + + + + + = 294,
4 4 4 4 4 4

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. Approximate the value of the integral (4x3 + 6xy2 ) dA
R
over the rectangle R = [1, 3] [2, 1], by means of the Riemann
sums,
. with xi = 1, and yj = 1.

Solution. Partition the rectangle R into six 1 1

squares Ri with area Ai = 1 (i = 1, , 6).
Choose the center points (xi , yi ) for each square
as shown on the right.
6
The desired Riemann sum is f (xi , yi )Ai
i=1
= f ( 32 , 32 ) 1 + f ( 52 , 32 ) 1 + f ( 23 , 12 ) 1
+f ( 25 , 12 ) 1 + f ( 32 , 21 ) 1 + f ( 52 , 12 ) 1
135 385 63 265 63 265
= + + + + + = 294,
4 4 4 4 4 4
which
is called the midpoint approximation of the integral
(4x3 + 6xy2 ) dA.
R
. . . . . .

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.
Iterated Integrals
.
Let f (x, y) be a function defined on R = [a, b] [c, d]. We write
d
f (x, y) dy to mean that x is regarded as a constant and f (x, y) is
c
integrated
. with respect to y from y = c to y = d.

. . . . . .

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.
Iterated Integrals
.
Let f (x, y) be a function defined on R = [a, b] [c, d]. We write
d
f (x, y) dy to mean that x is regarded as a constant and f (x, y) is
c
integrated
. with respect to y from y = c to y = d.

.
d
Therefore, the value of the integral f (x, y) dy is a function of x,
c

. . . . . .

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.
Iterated Integrals
.
Let f (x, y) be a function defined on R = [a, b] [c, d]. We write
d
f (x, y) dy to mean that x is regarded as a constant and f (x, y) is
c
integrated
. with respect to y from y = c to y = d.

.
d
Therefore, the value of the integral f (x, y) dy is a function of x, and
c
we can integrate
( it with respect
) to x from x = a to x = b. The resulting
b d
integral f (x, y) dy dx is called an iterated integral.
a c

. . . . . .

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.
Iterated Integrals
.
Let f (x, y) be a function defined on R = [a, b] [c, d]. We write
d
f (x, y) dy to mean that x is regarded as a constant and f (x, y) is
c
integrated
. with respect to y from y = c to y = d.

.
d
Therefore, the value of the integral f (x, y) dy is a function of x, and
c
we can integrate
( it with respect
) to x from x = a to x = b. The resulting
b d
integral f (x, y) dy dx is called an iterated integral.
a c

. . . . . . .

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.
Iterated Integrals
.
Let f (x, y) be a function defined on R = [a, b] [c, d]. We write
d
f (x, y) dy to mean that x is regarded as a constant and f (x, y) is
c
integrated
. with respect to y from y = c to y = d.

.
d
Therefore, the value of the integral f (x, y) dy is a function of x, and
c
we can integrate
( it with respect
) to x from x = a to x = b. The resulting
b d
integral f (x, y) dy
dx is called an iterated integral. Similarly
d ( b )
a c

one can define the iterated integral f (x, y) dx dy.

c a

. . . . . . .

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.
Iterated Integrals
.
Let f (x, y) be a function defined on R = [a, b] [c, d]. We write
d
f (x, y) dy to mean that x is regarded as a constant and f (x, y) is
c
integrated
. with respect to y from y = c to y = d.

.
d
Therefore, the value of the integral f (x, y) dy is a function of x, and
c
we can integrate
( it with respect
) to x from x = a to x = b. The resulting
b d
integral f (x, y) dy
dx is called an iterated integral. Similarly
d ( b )
a c

one can define the iterated integral f (x, y) dx dy.

c a
Remark. We call the blue and red segments inside the region R the
cross-sections
. of R cut by the line y = y0 and x = x0 respectively.
. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. Evaluate the iterated integrals
3 2 2 3
(a) x2 y dy dx, (b) x2 y dx dy.
. 0 1 1 0

Solution.
3 2
(a) x2 y dydx =
0 1

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Evaluate the iterated integrals
3 2 2 3
(a) x2 y dy dx, (b) x2 y dx dy.
. 0 1 1 0

Solution.
3 2
3 2
(a) x2 y dydx = x2 y dydx =
0 1 0 1

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Evaluate the iterated integrals
3 2 2 3
(a) x2 y dy dx, (b) x2 y dx dy.
. 0 1 1 0

Solution.
3 2 3 2
3 2
(a) x2 y dydx = x2 y dydx = x2 y dydx =
0 1 0 1 0 1

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Evaluate the iterated integrals
3 2 2 3
(a) x2 y dy dx, (b) x2 y dx dy.
. 0 1 1 0

Solution.
3 2 3 2
3 2
(a) x2 y dydx = x2 y dydx = x2 y dydx = =
0 1 0 1 0 1
3 [ 2 ] y=2
y
x2 dx
0 2 y=1

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Evaluate the iterated integrals
3 2 2 3
(a) x2 y dy dx, (b) x2 y dx dy.
. 0 1 1 0

