Introduction

CHAPTER 1 ( LECTURE 2)

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Temperature
2

In the metric system you have all used both C and K

C (Celsius) is a relative temperature scale

K (Kelvin) is an absolute temperature scale

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Metric Temperatures
3

Celsius and Kelvin use the same size for a degree

0 K is -273.15 C

0 C is 273.15 K

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 English Temperatures
4

In the English system we use F (Fahrenheit)

F is a relative temperature

But what is the comparable absolute temperature?

Rankine (R)

0 R = 0 K = -459.6 F

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Changes in temperature
5

C = K

A change in temperature is the same in Celsius and K

F = R

A change in temperature is the same in Fahrenheit and in
Rankine

Real Engineers use both systems!!

You need to be able to use both!!

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Pressure
6

The force exerted by a fluid per unit area

Only meaningful for a gas or a liquid

In solids we talk about stress

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Units of Pressure
7

F N
P= Pa = 2
A m
One Pascal isnt very much!!

1 atm = 01,325 Pa

1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar = 14.7 psi

Note: psi is lbf / in2

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2
2010-2011
 Absolute vs. Gage Pressure
8

Absolute pressures are measured relative to a

vacuum

Usually we will talk about absolute pressure, and will use
absolute pressure in our calculations

Gage pressures are measured relative to the
surroundings

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Absolute vs. Gage Pressure
9

Pressure to
measure

Surroundings psig

psia
Patm

Vacuum

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Barometer F
P = = gh
10 A
A
F = mg = ghA

m = V = hA
h V = hA
Note: The
pressure
measured by a
barometer is
independent of
cross sectional
Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2
2010-2011 area
 Properties of a System
11

Intensive

Does not depend on the systems size
 Temperature
 Pressure

Extensive

Depends on the systems size
 Volume
 Mass
 Moles

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 We often define properties in terms of other
properties
12

Density

= m/V

Specific Volume

v = V/m = 1/

We can define most extensive properties per unit

mass

Called specific properties

u = U/m is the specific internal energy

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Energy = E
13

Macroscopic forms

Respect to some outside reference frame

Microscopic

Related to the molecular structure

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Macroscopic Energy
14

Kinetic Energy (KE)

KE = mV2/2

Potential Energy (PE)

PE = mgz

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Other Kinds of Macroscopic Energy
15

Magnetic

Electrical

Surface Tension

These are specialized, and we dont usually need to
include them

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Microscopic Energy
16

Kinetic energy of individual molecules

Potential energy of individual molecules

Binding forces

Chemical Energy

Nuclear Energy

Etc

Lump them all together into internal energy (U)

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Both macroscopic and
microscopic forms of
energy are static they
can be stored in a
system

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2 17

2010-2011
 E = U + KE + PE
1 2
KE = mV
2
PE = mgz
1 2
E = U + mV + mgz
2
Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2 18
2010-2011
 A unit mass basis is often more convenient
19

e = E/m

u = U/m

ke = KE/m = V2/2

pe = PE/m = gz

2
V
e = u + ke + pe = u + + gz
2
Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2
2010-2011
 Dynamic Energy
20

When energy moves from place to place we treat it

differently

The only forms of energy that can cross a system
boundary without matter transfer are:

Heat (Q)

Work (W)

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 How does energy cross a system boundary?
21

Heat

Work
System
Q W

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Heat
22

A system can not contain heat

Heat only exists as energy crossing a system
boundary

What we think of as a systems heat content is
Thermal Energy

Heat is energy transferred through a temperature
difference

All other forms of energy transfer are work!!

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Heat transfer
23

Heat is defined as the form of energy that is

transferred between two systems by virtue of a
temperature difference

A process with no heat transfer is adiabatic

Greek not to be passed

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Symbols
24

Q

Total heat transferred

kJ or BTU

q

Heat/mass

kJ/kg or BTU/lbm

Q

Rate of heat transfer

kJ/sec = kW

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Heat transferred to a
system is positive

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2 25

2010-2011
 Work
26

Work is the energy transferred with force acting

through a distance

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Work
27

W = Fd

N m = J usually well use kJ

w = W/m

kJ/kg

kJ/sec

kW W

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Work done on a
system is positive

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2 28

2010-2011

Both heat and work are dynamic forms of
energy

They are recognized as they cross a boundary

Systems possess energy, but not heat or work

Both are associated with a process, not a state

Both are path functions

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2 29

2010-2011
 Types of Work
30

Electrical Work
W electrical = VI

Mechanical Work

W = FS

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Mechanical Work
31

There are many kinds of mechanical work

The most important for us will be moving boundary
work

Wb

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2

2010-2011
 Boundary work occurs
because the mass of the
substance contained within
the system boundary causes a
force, the pressure times the
surface area, to act on the
boundary surface and make it
move.

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2 32

2010-2011
 2 2 2 F
Wb = Wb = Fds = Ads
1 1 1 A
2
= Pdv
1
Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2 33
2010-2011
 The
area
under
the
curve is
the
work

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2 34

2010-2011
 The work
depends
on the
process
path

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2 35

2010-2011
Home Work # 1

Due Date 27th ( Coming Sunday)

1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.15, 1.17

Dr. Fatma Marhoon, Thermodynamics, Sem2 36

2010-2011