1 Chapter1 Lecture 1 NS Histology

Histo-anatomy of nervous
system
Dr nabila tounsi
CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

Neuroanatomy Dr. Nabila Tounsi PSU
KSU
chapter's objectives
Dear student is our first step in the neurology course,

the lecture's objectives are your guide for revision,
assessment it will be objective's achievement, for this
lecture:
Describe the main anatomical and functional
divisions of the nervous system.
Classify clearly neurons on the basis of their
structure and function.
Discuss the interactions that make possible the
processing of information in neural tissue

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Introduction
Nervous system and endocrine system : Control and
adjust the activities of other systems
Shared characteristics: Chemical communication with
targeted tissues:
1-Nervous system : Relatively swift but brief
responses
2-Endocrine system: Slower but they often last
much longer

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subdivision of nervous system
Two anatomical subdivisions:
1.Central nervous system (CNS) = Brain and spinal cord
Integrating, processing, and coordinating
Intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion
2.Peripheral nervous system (PNS) = Neural tissue

outside the CNS
Provides sensory information to the CNS
Carries motor commands to peripheral tissues

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Central nervous system
Central nervous system
is composed by
1. brain
2. spinal cord
both of them is
composed of white and
grey matter

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Functional division of nervous system
Afferent division( IN PUT) : ,the afferent division carries
information from the receptors :
1. Somatic sensory receptors
2. Skeletal muscles, joints, and the skin
3. Visceral sensory receptors: Smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle, and glands
4. Special sense organs: Eye, nose, tongue, and
ear

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The efferent division( OUT PUT) begins inside the CNS
and ends at an effector, composed of :
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
Skeletal muscle contractions
May be voluntary or involuntary
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Visceral motor system
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Involuntary

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Neural tissue
the macroscopic
components of NS are:
gray matter= cell
bodies
white matter= axons
group of cells bodies=
cortex or nucleus (CNS)
or ganglia( PNS)
group of axons=
bundles or tracts

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Neural tissue
Neural tissue; contains
two distinct cell types:
nerve cells or only 20%
, and supporting cells, or
neuroglia 80%
Neurons are responsible
for the transfer and
processing of information
in the nervous system.
Supporting cells, or
neuroglia, isolate the
neurons.
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Neurons
NEURON is the main cell of NS, COMPOSED OF
Soma or cell body Contains nucleus and most organelles
Processesfibers that extend from the cell body
A. Dendrites: Reception of incoming information
B. Axon: Transmits electrical impulses called action
potentials
1. Axon hillock :Where axon originates and action
potentials initiated
2. Axon terminal :Releases neurotransmitter

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Nervous Tissue: Neurons
Cell body
Nissl substance
A. Specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum
Neurofibrils
A. Intermediate cytoskeleton
B. Maintains cell shape

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Figure 7.4

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Each neuron has only one axon, arises from axon hillock
of soma and carry impulses away from cell body
Axons end in axonal terminal, called synaptic knobe,
terminal button, axon telondendria
Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters
Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by
a gap
Synaptic cleftgap between adjacent neurons
Synapsejunction between nerves

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Neuron Cell Body Location
Most neuron cell bodies are found in the central

nervous system
Gray mattercell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
A. Nucleiclusters of cell bodies within the white
matter of the central nervous system
B. Gangliacollections of cell bodies outside the
central nervous system
C. Cortex- external layer of gray matter located in
the cerebrum

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Group of axons
Most neuron fibers are found in the white matter is

called
Tract: one function (motor or sensory)
Bundles: group of axons
Nerve: large bundles with mixed functions

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Classification of Neuron
1. Depending upon the number of poles
2. Depending upon the function
3. Depending upon the length of axon

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Depending upon the number of poles
a. Unipolar:
Having only one pole
From single pole both axon and dendrites arise
Present in embryonic stage in human being
b. Bipolar
c. Multipolar

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Depending upon the functions
Motor or efferent neurons:

Carry impulses from CNS to peripheral effector
organs e.g., muscles/glands/blood vessels
Generally each motor neurons has long axon and
short dendrites
Sensory or afferent neurons:
Carry impulses from periphery to CNS
Generally each neuron has short axon a long
dendrites
Interneurons

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Depending upon the length of axon
Golgi Type I neurons:

Have long axons
Cell body situated in CNS and their axon reaches
remote peripheral organs
Golgi type II neurons:
Have short axons
Present in cerebral cortex and spinal cord

