12/2/2016

RESEARCH& DEVELOPMENT

By:Melito A.Baccay,D.Eng.
TechnologicalUniversityofthe
Philippines

1
12/2/2016

2
12/2/2016

3
 12/2/2016

Initialconsiderations

Youseewhatyoubelieve
Individualexperiences

4
 12/2/2016

IndividualExperiences

Learning technologypush
Learninginmanyplaces

Frustration self

Frustration others

Opportunity Driven or Problem Solution:

Two faces of the same coin

Where are creative ideas born?

Buzz session

Where/when do you get your best ideas or do you

feel your most creative ideas are born?
Bed, Bar, Bathroom, Bus

Give your ideas a home

Ideas can flourish in an environment

. where judgement is suspended.
10

5
 12/2/2016

Where do we get creative ideas?

SOURCES OF IDEAS
Identify places and people that trigger bright ideas
for you
Keep an ideas book, review from time to time

Read, use, innovation websites & newsletters (see

resource kit)
Keep magazines or pictures handy

Read / keep magazines on topics you know nothing

of fresh perspectives
Include other functions, nave resources in your
11 firm in discussions

Where do we get creative ideas?

Creative Ideas come from building links between

. seemingly dissimilar objects, functions or worlds.

12

6
 12/2/2016

Idea Development Rules & Tools

There is nothing in a that tells you

it's going to be a

Buckminster Fuller

14

Research
is a systematic study directed towards
fuller scientific knowledge or
understanding of the subject studied.
Research is classified as either basic or
applied research

ResearchandDevelopment

7
 12/2/2016

Research
&Development
Used to refer to activities for
intellectual work creating new
knowledge (research) and developing
new products.

ResearchandDevelopment

16

8
 12/2/2016

17

ABriefHistoryofR&D
18

Since the mid1960s the Research and

Development R&D outlook has
become the dominant approach for
technology development and
investments in the scientific
infrastructures.

9
 12/2/2016

ABriefHistoryofR&D
19

Since the mid1990s shortcomings and

limitations of this linear model have
gained attention. Yet, due to lack of
alternative models for innovation, the
linear R&D has been able to continue to
act like a default model for innovation.

ABriefHistoryofR&D
20

This presentation reviews the role of

R&D in four outlooks:
1) R&D as a Set of Activities
2) R&D as a Paradigm of Innovation
3) R&D as a Counterpart for Design and
Development (D+D)
4) R&D as a Source of Idea

10
 12/2/2016

21 R&DasSetofActivities

ResearchandDevelopment
R&D:ABriefReview
22

The R&D model makes a linear and one

way outlook between three consecutive
stages:
Basic Research, Applied Research and
Development Research.

Basic Applied Development

Research Research Research

11
 12/2/2016

ResearchandDevelopment
R&D:ABriefReview
23

The Triple Helix

Model for
technology
development
(Academy, Business
and Government) is
also based on the
R&D outlook toward
innovation.

1.R&DasASetofActivities
24
Commercialization
Development
Research
Applied
Research
Basic

12
 12/2/2016

25

R&D is a method of investigation where

it is assumed new scientific knowledge is
discovered due to a series of linear and
sequential stages that consists of Basic
Research, Applied Research and
Development

26

The R&D model assumes that science

has a monopoly over knowledge,
technology is an outcome of science, and
economic development is due to
technology development. The R&D
model confines innovation to technology
and then technology to R&D

13
 12/2/2016

ExamplesofR&DBasedProducts
27

R&DSpendingvs.Sales andProfit
28

Money Is Not Everything concludes:

There is no discernable relationship
between R&D spending levels and nearly
all measures of business success including
sales, growth, gross profit, operating
profit, enterprise profit, market
capitalization, or total shareholder return.

14
 12/2/2016

R&DSpendingvs.SalesandProfit
29

No relationship exists between the

number of patents issued to an
organization and its business results.

MoneyIsNotEverything,
2005.

30 2.R&DasaParadigmofInnovation

15
 12/2/2016

AParadigmShiftAround1975?
31

1970

Microsoft,1975
Apple,1976
Compaq,1982
Lotus,1982
Dell,1983

32

A new context for R&D appeared from

another study.

In my studies about innovation and

entrepreneurship, and commercialization
of new technologies, I noticed that
around 1975, a major change happened.

16
 12/2/2016

33

In the mid1970s and later, new companies

emerged such as: Microsoft, Apple, Dell,
Compaq and Lotus Software. The founders of
these companies did not have strong scientific
background. Indeed the founders of
Microsoft, Apple, CNN and Dell all were
college dropouts. This was a very different
pattern compared with the founders of
previous successful ventures, that were
dominant in the years before 1975.

ANewOutlookforInnovation
andEntrepreneurship
34

Thispresentation looks for a new context

for innovation that looks at R&D as a
source of innovation, rather than the
source of innovation.