Solution.
3 2 3 2
3 2
(a) x2 y dydx = x2 y dydx = x2 y dydx = =
0 1 0 1 0 1
3 [ 2 ] y=2 3 2 [ 3 ]x=3
y 3x x 27
x2 dx = dx = = .
0 2 y=1 0 2 2 x=0 2

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Evaluate the iterated integrals
3 2 2 3
(a) x2 y dy dx, (b) x2 y dx dy.
. 0 1 1 0

Solution.
3 2 3 2
3 2
(a) x2 y dydx = x2 y dydx = x2 y dydx = =
0 1 0 1 0 1
3 [ 2 ] y=2 3 2 [ 3 ]x=3
y 3x x 27
x2 dx = dx = = .
0 2 y=1 0 2 2 x=0 2
2 3 2 [ 3 ]x=3 2 [ 2 ]y=2
x y 9y 27
(b) x2 y dx dy = dy = 9ydy = = .
1 0 1 3 x=0 1 2 y=1 2

. . . . . .

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.
Fubinis Theorem for Rectangle case
.
Thoerem. If f (x, y) is continuous on R = [a, b] [c, d], then
b d d b
f (x, y) dy dx = f (x, y)dA = f (x, y) dx dy.
.a c R c a

. . . . . .

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.
Fubinis Theorem for Rectangle case
.
Thoerem. If f (x, y) is continuous on R = [a, b] [c, d], then
b d d b
f (x, y) dy dx = f (x, y)dA = f (x, y) dx dy.
.a c R c a

.
Example. f (x, y) is a positive function defined on a rectangle
R = [a, b] [c, d]. The volume V of the solid under the graph of
z = f (x, y) over R, is given by either one of the iterated integrals:
b d d b
f (x, y) dy dx, or f (x, y) dx dy.
. a c c a

. . . . . .

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.
Fubini theorem for non-rectangular region
.
Let R be a region in the xy-plane, and suppose there exist two
continuous function ymin (x), ymax (x) defined on the interval [a, b]
such that R = { (x, y) | a x b, ymin (x) y ymax (x) }, then
b ymax (x)
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dy dx.
. R a ymin (x)

.
Using Vertical Cross-sections
.
In evaluating R f (x, y)dA, one can ideally use the iterated integral
b ( )
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y) dy dx,
R a ?

the difficulties lies in determining upper and lower limits , ? in the

.iterated integral.

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Let R be the region in first quadrant bounded by the two
curves
. x2 + y2 = 1 and x + y = 1.

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Let R be the region in first quadrant bounded by the two
curves
. x2 + y2 = 1 and x + y = 1.

1. Sketch and label the bounding curves, and determine the region
R of integration in the double integral.

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Let R be the region in first quadrant bounded by the two
curves
. x2 + y2 = 1 and x + y = 1.

1. Sketch and label the bounding curves, and determine the region
R of integration in the double integral.
2. Project the region R onto one the coordinate axes, so that its

shadow is an interval [a, b] or union of intervals on the coordinate

axis.

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Let R be the region in first quadrant bounded by the two
curves
. x2 + y2 = 1 and x + y = 1.

Usually the intersection point of curves C1 : x + y = 1 and

C2 : x2 + y2 = 1 gives some important information.
1 = x2 + y2 = x2 + (1 x)2 = 2x2 2x + 1, i.e. 0 = x(x 1), and
hence we know (x, y) = (1, 0) and (0, 1) are the common intersection.

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Let R be the region in first quadrant bounded by the two
curves
. x2 + y2 = 1 and x + y = 1.

Usually the intersection point of curves C1 : x + y = 1 and

C2 : x2 + y2 = 1 gives some important information.
1 = x2 + y2 = x2 + (1 x)2 = 2x2 2x + 1, i.e. 0 = x(x 1), and
hence we know (x, y) = (1, 0) and (0, 1) are the common intersection.
Want to see (by mathematical
means) the relative position of the
curves y = 1 x and y = 1 x2 when x varies in the interval [0, 1].

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. Let R be the region in first quadrant bounded by the two
curves
. x2 + y2 = 1 and x + y = 1.

Usually the intersection point of curves C1 : x + y = 1 and

C2 : x2 + y2 = 1 gives some important information.
1 = x2 + y2 = x2 + (1 x)2 = 2x2 2x + 1, i.e. 0 = x(x 1), and
hence we know (x, y) = (1, 0) and (0, 1) are the common intersection.
Want to see (by mathematical
means) the relative position of the
curves y = 1 x and y = 1 x2 when x varies in the interval [0, 1].
For 0 x 1, we have 0 1 x 1 + x, so
(1 x)2 (1 + x)(1 x) = 1 x2 ,

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. Let R be the region in first quadrant bounded by the two
curves
. x2 + y2 = 1 and x + y = 1.