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Myelin is Concentric layers of protein alternating with
lipid
Nerve fiber insulated by myelin sheath- myelinated nerve
fiber
Protein lipid complex wrapped around axon >100 times
Outside the CNS (peripheral nerve) myelin produced by
Schwann cells
Inside the CNS myelin sheath produced by
oligodendrogliocytes

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CONTI
Not continuous sheath absent at
regular intervals
Where sheath absent node of
Ranvier (1m)
Segment between two node-
internode (1mm)

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Myelinogenesis
Formation of myelin sheath around the axon

Peripheral nerve started 4th month of IUL and
completed few years after birth
Pyramidal tract remain unmyelinated at birth and
completed around end of 2nd year of life
Outside its CNS myelin sheath formed by Schwann
cells
Before myelinogenesis Schwann cells (Double layer)
close to axolemma as in non myelinated nerve fiber

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CONTI
Membrane of Schwann cells wrappe up and rotate
around the axon many concentric layer
These concentric layer compacted produce
myelin sheath
Cytoplasm of cell not deposited in myelin sheath
Nucleus of cell remain in between myelin sheath
and neurilemma

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Non myelinated nerve
No myelin sheath formation

Nerve fiber simply covered by Schwann cells, no wrapping
No internode and node of Ranvier
Neurilemma and axis cylinder close to each other
In CNS no neurilemma
Myelinogenosis in CNS by oligodenogliocytes not by
Schwann cells

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Importance and Myelin Sheath
Propagation of AP very fast = saltatory conduction

(possible only in myelinated nerve fiber)
Myelination results quicker mobility in higher animals
Have high insulating capacity so prevents cross
stimulation

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Axonal Transport
Transport subs from soma to synaptic ending
Fast axonal transport- Membrane bound organelles
& mitochondria ( 400 mm/ day)
Slow axonal transport- Subs dissolved in cytoplasm-
Proteins (1mm/ day)
Requires ATP/ Ca++
Occurs in both direction anterograde & retrograde
A. Anterograde transport- Synaptic vesicles/
proteins
B. Retrograde transport- Neurotrophins /viruses

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Question 1
Development of myelin sheath in peripheral nervous
system depends on
a. Astrocytes
b. Microglia
c. Oligodendrocytes
d. Schwann cells

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Question 2
All or None phenomenon in a nerve is

applicable to
a. Mixed nerve
b. Only a sensory nerve
c. Only a motor nerve
d. A single nerve fiber

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Question 3
Myelin is
a. Usually ensheaths the axon hillock
b. Usually forms an uninterrupted coating around axons
c. Cover the dendrites, cell bodies and axon endings
d. Is found in greater concentration in the white matter of

the spinal cord then in the grey matter

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Classification of Nerve fiber
General features of nerve:

Greater the diameter of nerve fiber
Greater speed of conduction
Greater magnitude of spike potential
Smaller duration of spike
Lesser threshold of excitation

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Conti
Speed of conduction
Myelinated fibers
A. Approximately 6 times fiber diameter
B. Myelinated fiber diameter ranges from 1-20 m
C. Therefore conduction velocity varies from 6-120
mts/sec

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Conti
Nonmyelinated fibers:
A. Speed of conduction proportional to square root
of diameter
B. Largest unmyelinated fiber approxi 1m in
diameter
C. Therefore max conduction velocity 1 mt/sec
Long axon mainly concerned with proprioceptive,
pressure and touch sensation and somatic motor
functions
Small axons concerned with pain and temp sensation
and autonomic functions

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Continuous conduction Saltatory conduction
- It is propagation in unmyelinated - It is propagation in myelinated nerve

nerve fibers. fibers.
- Mechanism: - Mechanism:
1- Stimulation of the nerve fiber by an 1- Stimulation of the nerve fiber by an
effective stimulus generation of effective stimulus generation of
an action potential at the site of an action potential at the nearest node
stimulation. of Ranvier.
2- During the action potential, the 2- During the action potential, the
stimulated area becomes depolarized nearest node becomes depolarized

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Continuous conduction Saltatory conduction
Velocity of conduction: Velocity of conduction:
slow (0.5-2.0 meter/sec) fast (may reach up to 120 met/sec).
The greater the distance between nodes
of Ranvier, the greater the velocity of
conduction of the action potential.
a) It increases the velocity of conduction because the action potential occurs only at
the nodes of Ranvier which is transmitted by jumping (saltatory conduction).
b) It decreases the energy needed for the Na+ - K+ pump which is restricted to the
nodes of Ranvier. Myelinated fibers use about 1% of the energy used by the
unmyelinated fibers.

