Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
contents
Pipe Selection 3
Pipe Dimensions 4
Allowable Operating Pressure 5
Temperature Influences 7
Service Lifetimes 7
Pipe Design for Variable Operating Conditions 8
E Modulus 10
Selection of Wall Thickness for Special Applications 10
Hydraulic Design 11
Flow Chart Worked Examples 13
Part Full Flow 15
Resistance Coefficients 16
Flow Charts 17-26
Surge and Fatigue 27
Celerity 28
Slurry Flow 29
Pipe Wear 30
Maintenance and Operation 31
Fittings 31
Pneumatic Flow 32
System Design Guidelines for the Selection of Vinidexair Compressed Air Pipelines 33
Expansion And Contraction 35
External Pressure Resistance 36
Trench Design 37
Allowable Bending Radius 38
Deflection Questionnaire – FAX BACK 39
Deflection Questionnaire – Vinidex locations 40
Thrust Block Supports 41
Electrical Conductivity y Ltd43
Pt
Vibration u p 43
ro .au
se G om 43
ou e.c 17
Heat Sources
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
Irri
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.1
d e s i g n
Limitation of Liability
This manual has been compiled by Vinidex Pty
Limited (“the Company”) to promote better
understanding of the technical aspects of the
Company’s products to assist users in obtaining
from them the best possible performance.
The manual is supplied subject to
acknowledgement of the following conditions:
• The manual is protected by Copyright and may
not be copied or reproduced in any form or by
any means in whole or in part without prior
consent in writing by the Company.
• Product specifications, usage data and advisory
information may change from time to time with
advances in research and field experience. The
Company reserves the right to make such
changes at any time without notice.
• Correct usage of the Company’s products
involves engineering judgements which cannot
be properly made without full knowledge of all
the conditions pertaining to each specific
installation. The Company expressly disclaims
all and any liability to any person whether
supplied with this publication or not in respect
of anything and of the consequences of anything
done or omitted to be done by any such person
in reliance whether whole or partial upon the
whole or any part of the contents of this
publication.
• No offer to trade, nor any conditions of trading,
are expressed or implied by the issue of content
of this manual. Nothing herein shall override the
Company’s Conditions of Sale, which may be
obtained from the Registered Office or any Sales
Office of the Company.
• This manual is and shall remain the property of
the Company, and shall be surrendered on
demand to the Company.
Ltd
• Information supplied in this manual does not
override a job specification, where such conflict
t y
P
arises, consult the authority supervising the job.
u p
ro .au
© Copyright Vinidex Pty Limited
se G om
ABN 42 000 664 942
ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
Irri
Design.2 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
Pipe Selection Table 4.1 Comparison of SDR & Pressure Ratings (PN)
Vinidex PE pipes are available in a SDR 41 33 26 21 17 13.6 11 9 7.4
comprehensive range of sizes up to PE80 PN3.2 PN4 - PN6.3 PN8 PN10 PN12.5 PN16 PN20
1000mm diameter, and pressure classes
PE100 PN4 - PN6.3 PN8 PN10 PN12.5 PN16 PN20 PN25
in accordance with the requirements of
Notes:
AS/NZS 4130 - Polyethylene (PE) pipes
for pressure applications. PE Long term rupture stress at 20°C (MPa x 10) to which a minimum design factor
is applied to obtain the 20°C hydrostatic design hoop stress.
Additional sizes and pressure classes to
AS/NZS 4130 requirements are added PN Pipe pressure rating at 20°C (MPa x10).
from time to time and subject to SDR Nominal ratio of outside diameter to wall thickness.
minimum quantity requirements, pipes
made to specific sizes, lengths or
pressure classes are available.
The Standard AS/NZS 4130 includes a
range of PE material designations based
on the Minimum Required Stress (MRS),
and classified as PE63, PE80, and
PE100. When pipes are made to the
same dimensions, but from different
rated PE materials, then the pipes will
have different pressure ratings.
The relationship between the dimensions
of the pipes, the PE material
classification and the working pressure
rating are as shown in Table 4.1.
For simplicity, the dimensions of the pipe
have been referred in terms of the
Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR) where:
Outside Diameter
SDR =
Wall Thickness
y Ltd
Pt
u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
Irri
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.3
Polyethylene Pipe Dimensions (based on AS/NZS 4130-1997, Polyethylene pipes for pressure applications.)