Usually the intersection point of curves C1 : x + y = 1 and

C2 : x2 + y2 = 1 gives some important information.
1 = x2 + y2 = x2 + (1 x)2 = 2x2 2x + 1, i.e. 0 = x(x 1), and
hence we know (x, y) = (1, 0) and (0, 1) are the common intersection.
Want to see (by mathematical
means) the relative position of the
curves y = 1 x and y = 1 x2 when x varies in the interval [0, 1].
For 0 x 1, we have 0 1 x 1 + x, so
(1 x)2 (1 + x)(1 x) = 1 x2 ,

it follows that 1 x 1 x2 for 0 x 1, i.e. the line segment C2
is below the circle C2 .

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Let R be the region in first quadrant bounded by the two
curves
x2 + y2 = 1 and x + y = 1. Rewrite the double integral
f (x, y)dA in iterated integrals.
. R

1. Choose any arbitrary point P(x, 0) or P(0, y) in the shadow, draw

a line through P perpendicular to the axis with shadow.
2. Ideally the line meets the boundary R at only two points

(x, ymax ) and (x, ymin ). These two ys depends on x, and hence
are functions of x, i.e. the ones determined by the boundary
curves of R. Then the region
R = { (x, y) R2 | a x b, ymin (x) y ymax (x) }.

Answer: f (x, y)dA
R
=
1 1 x2
f (x, y) dy dx
0 1x

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Let a > 0. Express the triangular region R with vertices A, B
and C on xy-plane: (i) A(0, 0), B(a, 0) and C(a, 0);
(ii) A(0, 0), B(0, a) and C(a, a); (iii) A(0, 0), B(a, 0) and C(a, a).
Hint:
. Draw the triangle ABC first.

Solution. (i) Note the the equation of BC is given by x + y = a, which

is above the x-axis AB defined by y = 0. So the region can be
described by vertical section as follows:
R = { (x, y) | 0 x a, 0 y a x }.

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Let a > 0. Express the triangular region R with vertices A, B
and C on xy-plane: (i) A(0, 0), B(a, 0) and C(a, 0);
(ii) A(0, 0), B(0, a) and C(a, a); (iii) A(0, 0), B(a, 0) and C(a, a).
Hint:
. Draw the triangle ABC first.

Solution. (i) Note the the equation of BC is given by x + y = a, which

is above the x-axis AB defined by y = 0. So the region can be
described by vertical section as follows:
R = { (x, y) | 0 x a, 0 y a x }.
(ii) Note the the equation of BC is given by y = a, which is above the
the segment AC defined by the equation y = x. So the region can be
described by vertical section as follows:
R = { (x, y) | 0 x a, x y a }.

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Let a > 0. Express the triangular region R with vertices A, B
and C on xy-plane: (i) A(0, 0), B(a, 0) and C(a, 0);
(ii) A(0, 0), B(0, a) and C(a, a); (iii) A(0, 0), B(a, 0) and C(a, a).
Hint:
. Draw the triangle ABC first.

Solution. (i) Note the the equation of BC is given by x + y = a, which

is above the x-axis AB defined by y = 0. So the region can be
described by vertical section as follows:
R = { (x, y) | 0 x a, 0 y a x }.
(ii) Note the the equation of BC is given by y = a, which is above the
the segment AC defined by the equation y = x. So the region can be
described by vertical section as follows:
R = { (x, y) | 0 x a, x y a }.
(iii) Note it would be better to describe the region by means of
sections parallel to x-axis, i.e. y-section. In this case the segment AB
is below the segment AC. So the region can be described by vertical
section as follows: R = { (x, y) | 0 y a, y x y }.

. . . . . .

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.
Example. Let a > 0, express the triangular region R
with vertices A, B and C on xy-plane: A(0, 0), B(a, a)
.and C(2a, 2a);
Solution. Suppose that the segment BC meets the y-axis at a point D.
The equation of segment AC is y = x (0 x 2a), the equation of
segment AB is y = x (a x 0), and the equation of BC is given
by y = 31 (x + a) + a = x+34a . No matter which direction you project the
region R to, the region can not be described so easily as we did in the
previous example. } R into 2 regions:
{ In this case, we divide the region
R1 = ACD = (x, y) | 0 x a, x y x+4a
3 , and
{ }
R2 = ACB = (x, y) | a x 0, x y x+4a
3 .

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
/6 x
Example. Evaluate the integral cos(x2 ) dydx.
. 0 0
/6 x /6
2
Solution. cos(x ) dydx = x cos(x2 )dx =
/6
0 0 0
1 1[ ]/6 1 1
cos(x2 )d(x2 ) = sin(x2 ) = sin( ) = .
2 0 2 x=0 2 6 4

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. Let 0 < a < b , and function f be continuous on the closed
interval [a, b]. Prove that
b ( x ) b
n2 (b y )n1
(x y) f (y) dy dx = f (y) dy for n = 1.
a a a n1
.Hint: Interchange the order of integration.
Solution. Let R = { (x, y) | a x b, a y x } be the triangle with
vertices A(a, a), C(b, a) and B(b, b). As the first definition is given by
means of vertical section (line segment parallel to the y-axes).
By using the horizontal section (line segment parallel to the x-axes),
one(has R = { (x, y) | a y ) b, y x b }. Hence
b y=x
(x y)n2 f (y) dy dx
a y=a
b ( x=b ) b[ ]x=b
n2 ( x y ) n1
= (x y) dx f (y) dy = f (y)dy
a x=y a n1 x=y
b n1
= a (bny)1 f (y)dy.
Remark. This kind of trick of rewriting the triangle ABC is very
common, and student should know for the test.
. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

. 1 1
Example. Evaluate the iterated integral 1 + x3 dxdy.
. 0 y

Solution. Let R = { (x, y) | 0 y 1, y x 1 }. Hence R is

bounded by the lines x = 1, y = 0 and x = y, i.e. y = x2 .