The new outlook for innovation

concentrates on the Confluence of
Innovation and Entrepreneurship.

17
 12/2/2016

ANewOutlookforInnovation
andEntrepreneurship
35

The unit of analysis is ventures (new

businesses) that were able successfully
to commercialize a new technology and
become large enterprises.

ANewOutlookforInnovation
andEntrepreneurship
36

1)Therewerenewventures,
2)Theycommercializedanew
technology
3)Theywereabletogrowfromsmall
sizeandbecamelargeenterprises.

18
 12/2/2016

37

Research and Development R&D is one

of the five main Paradigms of Innovation,
since the start of the Industrial Revolution.
There are at least four other paradigms of
innovation.

FiveMainParadigmsofInnovation
38

1.TrialandError(SemiSystematic)
Invention:Representedbythesteam
engine.

2. Systematic invention: Represented by

the lightbulb and electricity.

19
 12/2/2016

39

3.ResearchandDevelopment R&D:
RepresentedbytheAbomb,rocketsand
mainframecomputers.
4.TechnologyandMarketDevelopment
T&C:Representedbypersonalcomputers.
5.UserCreatedContents:Representedby
Linux,Wikipedia,YouTubeandFacebook.

40

Paradigms of Innovation are NOT

mutually exclusive! During the same time
span, different types of industries may
follow different paradigms of innovation.

Previous paradigms may be influenced by

more recent paradigms.

20
 12/2/2016

PotentialFutureTheoreticalStudies
RelatedtoParadigmsofInnovation?
41

The first three of prominent economists reviewed

the characteristics of the first three paradigms of
innovation. Each of them, however, considered the
paradigm that they studied as the default pattern
of technology development.
John Maynard Keynes was instrumental in the
development of the R&Dbased paradigm, but he
actually did not study the R&D paradigm.

42

Itseemsnomajoreconomisthaselaboratedyet
thetheoreticalbasisofthetworecentparadigms
ofinnovation!Willsomeonedo?

21
 12/2/2016

Technology/ArtifactDevelopment
43
Timeline
Looking for a timeline for technology/artifact
development is not new.

Timeline of Inventions (copied from Smithsonian

Timeline of Inventions) depicts the different time
lines from 600,000 BC to 2000 and the tools that
symbolize each era. This classification bundles the
19402000 period in one group, labeled .

Technology/Artifact
44
DevelopmentTimeline
The above outlook at technology development
covers only the hardware confines technologies.

Jeffry Moors prediction that the capacity of micro

processors increases two folds every 18 months is
along this view of technology timeline.

22
 12/2/2016

45

EconomicWaves
EconomicsofIndustrialInnovation(1997)byC.
FreemanandL.Soete

3.R&DasaCounterpartfor
DesignandDevelopment(D+D)
46

A familiarity with Design and

Development (D+D) provides a better
understanding about R&D

23
 12/2/2016

DesignversusScience
47

To have a better understanding of Design we

first look at Science.

Science is systematic investigation to have a

better understanding of an existing
phenomenon.

Design is about systematic thinking about,

before or as part of, an action to make a new
phenomenon.

DesignversusScience
48

Science pursues and applies analytic

methodologies, as the goal is to figure out the
structure of an existing phenomenon.

Design follows synthetic (nonanalytic) and

integrative approaches, as the goal is to
integrate a new thing.

24
 12/2/2016

R&DversusD+D(Designand
Development)
49

Three examples serve to underline the main

difference between R&D versus D+D: Atomic
Bomb, Airplane and Light Bulb.

The ABomb probably is the best example of

an R&D invention. Basic Research was done
by Albert Einstein, who had no clue about its
final application.

R&DversusD+D(Designand
Development)
50

The invention (design) of Aircraft is a

good example of D+D. The Wright
brothers, from day one knew the final
goal, a heavier than air aircraft and they
did everything to get it.

25
 12/2/2016

R&DversusD+D(Designand
Development)
51

The invention of the Light bulb by Edison

is another example of a D+D case. The idea
was to make a electricbase light source
(bulb) that can compete with gasbase
light source.

D+D always starts with a product in mind

and going back to get it.

R&DversusD+D(Designand
Development)
52

The invention of the Marine Chronometer to

solve the Longitude problem is likely another
important and less studied case of D+D.

26
 12/2/2016

ExampleofProducts
BasedonDesignedandDevelopment
53

Airplane and Light Bulb were two

inventions based on D+D rather than
R&D. The Wright Brothers, and Edison
were not scientists.

D+DModel
54

DesignandDevelopment D+Disoneofthekey
aspectsofTechnologyInnovation/Development
Development

Production
Design&

Customers
Market/

D+DaimsatProduction,andintendsatsatisfy
Market/Customerneeds.

27
 12/2/2016

TheCombinedModelofR&DandD+D
55

The combined model of D+D plus R&D is

more practical and comprehensive than the
R&D model for the following reasons:

The combined model already includes the

R&D model, but the other way is not applicable.