Nominal SDR 41 SDR 33 SDR 26 SDR 21 SDR 17 SDR 13.6 SDR 11 SDR 9 SDR 7.4
Design.4
Size Min. Wall Mean Min. Wall Mean Min. Wall Mean Min. Wall Mean Min. Wall Mean Min. Wall Mean Min. Wall Mean Min. Wall Mean Min. Wall Mean
DN Thickness I.D. Thickness I.D. Thickness I.D. Thickness I.D. Thickness I.D. Thickness I.D. Thickness I.D. Thickness I.D. Thickness I.D.
d
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
16 1.6 13 1.6 13 1.6 13 1.6 13 1.6 13 1.6 13 1.6 13 1.8 12 2.2 11
20 1.6 17 1.6 17 1.6 17 1.6 17 1.6 17 1.6 17 1.9 16 2.3 15 2.8 14
25 1.6 22 1.6 22 1.6 22 1.6 22 1.6 22 1.9 21 2.3 20 2.8 19 3.5 18
e
110 2.7 105 3.4 103 4.3 101 5.3 99 6.6 96 8.1 93 10.0 89 12.3 84 15.1 78
125 3.1 119 3.9 117 4.8 115 6.0 113 7.4 110 9.2 106 11.4 101 14.0 96 17.1 89
140 3.5 133 4.3 131 5.4 129 6.7 126 8.3 123 10.3 118 12.7 114 15.7 108 19.2 99
g
160 4.0 152 4.9 150 6.2 148 7.7 144 9.5 140 11.8 136 14.6 130 17.9 123 21.9 114
Table 4.2 PE Pipe Dimensions AS/NZS 4130
180 4.4 171 5.5 169 6.9 166 8.6 163 10.7 158 13.3 153 16.4 145 20.1 138 24.6 128
200 4.9 190 6.2 188 7.7 184 9.6 180 11.9 175 14.7 170 18.2 162 22.4 154 27.3 143
n
225 5.5 215 6.9 211 8.6 207 10.8 203 13.4 198 16.6 191 20.5 183 25.1 173 30.8 161
250 6.2 238 7.7 235 9.6 230 11.9 225 14.8 219 18.4 212 22.7 203 27.9 192 34.2 179
280 6.9 267 8.6 263 10.7 258 13.4 253 16.6 246 20.6 238 25.4 228 31.3 215 38.3 200
315 7.7 300 9.7 296 12.1 290 15.0 285 18.7 278 23.2 268 28.6 256 35.2 242 43.0 226
355 8.7 338 10.9 333 13.6 328 16.9 320 21.1 311 26.1 301 32.2 289 39.6 273 48.5 255
I
400 9.8 380 12.3 376 15.3 370 19.1 362 23.7 351 29.4 340 36.3 326 44.7 307 54.6 287
rri
g
450 11.0 429 13.8 422 17.2 415 21.5 406 26.7 395 33.1 382 40.9 366 50.2 347 61.5 322
a
500 12.3 476 15.3 470 19.1 462 23.9 452 29.6 440 36.8 424 45.4 407 55.8 384 - -
n
560 13.7 534 17.2 526 21.4 518 26.7 506 33.2 494 41.2 475 50.8 455 - - - -
a
.
630 15.4 600 19.3 592 24.1 582 30.0 570 37.3 554 46.3 535 57.2 512 - - - -
w Ph
710 17.4 676 21.8 667 27.2 656 33.9 641 42.1 624 52.2 603 - - - - - -
tio ww 13
0
s
800 19.6 762 24.5 752 30.6 739 38.1 723 47.4 704 58.8 679 - - - - - -
W poly 0 6
900 22.0 858 27.6 846 34.4 831 42.9 814 53.5 791 - - - - - - - -
1000 24.5 953 30.6 940 38.2 924 47.7 904 59.3 880 - - - - - - - -
eh pip 61 4
u
e G om
p
ou e.c 17
P
ro .au
SDR – Nominal ratio of outside diameter to wall thickness. ID – internal diameter
t y Ltd
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
Hydrostatic Design Basis Material Designation Minimum Required Strength Hydrostatic Design Stress
(MRS) MPa (S) MPa
Vinidex pipes manufactured to AS/NZS
4130, Series 1 have wall thickness and PE63 5.0 6.3
pressure ratings determined by the PE80 6.3 8.0
Barlow formula as follows: PE100 8.0 10.0
PD
T= The Hydrostatic Design Stress (S) is These standard values are polymer
2S + P
obtained by application of a Design or dependent and long term properties for
T = minimum wall thickness (mm) Safety Factor (F) to the MRS. each pipe grade material are established
P = normal working pressure See Table 4.3. by long term testing to the requirements
of pipe (MPa) of ISO/DIS 9080 by the polymer
D = minimum mean OD (mm) MRS producers. Individual PE grades may
S=
S = hydrostatic design stress F exhibit different characteristics and PE
at 20°C (MPa) materials can be provided with enhanced
See Table 4.2. The specific value selected for the specific properties. In these cases the
Design Factor depends on a number of advice of Vinidex engineers should be
Hydrostatic Design Stress
variables, including the nature of the obtained.