As we want to interchange the order of integration, so

R = { (x, y) | 0 x 1, 0 y x2 } and
1 1 1 x2 1
1 + x3 dxdy = 1 + x 3 dydx = x2 1 + x3 dx =
0 y 0 0 0
[ ]1
1 (1 + x3 )1+1/2 2
= (2 2 1).
3 1 + 1/2 9
0 . . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
2 4 3 x2
y e
Example. For the following integral: dxdy, sketch the
0 x
y2
region of integration, reverse the order of integration, and evaluate
the
. resulting integral.
Solution. The region D of integration is shown below.

D = { (x, y) | 0 y 2, y2 x 4 }

= { (x, y) | 0 x 4, 0 y x }.

Reversing the order of integration and evaluating the integralwe

2 4 3 x2 4 x 3 x2 4
[ 2
] x
y e y e y4 ex
have: dxdy = dydx = dx =
0 y2 x 0 0 x 0 4x
4 x2
[ 2 ]4 0
xe ex e16 1
dx = = .
0 4 8 8
0

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

. Properties

of Double Integrals

1. ( f (x, y) + g(x, y) )dA = f (x, y) dA + g(x, y) dA.
D D D
2. cf (x, y) dA = c f (x, y) dA.
D D
3. If f (x, y) g(x, y) for all (x, y) D, then

f (x, y) dA g(x, y) dA.
D D
4. f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dA + f (x, y) dA, where
D D1 D2

D = D1 D2 , and D1 and D2 do
not overlap except perhaps on their
boundary.

5. dA = 1 dA = Area of D = A(D).
D D
6. If m f (x, y) M for all (x, y) D, then

mA(D) f (x, y) dA MA(D).
D

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

. Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates.
.
Proposition. If f (x, y) is continuous on a region D in xy-plane, and D
can be described in polar coordinates in the following form
{ (r, ) | , g1 ( ) r g2 ( ) }, then
g2 ( )
f (x, y) dA = f (r cos , r sin ) r dr d.
. D g1 ( )

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example.
( Evaluate the double
) integral
2 4x2
f( x2 + y2 )dy dx
3/2 4xx2
.
/6 ( 2 cos )
Solution. f (r)r dr d.
/6 3 sec /2
.
Example.
( Evaluate the double) integral
1 4 x2
f ( x2 + y2 )dy dx
0 4xx2
.
/6 ( 2 cos )
Solution. f (r)r dr d.
/6 3 sec /2

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. Evaluate the double integral (x + y) dxdy.
. x2 + y2 x + y

Solution I. Let D = { (x, y ) | x2 + y2 x + y }. In terms of polar

coordinates,D can be described by D = { (r, ) | r cos + sin }.
So we have (x + y) dxdy = r(cos + sin ) rdrd
D D
3 cos +sin 3
4 1 4
= r2 (cos + sin ) drd = (cos + sin )4 d
4 0 3 4
3
1 4
=
(1 + 2 sin 2 + sin2 2 ) d = .
3 4 2
Solution II. The region D is a circular disc with center at (1/2, 1/2),
radius of 1/2. Define a translation as
(u, v) = (x(u, v), y(u, v)) = (u + 1/2, v + 1/2), then in terms of
uv-coordinates, D can be described by
G = { (u, v ) | u2 + v2 1/2 }. Here the jacobian (x, y)/(u, v) = 1.
So we have I = (x + y)dxdy = (1 + u + v)dudv =
D u2 +v2 1/2

dudv = . (Area of a circle)
u2 +v2 1/2 2 . . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example.
( Evaluate the double
) integral
2 4x2
f( x2 + y2 )dy dx
3/2 4xx2
.
/6 ( 2 cos )
Solution. f (r)r dr d.
/6 3 sec /2
. ( )
1 4x2
Example. Evaluate the double integral x2 + y2 dy dx
0 4xx2
.
/6 ( 2 cos )
2
Solution. f (r )r dr d.
/6 3 sec /2

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
1 2y2
Example. Evaluate the integral 3(x y) dxdy by
0 y
converting
. into polar coordinates.

| 0 y 1, y x 2 y2 }
Solution. The region D = { (x, y)
represents
the sector with radius 2from = 0 to /4. Hence
1 2y2 /4 2
3(x y) dxdy = 3r(cos sin )rdrd
0 y 0 0
[ ] 2
3 3
= r [sin + cos ]0/4 = 4 2 2.
3 0

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Let D be the circular
Example. region x2 + y2 R2 , R > 0. Evaluate
A= |xy| dxdy, B = |x + y| dxdy.
. D D