TheCombinedModelofR&DandD+D
56

The D+D model provides a nonlinear outlook

that cover both Forward Design and Reverse
Design. While the R&D model is linear model
that goes from Research to Development.

The D+D model embraces an integrative

methodology, which is nonlinear but it already
includes linear methods which is consistent
with the R&D.

28
 12/2/2016

TheCombinedModelofIR&DandD+D
57

The new model combines Basic

Research, Industrial Research and
Development (IR&D) and D+D (Design
and Development).

TheCombinedModelofIR&DandD+D
58

D+D is one of the key aspects of

Technology Innovation/Development
and it is not the same or inferior to
R&D.

D+D often acts like a link between

successful R&D and Production to satisfy
Market/Customer needs.

29
 12/2/2016

ForwardandReverseDesign
59

Design and Development (D&D) embraces

both Forward Design and Reverse Design.

Forward Design includes the forward flow of

information that initiates from Design and
Development to provide information needed
for Production which leads to new products
for the Market. Example: developing a new
idea and take it from design to the market.

ForwardandReverseDesign
60

Reverse Design involves the activities to

legally make a product similar or superior to
one already available on the market. Example:
taking an existing product in the market and
then redesign it.

30
 12/2/2016

ForwardandReverseDesign
61

Forward and Reverse Design actually work

hand in hand with each other. Reverse Design
is often complementary to Forward Design
that including activities from D&D to
production and then marketplace.

ForwardversusReverseDesign
62

ForwardDesign:FromD&DtoProduct.
ReverseDesign:Fromanexisting

ProducttoD&Dandback toProduct,to
improveit.

31
 12/2/2016

ForwardversusReverseDesign
63

ForwardDesign

Development

Production

Customers
Market/
Design&

ReversedDesign

64 4.R&DasaSourceofIdea

32
 12/2/2016

GenerationofIdeas

Whichcomesfirst?Anideaorabusiness?

Inception:TheOriginofBusiness
Ideas1
66

Each new business ideas has a

distinctive patterns of development
from its inception (origin). New
business ideas may originate from
many sources, which can be
classified into 12 overlapping groups:

33
 12/2/2016

TechnologyPush
67

1.ResearchandDevelopment(R&D)
2.InventionandPatent
3.DesignandDevelopment(D+D)
ForwardDesign
4.ReverseDesign:ReverseEngineering
andBenchmarking(Copying,Imitationand
Adaptation

MarketPull
68

5.ExtensiveMarketResearchtoexplore
businessopportunities:Societalchanges,
Demographicchanges,etc.
6.Feedbacks:fromcustomers,employees,
suppliers,etc.touncoverunarticulated
needs
7.PreviousExperience:Work,Education
andHobbyoftheEntrepreneurs.

34
 12/2/2016

Inception:TheOriginofBusiness
69
Ideas 2
8.Creativity (Individual,Groupand
Organizational):suchaslateralthinking,
mindmapping,metaphors,andbrain
storming.

9.SymbioticIdeas:Combiningtwoor
moreexistingideasforanewapplication

Inception:TheOriginofBusiness
70
Ideas 2
10.InnovationInspiredbyNature
(Biomimetics,Biomimicry):newbusinessideas
basedonobservingnaturalphenomena.
Example:Kookandloopfasteners(Velcro).
11.Newregulations:ExampleChildsafety
regulationsandChildsCarSeat
12.EurekaandSerendipity:Newbusinessideas
duetounexpendedevents

35
 12/2/2016

TheTechnologyPushSourcesofIdeas
71

1.ResearchandDevelopment(R&D)
2.InventionandPatent
3.DesignandDevelopment(D+D) ForwardDesign
4.ReverseDesign:ReverseEngineering&
Benchmarking(Copying,ImitationandAdaptation)

NotetherelationshipbetweentheTechnology
pushsourcesofideasandtheR&DandD+Dmodels
thatwediscussedbefore.

Who can innovate

Anyone has the creative thinking ability

that can lead to innovation

Most people have simply unlearnt their

creative thinking ability
It requires the right environment to re-access
creativity
72

36
 12/2/2016

ASuggestedInnovationFramework

Donotbeafraidtofail
Just Do Takerisks
Moveyourideaforward
It
Seek Seeknoveltyindesign
Diversify
Novelty Stoplookingfortherightanswer;lookformanyright
inDesign answers

SetGoalsand
Problem Defineclearlyyourgoalsandobjectives
Objectives
and/or
Opportunity

IdentifyProblems Challengeallassumptions
and/or Seekopportunitiestoinnovate
Opportunities
Openyourmind
MentalFloss
SeekOpportunities Discoveryourcreativerhythm
HealthMakesWealth

Becomeanexpertinafieldyou
love
Findwhatyoulovetodo Becomepassionateaboutyour
field

37
 12/2/2016

The End

38