The design of AS/NZS 4130 pipes has
transmitted fluid, the location of the
been based on the static working Maximum Allowable
pipeline, and the risk of third party
pressure operating continuously at the Operating Pressure
damage.
maximum value for the entire lifetime of
The wall thickness values for Series 1
the pipeline. PN x 0.125
pipes to AS/NZS 4130 were derived MAOP =
The value of maximum hoop stress used F
using a value of 1.25 for F, this being the
in the selection of the pipe wall thickness minimum value applicable. where
is known as the Hydrostatic Design
AS/NZS 4131 specifics MRS values of MAOP is the maximum allowable
Stress (S). This value is dependent upon
6.3 MPa, 8.0 MPa and 10.0 MPa for the operating pressure in MPa.
the type of PE material being used and
grades designated as PE63, PE80 and
the pipe material service temperature. In PN is the pipe classification in
PE100 respectively.
AS/NZS 4131, materials are classified for accordance with AS/NZS 4130.
long term strength by the designation The relationship between the S and MRS
F is the Design Factor.
Minimum Required Strength (MRS). standard values in AS/NZS 4131 is as
shown in Table 4.3.
The MRS is the value resulting from For example, if the minimum value of F is
extrapolation of short and long term chosen (F = 1.25), a PN10 pipe will have
tests to a 50 year point at 20°C. a MAOP of 1.0 MPa at 20°C.
Note: See Figure 2.1 for typical stress y Ltd
P t
regression curves. u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
Irri
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.5
d e s i g n
Where installation applications are used Table 4.5 PE Pipe Pressure Ratings
to carry fluids other than water, then PN Rating Number Nominal Working Pressure
another value of the Design Factor may MPa Head Metres
need to be selected. The value selected PN 3.2 0.32 32
will depend on both the nature of the PN 4 0.40 40
fluid being carried and the location of the PN 6.3 0.63 63
pipeline installation. For specific PN 8 0.80 80
installations, the advice of Vinidex PN 10 1.00 100
engineers should be obtained.
PN 12.5 1.25 125
In the case of gas pipes in AS/NZS 4130, PN 16 1.60 160
both Series 2 and Series 3, a Design PN 20 2.00 200
Factor ranging between F = 2.0 and PN 25 2.50 250
F = 4.0 applies depending on the specific
installation conditions; see Table 4.6.
Table 4.6 Design Factors – Gas Pipes
Table 4.4 Installation Conditions Design Factor Value
Typical Design Factors Fluid type Natural Gas f0 2.0
Pipeline Application Design Factor LPG 2.2
20°C F Pipe Form Straight length f1 1.0
Water Supply 1.25 Coils 1.2
Natural Gas 2.0
Compressed Air 2.0 Soil Temperature (Av. °C) -10 < t < 0 f2 1.2
LPG 2.2 0 < t < 20 1.0
20 < t < 30 1.1
Where the Design Factor is varied, then 30 < t < 35 1.3
the MAOP for the particular Series 1 pipe Designation Distribution f3 1.0
PN rating can be calculated as follows:
Transport 0.9
Rapid Crack Resistance f4 1.0
PN x 0.125
MAOP = Population density & area loading
F
Open field f5 0.9
In the particular case of gas distribution,
Less trafficed roads in inbuilt areas 1.05
then the type of gas, and the pipeline
installation conditions need to be Heavy trafficed roads in inbuilt areas 1.15
considered. In this case the Design Roads in populated area 1.20
Factor is a combination of a number of Roads in industrial area 1.25
sub factors (fx) which must be factored Private area habitation 1.05
together to give the final value for F such
Private area industry 1.20
that:
F = f0 x f1 x f2 x f3 x f4 x f5
Note: Where factor values are not listed, consult with Vinidex engineers for
y Ltd
recommendations. P t
u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
Irri
Design.6 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.7
d e s i g n
Example
Pumped system normally working at a
maximum head, including surge of 60m.
Pipe Design for At startup, the mean pipe wall
Variable temperature is 55°C, dropping to 35°C
Operational after 1 hour. Pump operation is for 10
Conditions hours per day, with a system life of 15
The following examples assist in the years.