Solution. Let D = { (x, y) | x2 + y2 R2 }, and

D = { (x, y) | x2 + y2 R2 , x 0, y 0 }.
By symmetry, we know that A = 4 xydxdy =
D
/2 R [ 4 ]/2
R R4
2 r3 sin(2 ) drd = sin 2 = .
0 0 4 0 2
The second integral, in terms of polar coordinates, is
2 R
R3 2
B= r2 | cos + sin | drd = 2| sin( + )| d =
3 0 0 3 3 0 4
2R 2 2R /2 4 2R3
| sin( )| d = 4 sin( ) d = .
3 0 3 0 3

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Applications of Double Integrals
.
Suppose a (planar) object, in region R, is made of different material in
which the density (mass per unit area) is given by (x, y), depending
on the location (x, y). Then the total mass of R is given approximately
by the Riemann sum i (xi , yi )Ai , which will converges to the
double integral m = (x, y) dA. We call it the mass of the object.
. D

.
Similarly,(one can define the center of mass (centroid)
) of the object by

1 1
(x, y) = x(x, y) dA, y(x, y) dA .
. m D m D

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. A lamina R is made of the part of circular disc of radius a in
1st quadrant. Its density is proportional to the distance from the
.origin. Determine the position of its centroid.
Solution. In terms of polar coordinates, D can be described as
{ (r, ) | 0 r a, 0 /2 }. Let (x, y) = k x2 + y2 = kr.
/2 a
ka3 ka3
Then the mass m = kr r dr d = = .
0 0 2 3 6
As all the conditions on the lamina R are symmetric in x and y, so

1 /2 a
x=y= (r sin ) kr r dr d =
( /2m 0 )0 ( a )
k k a4 3a
sin d 3
r dr = 3
1 = .
m 0 0 ka /6 4 2

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
First Theorem of Pappus: Volume of Revolution
.
Suppose that a plane region R is revolved around an axis in its plane
generating a solid of revolution with volume V. Assume that the axis
does not intersect the interior of R. Then the volume V of the solid is

V = A d,

where A is the area of R and d is the distance traveled by the centroid

.of R.

Remark. Cut the region R into vertical strips, and each vertical strip
after rotating will form a ring, which contributes Vi = 2xi Ai ,
where Ai is the area of the vertical strip. It follows from Riemann sum
that . . . . . .
n n
Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200
.
Volume of a Sphere
.
Prove
. that the volume of a sphere is 34 a3 .

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Volume of a Sphere
.
Prove
. that the volume of a sphere is 34 a3 .

Solution. Let R be a region bounded by the up-

per semi-circle x2 + y2 = a2 , y 0 and x-axis.

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Volume of a Sphere
.
Prove
. that the volume of a sphere is 34 a3 .

Solution. Let R be a region bounded by the up-

per semi-circle x2 + y2 = a2 , y 0 and x-axis.
In polar coordinates, R can be described as
{ (r, ) | 0 , 0 r a }. Using polar coordinates, the area of
a
a2
R is = r dr d = = a2 /2.
0 0 2

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Volume of a Sphere
.
Prove
. that the volume of a sphere is 34 a3 .

Solution. Let R be a region bounded by the up-

per semi-circle x2 + y2 = a2 , y 0 and x-axis.
In polar coordinates, R can be described as
{ (r, ) | 0 , 0 r a }. Using polar coordinates, the area of
a
a2
R is = r dr d = = a2 /2. Similarly, y of R is given by

0 0 2 a
1 1
ydA = r sin r dr d
a2 /2 R a2 /2 0 0

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Volume of a Sphere
.
Prove
. that the volume of a sphere is 34 a3 .

Solution. Let R be a region bounded by the up-

per semi-circle x2 + y2 = a2 , y 0 and x-axis.
In polar coordinates, R can be described as
{ (r, ) | 0 , 0 r a }. Using polar coordinates, the area of
a
a2
R is = r dr d = = a2 /2. Similarly, y of R is given by

0 0 2 a
1 1
ydA = r sin r dr d
a2 /2 R( a2 /2
) ( 0 a 0 ) [ 3 ]a

1 1 r
= sin d r 2
dr = [ cos ] 0
a2 /2 0 0 a2 /2 3 0
2 a3 4a
= 2 = .
a2 3 3

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Volume of a Sphere
.
Prove
. that the volume of a sphere is 34 a3 .

Solution. Let R be a region bounded by the up-

per semi-circle x2 + y2 = a2 , y 0 and x-axis.
In polar coordinates, R can be described as
{ (r, ) | 0 , 0 r a }. Using polar coordinates, the area of
a
a2
R is = r dr d = = a2 /2. Similarly, y of R is given by

0 0 2 a
1 1
ydA = r sin r dr d
a2 /2 R( a2 /2
) ( 0 a 0 ) [ 3 ]a

1 1 r
= sin d r 2
dr = [ cos ] 0
a2 /2 0 0 a2 /2 3 0
2 a3 4a
= 2 = . By Pappuss theorem, the volume of a sphere
a2 3 3
4a a2 4
of radius a = 2y Area of R = 2 = a3 .
3 2 3

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Second Theorem of Pappus: Surface Area of Revolution
.
Suppose that a plane curve C is revolved around an axis in its plane
that does not intersect the curve. Then the area A of the surface of
revolution generated is
A = s d,
where s is the arc-length of C and d is the distance traveled by the
.centroid of C.