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Classification of Nerve fibers
1. Depending upon structure
Myelinated nerve fibers
Non myelinated nerve fibers
2. Depending upon distribution
Somatic nerve fibers (supply skeletal muscles)
Visceral or autonomic (supply internal organs)
3.Depending upon origin
Cranial nerve (arising from brain)
Spinal nerve (arising from spinal cord)

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Classification of nerve fibers
4.Depending upon functions:
Sensory nerve fibers (afferent nerve fiber)
Motor nerve fibers (efferent nerve fibers)
5.Depending upon secretion of neurotransmitter
Adrenergic nerve fibers
Cholinergic nerve fibers
6.Depending upon diameter and conductions of impulse
(Erlanger- gasser classification), Classified into three
major groups:
Type A nerve fibers
Type B nerve fibers
Type C nerve fibers

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Contin
Among these type A thickest fibers

Type c thinnest fibers
Except type C fibers all fibers are myelinated
Type A nerve fibers further subdivided four groups:
A or Type I nerve fibers
A or Type II nerve fibers
A
A or Type III nerve fibers

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Numerical classification
Number Origin Fiber type
Ia Muscle spindle Annulo-spiral A

ending
Ib Golgi Tendon organ A
II Muscle spindle flower spray A
ending, Touch, Pressure
III Pain and cold receptor some A

touch receptors
IV Pain, Temp and other Dorsal roots
receptors
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Physio-clinical classification
Susceptibility Most susceptible Intermediate Least suitable
Hypoxia B A C
Pressure A B C
Local Anesthesia C B A

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Question 1
Which is not a CNS glial cell

a. Schwann cell
b. Microglia
c. Astrocyte
d. Oligodendroglia

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Question 2
The most susceptible nerve fiber to local anesthetics

a. C type fiber
b. B type fiber
c. Parasympathetic
d. A type Fiber

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Question 3
The conduction velocity in a myelinated fiber is

directly related to
a. The amount of axon branching
b. Length of the fiber
c. Diameter of the fiber
d. Diameter of the dendrites

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Question 4
Non-myelinated fiber differ from myelinated once in

that they
a. Lack nodes of ranvier
b. Are more excitable
c. Have higher conduction velocity
d. Are not associated with schwann cells

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Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
Support cells in the CNS are grouped together as

neuroglia
Function: to support, insulate, and protect neurons

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Astrocytes
Abundant, star-shaped cells
Brace neurons
Form barrier between capillaries and neurons
Control the chemical environment of
the brain

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Figure 7.3a

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Microglia
Spiderlike phagocytes
Dispose of debris

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Figure 7.3b

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Ependymal cells
Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
Circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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Figure 7.3c

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Oligodendrocytes
Wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous
system
Produce myelin sheaths

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Figure 7.3d

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Satellite cells
Protect neuron cell bodies
Schwann cells
Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous
system

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Figure 7.3e

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Questions???

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1 Chapter1 Lecture 1 NS Histology

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Histo-anatomy of nervous

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

Dear student is our first step in the neurology course,

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

2.Peripheral nervous system (PNS) = Neural tissue

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

Most neuron cell bodies are found in the central

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

Most neuron fibers are found in the white matter is

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

1. Depending upon the number of poles

2. Depending upon the function

3. Depending upon the length of axon

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

Motor or efferent neurons:

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

Golgi Type I neurons:

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

Formation of myelin sheath around the axon

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

No myelin sheath formation

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

Propagation of AP very fast = saltatory conduction

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

All or None phenomenon in a nerve is

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

b. Usually forms an uninterrupted coating around axons

c. Cover the dendrites, cell bodies and axon endings

d. Is found in greater concentration in the white matter of

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

General features of nerve:

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

- It is propagation in unmyelinated - It is propagation in myelinated nerve

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

Among these type A thickest fibers

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

Ia Muscle spindle Annulo-spiral A

III Pain and cold receptor some A

Susceptibility Most susceptible Intermediate Least suitable

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

Which is not a CNS glial cell

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009

The most susceptible nerve fiber to local anesthetics

CCIS Workshop February 17th 2009