design and selection of polyethylene
pipes for variable operating conditions 1. Assume PE 80B
Design.8 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
PE80B
Extrapolation Permissible System Operating Head (m)
Temp Limit PN 3.2 PN 4 PN 6.3 PN 8 PN 10 PN 12.5 PN 16 PN20
°C Years
20 200 32 40 63 80 100 125 160 200
25 100 30 38 59 75 94 117 150 188
30 100 28 35 55 70 88 109 140 175
35 100 26 32 50 64 80 100 128 160
40 100 24 30 47 60 75 94 120 150
45 60 22 28 44 56 70 88 112 140
50 36 21 26 41 52 65 81 104 130
55 24 19 24 38 48 60 75 96 120
60 12 18 23 35 45 56 70 90 113
65 8 17 21 33 42 53 66 84 105
70 5 16 20 31 39 49 61 78 98
75 2 14 18 28 36 45 56 72 90
80 2 13 17 26 33 41 52 66 83
PE80C
Extrapolation Permissible System Operating Head (m)
Temp Limit PN 3.2 PN 4 PN 6.3 PN 8 PN 10 PN 12.5 PN 16 PN20
°C Years
20 50 32 40 63 80 100 125 160 200
25 50 29 36 57 72 90 113 144 180
30 30 26 33 51 65 81 102 130 163
35 18 23 29 46 58 73 91 116 145
40 12 20 25 39 50 63 78 100 125
45 6 18 23 35 45 56 70 90 113
PE100
Extrapolation Permissible System Operating Head (m)
Temp Limit PN 3.2 PN 4 PN 6.3 PN 8 PN 10 PN 12.5 PN 16 PN20 PN25
°C Years
20 200 32 40 63 80 100 125 160 200 250
25 100 30 38 59 75 94 117 150 188 233
30 100 28 35 55 70 88 109 140 175 218
35 100 26 32 50 64 80 100 128 160 200
40 100 24 30 47 60 75 94 120 150 185
45 60 22 28 44 56 70 88 112 140 175
50 36 21 26 41 52 65 81 104 130 163
55 24 19 24 38 48 60 75 96 120 150
60 12 18 23 35 45 56 70 90 113 140
65 8 17 21 33 42 53 66 84 105 130
70 5 16 20 31 39 49 61 78 98 120 y Ltd
t
P
75 2 14 18 28 36 45 56 72 90 113
u p
80 2 13 17 26 33 41 52 66 83 105 ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
Irri
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.9
d e s i g n
P.DN
t =
2.S + P
where Example
t = minimum wall thickness (mm) P = 900kPa = 0.9MPa
MRS 10
S = S = = 8.0MPa
F 1.25
Design.10 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
Colebrook - White
The development from first principles of
the Darcy-Weisbach formula results in
Hydraulic Design The variations inherent with diameter
the expression
changes are accounted for by the
Design Basis
introduction of the coefficient C2 so that fLv2
H=
Vinidex Polyethylene (PE) pipes offer D 2g
advantages to the designer due to the C2 = C1 r0.02 where
smooth internal bores which are
Adoption of a Hazen-Williams roughness 64
maintained over the working lifetime of f =
coefficient of 155 results in the following R
the pipelines. The surface energy
characteristics of PE inhibit the build up relationship for discharge in Vinidex PE and
of deposits on the internal pipe surfaces pipes
f = Darcy friction factor
thereby retaining the maximum bore H = head loss due to friction (m)
Q = 4.03 x 10-5 D2.65 H0.54
dimensions and flow capacities.
D = pipe internal diameter (m)
The flow charts presented in this section where
L = pipe length (metres)
relate the combinations of pipe Q = discharge (litres/second)
v = flow velocity (m/s)
diameters, flow velocities and head loss D = internal diameter (mm)
with discharge of water in PE pipelines. g = gravitational acceleration
H = head loss (metres/100 metres
These charts have been developed for (9.81 m/s2)
length of pipe)
the flow of water through the pipes. R = Reynolds Number
Flow charts for pipe systems using the
Where fluids other than water are being This is valid for the laminar flow region
Hazen - Williams formula have been in
considered, the charts may not be (R 2000), however, as most pipe
operation in Australia for over 30 years.
applicable due to the flow properties of applications are likely to operate in the
The charts calculate the volumes of
these different fluids. In these cases the transition zone between smooth and full
water transmitted through pipelines of
advice of Vinidex engineers should be turbulence, the transition function
various materials, and have been proven
obtained. developed by Colebrook-White is
in practical installations.
There are a number of flow formulae in necessary to establish the relationship
common use which have either a between f and R.
theoretical or empirical background.
However, only the Hazen-Williams and 1 k 2.51
= −2 log10 + 1/ 2
Colebrook-White formulae are f 1/ 2
3. 7D Rf
considered in this section.
where
Hazen - Williams
k = Colebrook-White roughness
The original Hazen-Williams formula was coefficient (m)
published in 1920 in the form:
The appropriate value for PE pipes is:
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.11
d e s i g n
Design.12 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
Flow Chart
Worked Examples
Example 1 - Gravity Main PE80 Material Option
(refer Figure 4.1) PE80 PN6.3 pipe is SDR 21.
A flow of water of 32 litres/second is Use the SDR 21 flow chart, read
required to flow from a storage tank intersection of discharge line at 32 l/s
located on a hill 50 metres above an and head loss line at 1.11m/100m of
outlet. The tank is located 4.5 km away pipe. Select the next largest pipe size.
from the outlet.
This results in a DN200 mm pipe
Hence the information available is : diameter.