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Let R be a plane lamina and be a straight line that may or may not
in xy-plane. Then the moment of inertia I of R around the axis is
lie
p2 (x, y)dA, where p = p(x, y) is the shortest distance from the
R
point (x, y) of R to the line , and (x, y) is the density of R at the point
.(x, y).
For the coordinate axii, we have
.
Ix = Ix-axis = (y2 )(x, y)dA, Iy = Iy-axis = (x2 )(x, y)dA and
R R
Iz = Iz-axis = (x2 + y2 )(x, y)dA.
. R

.
For any plane lamina
R, Define the center (x , y , z ) of gyration by

Ix Iy Iz
x = m , y = m , z = m .
.

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Fubinis Theorem for non-rectangular region. Let D be a solid region
in space.If D = { (x, y, z) R3 | (x, y) R, and
zmin (x, y) z zmax (x, y) for all (x, y) R }, where zmax (x, y) and
zmin (x, y) are continuous functions defined in the region D in
xy-plane. Let f (x, y, z) be a scalar function defined in the region D,
( zmax (x,y) )
then f (x, y, z) dV = f (x, y, z)dz dA.
. D R zmin (x,y)

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Fubinis Theorem for non-rectangular region. Let D be a solid region
in space.If D = { (x, y, z) R3 | (x, y) R, and
zmin (x, y) z zmax (x, y) for all (x, y) R }, where zmax (x, y) and
zmin (x, y) are continuous functions defined in the region D in
xy-plane. Let f (x, y, z) be a scalar function defined in the region D,
( zmax (x,y) )
then f (x, y, z) dV = f (x, y, z)dz dA.
. D R zmin (x,y)

Remark. (1). The region R in xy-plane is in fact the shadow of the D

under the projection from R3 onto xy-plane, or by simply forgetting
the z-coordinate.

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Fubinis Theorem for non-rectangular region. Let D be a solid region
in space.If D = { (x, y, z) R3 | (x, y) R, and
zmin (x, y) z zmax (x, y) for all (x, y) R }, where zmax (x, y) and
zmin (x, y) are continuous functions defined in the region D in
xy-plane. Let f (x, y, z) be a scalar function defined in the region D,
( zmax (x,y) )
then f (x, y, z) dV = f (x, y, z)dz dA.
. D R zmin (x,y)

Remark. (1). The region R in xy-plane is in fact the shadow of the D

under the projection from R3 onto xy-plane, or by simply forgetting
the z-coordinate. The idea is to allow the point P(x, y, 0) varies within
the region D, and then draw a line through P perpendicular to
xy-plane, which will enter the solid D when z reaches zmin (x, y)

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Fubinis Theorem for non-rectangular region. Let D be a solid region
in space.If D = { (x, y, z) R3 | (x, y) R, and
zmin (x, y) z zmax (x, y) for all (x, y) R }, where zmax (x, y) and
zmin (x, y) are continuous functions defined in the region D in
xy-plane. Let f (x, y, z) be a scalar function defined in the region D,
( zmax (x,y) )
then f (x, y, z) dV = f (x, y, z)dz dA.
. D R zmin (x,y)

Remark. (1). The region R in xy-plane is in fact the shadow of the D

under the projection from R3 onto xy-plane, or by simply forgetting
the z-coordinate. The idea is to allow the point P(x, y, 0) varies within
the region D, and then draw a line through P perpendicular to
xy-plane, which will enter the solid D when z reaches zmin (x, y) and
then exit the solid D when z reaches zmax (x, y).

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Fubinis Theorem for non-rectangular region. Let D be a solid region
in space.If D = { (x, y, z) R3 | (x, y) R, and
zmin (x, y) z zmax (x, y) for all (x, y) R }, where zmax (x, y) and
zmin (x, y) are continuous functions defined in the region D in
xy-plane. Let f (x, y, z) be a scalar function defined in the region D,
( zmax (x,y) )
then f (x, y, z) dV = f (x, y, z)dz dA.
. D R zmin (x,y)

Remark. (1). The region R in xy-plane is in fact the shadow of the D

under the projection from R3 onto xy-plane, or by simply forgetting
the z-coordinate. The idea is to allow the point P(x, y, 0) varies within
the region D, and then draw a line through P perpendicular to
xy-plane, which will enter the solid D when z reaches zmin (x, y) and
then exit the solid D when z reaches zmax (x, y).
(2). The triple integral has similar properties like the double integral,
here we cont repeat in stating these properties.

