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Contact process is the current method of producing sulfuric acid in the high
concentrations needed for industrial processes. This process was patented in 1831 by
the British vinegar merchant Peregrine Phillips. This process is far more economical
process for producing concentrated sulfuric acid than the previous lead chamber
process since this process has 98% conversion unlike the lead chamber process with
80% conversion. Platinum used to be the catalyst for this reaction; however, as it is
susceptible to reacting with impurities in the sulfur feedstock, vanadium(V)
pentoxide (V2O5) is now preferred.
Preparation of sulfur
Burning of sulfur
Purification of sulfur dioxide
Catalytic conversion
Intermediate absorption
Dilution of sulfuric acid
Equipment Layout
Dusting
Sulfur Burner
Chamber
Sulfur Reaction Furnace
Storage Tanks
Manufacturing Process
Preparation of Sulfur
Burning of Sulfur
The molten sulfur is fed to a sulfur reaction furnace and burned with oxygen
(from dried air) at about 900C. This produces sulfur dioxide (SO 2). This oxidation
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
produces large amount of heat that will be used to produce steam.
SO2 contains a number of impurities such as dust particles, vapors, sulfur etc.
These impurities must be removed otherwise the catalyst loses its efficiency (catalyst
poisoning).
Dusting Chamber
The gas is then led into a water scrubber where it is completely freed
from dust particles and other soluble impurities.
Drying Tower
The gas is now dried by passing through drying tower where conc.
H2SO4 (dehydrating agent) is sprayed. H2SO4 removes moisture from SO2.
Catalytic Conversion
The first bed in the converter converts about 63% of the sulfur dioxide into
sulfur trioxide and heat is produced. The gas stream is cooled before it passes to the
next catalyst bed. Hot gas superheats steam in the furnace boiler. The gas stream
passes through two further catalyst bed and the percentage conversion increases
about 88%. Between each stage. The hot gases should be cooled. By the third bed,
about 95% of the original sulfur dioxide has been converted to sulfur trioxide.
Concentration:
Excess of oxygen.
Temperature:
A decrease in temperature favors reaction in forward direction. Optimum
temperature for this process is 400oC to 450oC.
Pressure:
Since volumes of reactants are greater than the product (3:2), therefore,
according to Le-Chateliers Principle a high pressure is favorable. Optimum
pressure is about 1 to 2 atmospheres.
Use of catalyst:
A flow diagram of the Contact Process showing four beds of catalyst conversion
Absorption
Hot sulfur trioxide passes through the heat exchanger and is dissolved in
concentrated H2SO4 in the absorption tower to form oleum:
The 99% sulfuric acid is diluted with water to about 98% (e.g.) and this
increases the volume of the acid. The acid concentration is made by sampling.
The sulfuric acid is stored to sulfuric acid storage tanks and is prepared to be
transported by rail or by road.
Beside sulfuric acid, this process generates a large amount of heat which is
used to produce high temperature steam and make electricity. Electricity is sold to the
National Grid.