Storage
tank
Maximum difference
in water level
50m
4,500m of
Vinidex PE Pipe
Discharge
y Ltd
P t
u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
I rri
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.13
d e s i g n
Design.14 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
Part Full Flow Example 3. Determine From Figure 4.3 Part Full Flow, for a
Non pressure pipes are designed to run flow velocity and proportional depth of 0.44, the
full under anticipated peak flow discharge under part full proportional discharge is 0.4 and the
conditions. However, for a considerable flow conditions proportional velocity if 0.95.
period the pipes run at less than full flow Given gravity conditions: Refer to the Vinidex PE pipe flow chart
conditions and in these circumstances for the SDR 21 pipe.
Pipe DN 200 PE80 PN6.3
they act as open channels with a free
Mean Pipe ID 180 mm ( Refer Table XX For a gradient of 1 in 100 full flow is
fluid to air surface.
PE pipe dimensions, or AS/NZS 4130 ) 39 l/s and the velocity is 1.6 m/s.
In these instances consideration must be
Gradient 1 in 100
given to maintaining a minimum
Depth of flow 80 mm Then, for part full flow
transport velocity to prevent deposition
of solids and blockage of the pipeline. Problem: Discharge = 0.4 x 39
For pipes flowing part full, the most Find flow and velocity = 15.6 l/s
usual self cleansing velocity adopted for Solution:
sewers is 0.6 metres/second. Velocity = 0.95 x 1.6
Depth of flow
Pr oportional Depth = = 1.52 m/s
Pipe ID
80
= = 0.44
180
0.9
0.8
0.7
Proportional Depth
0.6
Discharge
0.5
0.4
0.3
Velocity
0.2
0.1
y Ltd
P t
u p
o au
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Gr 0.9
m
e Velocity
. 1.0 1.1 1.2
s o
u
o e. c 17
Proportional Discharge &
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
ig w Ph
Irr
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.15
d e s i g n
Resistance Coefficients
Table 4.9 Valves, Fittings and Changes in Pipe Cross-Section
(b) Line to branch flow 1.00 Butterfly Valve (fully open) 0.20
Sudden Enlargements
Ratio d/D Angle Valve 5.00
0.9 0.04
0.8 0.13
0.7 0.26
0.6 0.41
0.5 0.56 Foot Valve with strainer
0.4 0.71 hinged disc valve 15.00
0.3 0.83 unhinged (poppet) disc valve 10.00
0.2 0.92
<0.2 1.00
Air Valves zero
Sudden Contractions
Ratio d/D
0.9 0.10
0.8 0.18 Ball Valve 0.10
Ltd
0.7 0.26
0.6 0.32 Pipe Exit Losses t y
P
0.5 0.38 Square Outlet u p
1.00
0.4 0.42 ro .au
0.3 0.46 se G om
ou e.c 17
0.2 0.48 Rounded Outlet
r eh pip 61 41.00
a
<0.2 0.50 W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
I rri
Design.16 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
NO
M
IN
AL
SI
ZE
AN
/8 D
75 CL
AS
.3 5/10.5 5/1
6 S
6 (D
7 /1 2 7 /8 5/ N/
7
75 63 PN
)
0
.3 /1 .5
3 /6 63 /12 /6
.3
6
2.5
0
/1 5
/ 8 50 12.
/8 50 50/ /16
2.0
40 50
5
1.7
0
/1 5 3
6.
1.5
40/12. /
/8 40
40 0/16
5
32
1.2
4
1.0
0
/1 2.5 3
6.
32 2/1 6 /
3 /1 32
32
/8
25 /10.5
5
2 /12
6
25 5/1
0.5
2
.5
/ 12
) 20 /16
PN 20
/s
/
Ym
DN
5
0.2
5 (
2. SS
CIT
6 /1 16 A
1 6/ CL
LO
1 D
N
VE
A
I ZE
S
AL
IN
M
NO
y Ltd
P t
u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
Head Loss - Metres Head of Water per 100 metres of Pipe r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
ig w Ph
Irr
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.17
d e s i g n
NO
MI
NA
LS
IZE
Flow Chart for Polyethylene Pipe – SDR 41 (PE80: PN3.2 & PE100: PN4)
00
10
0
90
0
80
4.0
0
71
3.0
0
63
0
2.0
56
0
45
0
40
1.0
5
35
5
31
0
28
0.5
0
25
5
22
/s
0
5
20
Ym
0.2
0
18
CIT
0
LO
16
VE
0
14
5
12
0
11
90
IZE S
AL N
MI
NO
y Ltd
P t
u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
eh pip 61 4
Head Loss - Metres Head of Water per 100 metres of Pipe
a r
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
ig w Ph
Irr
Design.18 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
NO
MI
NA
LS
IZE
00
10
0
90
Flow Chart for Polyethylene Pipe – SDR 33 (PE80: PN4)
0
80
0
4.0
71
0
63
3.0
0
56
50
0
45
1.5
0
40
5
1.0
35