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Fubinis Theorem for non-rectangular region. Let D be a solid region
in space.If D = { (x, y, z) R3 | (x, y) R, and
zmin (x, y) z zmax (x, y) for all (x, y) R }, where zmax (x, y) and
zmin (x, y) are continuous functions defined in the region D in
xy-plane. Let f (x, y, z) be a scalar function defined in the region D,
( zmax (x,y) )
then f (x, y, z) dV = f (x, y, z)dz dA.
. D R zmin (x,y)

Remark. (1). The region R in xy-plane is in fact the shadow of the D

under the projection from R3 onto xy-plane, or by simply forgetting
the z-coordinate. The idea is to allow the point P(x, y, 0) varies within
the region D, and then draw a line through P perpendicular to
xy-plane, which will enter the solid D when z reaches zmin (x, y) and
then exit the solid D when z reaches zmax (x, y).
(2). The triple integral has similar properties like the double integral,
here we cont repeat in stating these properties.
(3). It is not necessary to project the solid D onto xy-plane, one can
project D onto xz-plane, or yz-plane, in these cases, we should use
function y = y(x, z) or x = x(y, z) respectively.
. . . . . .

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.
Sketch. Sketch the region D along with its "shadow" R (vertical
projection) in the xy-plane. Label the upper and lower bounding
surfaces
. of D and the upper and lower bounding curves of R.

. . . . . .

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.
Find the z-limits of integration. Draw a line M passing through a
typical point (x, y) in the shadow R parallel to the z-axis. As z
increases, M enters the solid region D at z = zmin (x, y) = f1 (x, y) and
leaves
. at z = zmax (x, y) = f2 (x, y). These are the z-limits of integration

. . . . . .

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.
Find the y-limits of integration. Draw a line L through (x, y) parallel to
the y-axis. As y increases, L enters R at y = ymin = g1 (x) and leaves
. y = ymax (x) = g2 (x). These are the y-limits of integration.
at

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Find the x-limits of integration. Choose x-limits that include all lines
through R parallel to the y-axis (x = a and x = b in the preceding
figure). These are the x-limits of integration. The integral is
x=b y=g2 (x) z=f1 (x,y)
F(x, y, z) dz dy dx.
. x=a y = g1 ( x ) z=f2 (x,y)

.
Follow similar procedures if you change the order of integration. The
"shadow" of region D lies in the plane of the last two variables with
.respect to which the iterated integration takes place.

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. Find the volume of the
tetrahedron D bounded by the planes
.x + 2y + z = 2, x = 2y, x = 0, and z = 0.

Solution. Project the tetrahedron D onto xy-

plane with shadow R = { (x, y) | 0 x
1, 2/x y 1 x/2 }.
Then D = { (x, y, z) | 0 x 1, x/2 y
1 x/2, 0 z 2 x 2y }.
of D
Volume
= dV = (2 x 2y) dz dA
1 D 1x/2 R

= (2 x 2y) dydx
0 x/2
1[ ]1x/2
= 2y xy y2 dx
0 1 [ ]
x/2
x x 2 x2 x2 1
= 2 x x(1 ) (1 ) x + + dx = .
0 2 2 2 4 3
. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example.

Evaluate the triple integral
dxdydz
I= , where the solid
D (1 + x + y + z)3
D is bounded by the planes
.x + y + z = 1, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
Solution. Let R = { (x, y ) | x + y 1, x 0, y 0} be the
projection image of D onto xy-plane. Then
D = { (x, y, z) | 0 x 1, 0 y ( 1 x, 0 z 1 x y)}.
1xy
dxdydz dz
I= 3
= dxdy
D (1 + x + y + z) R 0 (1 + x + y + z)3

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example.

Evaluate the triple integral
dxdydz
I= , where the solid
D (1 + x + y + z)3
D is bounded by the planes
.x + y + z = 1, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
Solution. Let R = { (x, y ) | x + y 1, x 0, y 0} be the
projection image of D onto xy-plane. Then
D = { (x, y, z) | 0 x 1, 0 y ( 1 x, 0 z 1 x y)}.
1xy
dxdydz dz
I= 3
= dxdy
D (1 + x + y + z) R 0 (1 + x + y + z)3
[ ] 1xy
1
= dxdy
R 2 (1 + x + y + z )2 z=0
[ ]
1 1 1
= 2
dxdy
2 R (1 + x + y) 4
1 1y
1 dx 1 1 5
= dy = = ln 2 .
2 0 0 (1 + x + y)2 16 2 16

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. Find the volume of the solid D
bounded by xy-plane, the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1
and
. the plane z = y.

Solution. The shadow of D onto xy-plane is giv-

en by in polar coordinates by
{ (r, ) | 0 r 1, /2 /2 }.

D is then given in cylindrical coordinates by

{ (r, , z) | 0 r 1, /2 /2, 0 z r sin }.
/2 1 r sin
The volume of the solid D is given by r dz dr d
/2 0 0
/2 1 ][
1 /2 cos /2 2
= r2 sin dr d = sin d = = .
/2 0 3 /2 3 /2 3

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. Find the volume of the region D that lies inside both the
sphere
. x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 and the cylinder x2 + y2 2x = 0.