5
31
0
28
0
0.5
25
5
22
0
20
/s
Ym
0
5
18
0.2
CIT
0
16
LO
VE
0
14
5
12
0
11
90
IZE S
AL N
MI
NO
y Ltd
P t
u p
ro .au
se G om
Head Loss - Metres Head of Water per 100 metres of Pipe ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
ig w Ph
Irr
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.19
d e s i g n
NO
MI
NA
LS
00 IZE
10
0
90
Flow Chart for Polyethylene Pipe – SDR 26 (PE100: PN6.3)
0
80
0
4.0
71
0
63
3.0
50
0
45
1.5
0
40
5
1.0
35
5
31
0
28
0
0.5
25
5
22
0
c
20
/se
5
0
Ym
0.2
18
0
CIT
16
LO
0
14
VE
5
12
0
11
90
IZE S
AL N
MI
NO
y Ltd
P t
u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
eh pip 61 4
Head Loss - Metres Head of Water per 100 metres of Pipe
a r
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
ig w Ph
Irr
Design.20 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
NO
MI
NA
LS
Flow Chart for Polyethylene Pipe – SDR 21 (PE80: PN6.3 & PE100: PN8)
IZE
00
10
0
90
0
80
4.0
0
71
0
3.0
63
0
50
0
45
1.5
0
40
1.0
5
35
5
31
0
28
0.5
0
25
5
22
0
20
s
m/
5
0.2
0
18
ITY
0
16
C
LO
0
VE
14
5
12
0
11
IZE 90
S
AL N
MI
NO
y Ltd
P t
u p
ro .au
se G om
Head Loss - Metres Head of Water per 100 metres of Pipe ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
ig w Ph
Irr
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.21
d e s i g n
NO
MI
NA
LS
0 IZE
90
0
4.0
80
0
71
3.0
0
63
56
0
50
1.5
0
45
0
1.0
40
5
35
5
31
0
0.5
28
0
25
5
22
/s
Ym
5
0
20
0.2
CIT
0
18
LO
0
16
VE
0
14
5
12
0
11
90
IZE S
AL N
MI
NO
y Ltd
P t
u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
eh pip 61 4
Head Loss - Metres Head of Water per 100 metres of Pipe
a r
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
ig w Ph
Irr
Design.22 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
NO
MI
NA
LS
0 IZE
4.0
80
0
71
3.0
0
63
0
56
0
50
1.5
0
45
0
1.0
40
5
35
5
31
0.5
0
28
0
25
5
22
/s
5
0
0.2
Ym
20
0
CIT
18
LO
0
16
VE
0
14
5
12
0
11
90
IZE S
AL N
MI
NO
y Ltd
P t
u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
eh pip 61 4
Head Loss - Metres Head of Water per 100 metres of Pipe
a r
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
ig w Ph
Irr
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.23
d e s i g n
NO
MI
NA
LS
0 IZE
80
4.0
0
71
63
0
56
2.0
0
50
0
45
1.5
0
40
1.0
5
35
5
31
0
28
0.5
0
25
5
22
0
20
/s
5
Ym
0
0.2
18
CIT
0
16
LO
0
VE
14
5
12
0
11
IZE S 90
AL N
MI
NO
y Ltd
P t
u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
eh pip 61 4
Head Loss - Metres Head of Water per 100 metres of Pipe
a r
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
Irri
Design.24 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
NO
M
IN
4.0
AL
0 SI
45 ZE
3.0
0
40
2.0
0
28
1.0
0
25
5
22
0
20
0
0.5
18
0
16
0
14
m/s
0.25
5
12
CITY
0
LO
11
VE
ZE 90
SI
AL
IN
OM N
y Ltd
P t
u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
Irri
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.25
d e s i g n
NO
Flow Chart for Polyethylene Pipe – SDR 7.4 (PE100: PN25)
M
IN
4.0
AL
SI
0 ZE
45
3.0
0
40
35
5
31
1.5
0
28
0
1.0
25
5
22
0
20
0
0.5
18
0
16
0
/s
14
Ym
0.25
5
CIT
12
LO
0
11
VE
ZE 90
SI
AL
IN
M
NO
y Ltd
P t
u p
ro .au
Head Loss - Metres Head of Water per 100 metres of Pipe se G om
ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
ig w Ph
Irr
Design.26 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
Surge & Fatigue The velocity of the pressure wave, This represents the case of a single
Surge, or ‘water hammer’, is a temporary referred to as celerity (C), depends on pipeline with the flow being completely
change in pressure caused by a change the pipe material, pipe dimensions, and closed off. The pressure rises generated
in velocity of flow in the pipeline, the liquid properties in accordance with by flow changes in PE pipelines are the
whereas fatigue is the effect induced in the following relationship: lowest generated in major pipeline
the pipe or fitting by repeated surge materials due to the relatively low
−0 .5
events. 1 SDR 3 modulus values.