Solution. The cylinder S is given by (x 1)2 + y2 = 1, so any point

P(x, y, z) inside S is given by (x 1)2 + y2 1. In terms of cylindrical
coordinates, it can be described by (r, , z) by
r2 cos2 + r2 sin2 2r cos 0,i.e. r 2 cos ,
it follows that

{ (r, , z) | 2 2 , and 4 r z 4 r2 }.
2

Volume of the region ( )

/2 2 cos 4r2
D= 1 dV = dz r drd.
D /2 0 4 r2

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. Find the volume of the solid region D bounded below by the
paraboloid
. z = x2 + y2 , and above by the plane z = 2x.

Solution. First we sketch the graphs of the paraboloid S1 and the

plane S2 , and we want to find the common intersection of S1 and S2 .
Let P(x, y, z) be any point of the common intersection, i.e. they satisfy
both 2x = z = x2 + y2 , so (x 1)2 + y2 = 1, which represents a
cylinder in space. In fact, the intersection is a curve obtained by the
intersection of the plane and the cylinder above, which is a bounded
closed curve. Inside the cylinder, we have (x 1)2 + y2 1, i.e.
x2 + y2 2x, or equivalently the graph of S1 is below the graph of the
plane S2 . Hence the solid region D = { (x, y, z) | x2 + y2 2x, and
x2 + y2 z 2x }. Then one can switch to cylindrical coordinates to
describe D as { (r, , z) | 0 r 2 cos ,
pi2 pi2 and
r2 z 2r cos }. The volume of D = 1 dV =
( 2x ) /2 D(
2 cos 2r cos
)
1 dz dA = 1 dz r drd.
x2 +y2 2x x2 +y2 /2 0 r2

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. Find the volume of the solid region D bounded above by
the spherical surface x2 + y2 + z2 = 2 and below by the paraboloid
2 2
.z = x + y .
Solution. First determine the equation of curve of the intersection of
these two surfaces, let P(x, y, z) be a point of the intersection,
2 z2 = x2 + y2 = z 0, so 0 = z2 + z 2 = (z + 2)(z 1), so it
follows that z 0 that we have z = 1. In other words, the intersection
lies on a plane defined by the equation z = 1, and hence
x2 + y2 = z = 1, which represents a circle C on the plane z = 1. If
(x, y, z1 ) and (x, y, z2 ) are points on spherical surface, and the
paraboloid such that the point (x, y) lies inside the circle x2 + y2 = 1
then x 2 + y2 1, and

z2 = 2 x2 y2 2 12 = 1 x2 + y2 = z2 , we have
D = { (x, y, z) | x + y 1 and x + y ( z 2 x2 )y2 }. The
2 2 2 2
2x2 y2
volume of D = 1 dV = 1 dz dA =
D x2 + y2 1 x2 +y2

(
) 1
1 2 2 r2
1 dzd rdr = 2 ( 2 r2 r2 )rdr = .
0 0 r2 0 . . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. Find the volume of the region D bounded by the plane
z = 1 and the cone z = r, (i) with cylindrical coordinates; (ii) with
spherical
. coordinates.

Solution. (i) In cylindrical coordinates, D can be described as

{ (r, , z) | 0 r 1 and(r z 1 }), so the volume (
of D = )
1 2 1 1
1 dV = dz dA = 1 dz r drd
D x2 +y2 1 x2 + y2 0 0 r
(ii) As the cone is symmetric about z-axis, so one know that
0 2, and Volume ( of )
2 /4 sec
D= 1 dV = 2 sin dd d.
D 0 0 0

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. Let D be the (solid)
region bounded by the following three

surfaces: paraboloid x = y z2 , the cylinder x = y/2, and the
plane
. y = 1. Then determine the volume of D.

Solution. For any fixed b, (0 b 2), the plane Sb : y = b, parallel to

the xz-coordinate plane, will intersect the given solid region D with an
D(b), with boundarygiven by the curves
intersection
C1 : x = b z2 , and C2 : x = b/2 on the plane Sb respectively.

. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200

.
Example. Let D be the (solid)
region bounded by the following three

surfaces: paraboloid x = y z2 , the cylinder x = y/2, and the
plane
. y = 1. Then determine the volume of D.

Solution. For any fixed b, (0 b 2), the plane Sb : y = b, parallel to

the xz-coordinate plane, will intersect the given solid region D with an
intersection D(b), with boundarygiven by the curves
C1 : x = b z2 , and C2 : x = b/2 on the plane Sb respectively.
The curve C1 represents part x = b z2 of a circle defined by
x2 + z2 = b2 , and the curve C2 represents portion of the line
x = b/2 on the plane Sb . With this description, we can sketch the
circle and the line with various values of b (0 b 2), and then find
out the cross-section D(b) is given precisely by
3
D(b) = {(x, b, z) | x + z b , x b/2 } = {(x, b, z) |
2 2 2
b
2
3 b
z b, x b z2 }. Then the volume of D is given by
2 3 y yz2
2 2
2 ( )
2
dAxz dy =
3 dxdzdy =
0 D(y) 0 2 y y/2
. . . . . .

Prepared by Dr. I.T. Leong for Tutorial 5 of Math 200