C = W + x 10 m/ sec
For Vinidex PE pipes to AS/NZS 4130, K E Further, as medium density materials
operating under the following limitations, have lower modulus values than high
where
it is not necessary to make specific density materials, the pressure rise in
allowance for fatigue effects: W = liquid density (1000 kg/m3 PE80B materials will be lower than that
for water) in PE80C and PE100 materials.
(a) The maximum pressure in the pipe
from all sources must be less than the SDR = Standard Dimension Ratio Water hammer (surge) analysis of
pressure equivalent to the Classification of the pipe pipeline networks is complex and beyond
of the pipe (PN). K = liquid bulk modulus (2150 MPa) the scope of this Manual. Where
and E = pipe material short term required, detailed analysis should be
modulus (MPa) refer Table 4.8 undertaken by experts.
(b) The amplitude between minimum and
maximum pressure from all sources The time taken for the pressure wave to
must not exceed the pressure equivalent travel the length of the pipeline and
to the Classification of the pipe (PN). return is
Care must be taken to ensure that the 2L
t=
minimum pressure does not reach a C
level that may result in vacuum collapse where:
(see External Pressure Resistance, page
t = time in seconds
Design.36).
L = length of pipeline
Surge may take the form of positive and/
or negative pressure pulses resulting If the valve closure time tc is less than t,
from change of flow velocity, such as the pressure rise due to the valve closure
arising from valve or pump operation. is given by:
Such changes of flow velocity lead to
P1 = C.V
induced pressure waves in the pipeline.
where:
P1 = pressure rise in kPa
v = liquid velocity in m/sec
If the valve closure time tc is greater than
t, then the pressure rise is approximated
y Ltd
by: P t
u p
t ro .au
P2 = P1 se G om
t c ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
Irri
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.27
d e s i g n
y Ltd
t
P
u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
Irri
Design.28 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.29
d e s i g n
Design.30 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.31
d e s i g n
Design.32 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
System Design The advantage of using the nomogram is 4 Using point (3) draw a diagonal
Guidelines for the that no further conversion factors are line to the separation line.
Selection of required for pipe sizing. Also, when four 5 Go to top of nomogram and use
Vinidexair of the parameters are known the fifth can the point indicating the Length of
Compressed Air be determined by reading directly from Pipe and draw a line down to
Pipelines the nomogram. meet horizontal line from point
It is customary to find the Inside (4).
Example for the use of
Diameter of the pipe by using formulas the air-line nomogram 6 Move to the Pressure Decrease in
such as shown below. The formulas used (Figure 4.4) to determine the Pipe (∆p) at the bottom of
are generally for approximation purposes the required pipe size nomogram and draw a vertical
only, surmising that the temperature of line up to meet the diagonal
Working Pressure 7 bar
the compressed air corresponds roughly drawn from point (5).
to the induction temperature. An Volumetric Flowrate 30 L/s
7 The Nominal Diameter of Pipe can
acceptable approximation is obtained Nominal length 200 m
now be found by reading from
through the following equation: Pressure Decrease 0.05 bar point (6) across to the left hand
side of the nomogram. From this
450.L E.Q 1.85 1 Utilising the above operating example DN63 pipe should be
d=5
∆ p.p figures, proceed to mark those selected. If the completed
positions around the perimeter of nomogram falls between two
where
the nomogram. sizes of pipe, always use the
d = Pipe Internal Diameter in mm larger size.
2 Locate the separation line
LE = Pipe Length in m
between (∆p) & (p). (See base of Correction factors for
Q = Volumetric Flowrate in L/s nomogram.) fittings
Dp = Pressure Decrease in bar 3 Commencing at the lower right Table 4.11 indicates the approximate
p = Working Pressure in bar hand side of the nomogram draw pressure loss for fittings in terms of an
a line up from the Working equivalent length of straight pipe in
Pressure (p) to the line indicating metres. For each pipeline fitting, add the
The use of a nomogram is a quicker and
the Volumetric Flowrate (Q). equivalent length of pipe to the original
easier method to source information (see
Figure 4.4). In this nomogram the length of pipeline. This length is used for
Pressure Decrease (∆p) is indicated in the calculation of the equation above or
bar, the Working Pressure (p) in bar, the for the nomogram, Figure 4.4.
Volumetric Flowrate (Q) in L/s, the Pipe Table 4.11 Pressure Loss for Fittings
Length (LE) in m, and the Pipe Nominal
Fitting equivalent pipe length in m
Diameter DN.
DN 20 DN 25 DN 32 DN 40 DN 50 DN 63 DN 90
socket welding joint 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.1
L td
45° bend 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.2
Pty2.3
up
90° bend 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.8
G ro .au 4.5
2.3
2.8 use c3.8 m
tees 0.8 1.4 1.9 2.4
o e . o 417 7.5
eh pip 60.91
reducer 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 ar 0.7
ly6 2.1
W o
i o n w.p 300
t 1
ga ww Ph
Irri
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.33
d e s i g n
Sources:
Feldmann, K.H.:
Druckluftverteilung in der Praxis
(Munchen 1985) 1
1.5
Atlas Copco :
information sheets 5 2
20
25
5
nominal diameter DN
40 15
20
4
50
3 30
7
63 50
3
100
90
6
200
300
2
400
500
0.002 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 4 6 10 15
y Ltd
P t
pressure decrease in the pipe (∆p) in bar p
working pressure (p) in bar
u
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
Irri
Design.34 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.35
d e s i g n
y Ltd
Pb = 1.15 (Pc E´) 0.5
P t
u p
ro .au
Where E´ = soil modulus from
se G om
ou e.c 17
eh pip 61 4
AS/NZS2566 - Buried Flexible Pipelines.
a r
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
I rri
Design.36 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.37
d e s i g n
Figure 4.7
Narrow Trench Condition
y Ltd
P t
u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
Irri
Design.38 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
Deflection
Questionnaire
AS/NZS 2566 Deflection
Please photocopy before completing this form.
Calculation for Buried
Retain this master for future use.
Flexible Pipes
Complete all information and forward to your
The following questionnaire is to assist nearest Vinidex office – refer over leaf.
designers in the calculation of deflection
for buried flexible pipe.
Company _______________________________________________________________________________
Name __________________________________________________________________________________
PIPE DETAILS
TRENCH DETAILS
LOADS
SOIL TYPE
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.39
d e s i g n
Vinidex Locations
Sydney
254 Woodpark Rd, Smithfield NSW 2164
Tel (02) 9604 2422, Fax (02) 9604 4435
Melbourne
86 Whiteside Road, Clayton VIC 3168
Tel (03) 9543 2311, Fax (03) 9543 7420
Mildura
5 Corbould Court, Mildura VIC 3500
Tel (03) 5022 2616, Fax (03) 5022 1938
Townsville
49 Enterprise Avenue, Bohle QLD 4816
Tel (07) 4774 5044, Fax (07) 4774 5728
Adelaide
550 Churchill Road, Kilburn SA 5084
Tel (08) 8260 2077, Fax (08) 8349 6931
Perth
Sainsbury Road, O’Connor WA 6163
Tel (08) 9337 4344, Fax (08) 9331 3383
Darwin
3846 Marjorie Street, Berrimah NT 0828
Tel (08) 8932 8200, Fax (08) 8932 8211
Launceston
15 Thistle St, Sth Launceston TAS 7249
Tel (03) 6344 2521, Fax (03) 6343 1100
y Ltd
t
P
u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
Irri
Design.40 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
Thrust Block Velocity (Kinetic) Thrust The figures in the table below are for
Supports The velocity or kinetic thrust applies only horizontal thrusts, and may be doubled
PE pipes and fittings joined by butt at changes of direction. for downward acting vertical thrusts. For
welding, electrofusion, or other end load upward acting vertical thrusts, the
bearing joint system do not normally weight of the thrust block must
2 w a V 2. sin φ .10-9
require anchorage to withstand loads R= counteract the developed loads.
2
arising from internal pressure and flow. In shallow (<600mm) cover installations
For joint types which do not resist end where or in unstable conditions of fill, the soil
loads, plus fabricated fittings which w = fluid density (kg/m3) support may be considerably reduced
incorporate welded PE pipe segments, a = inside pipe cross section area from the values tabulated, and a
anchorage support must be provided in (mm2) complete soil analysis may be needed.
order to prevent joint or fitting failure. In V = flow velocity (m/s)
addition, appurtenances such as valves,
The velocity thrust is generally small in
should be independently supported in
comparison to the pressure thrust.
order to prevent excessive shear loads
The pressure used in the calculations
being transferred to the PE pipe.
should be the maximum working, or test
Static Pressure Thrust pressure, applied to the line.
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.41
d e s i g n
Worked Example
What bearing area of thrust block is
required for a 160 mm PN12.5 90° bend
in hard, dry clay?
1. Maximum working pressure of
PN12.5 pipe is 1.25 MPa. Bend in horizontal plane anchorage
Test pressure is 1.25 x WP
= 1.56 MPa.
2 PA .sin φ. 10-3
2. R =
2
= 3.8 x 10-4 N
Bend in vertical plane anchorage
3. Bearing capacity of hard, dry clay is
15x104 N/m2
4
3.8 x 10
Bearing area of thrust block = 4
15 x 10
= 0.25m 2
Design.42 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems
d e s i g n
y Ltd
P t
u p
ro .au
se G om
ou e.c 17
r eh pip 61 4
a
W poly 0 6
n . 0
a tio ww 13
g w Ph
Irri
PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems Design.43